Stats Final

3-10. A researcher wants to know if breastfeeding attitudes in Utah are different from those in Nevada. He gives an attitudinal survey to 500 randomly sampled Utahans and 500 randomly sampled Nevadans. What type of research is this? a. quasi-experiment b. descriptive c. experiment d. mixed quasi & experimental e. the kitchen sink method

a. quasi-experiment

16-7. If we retain Ho, is the difference between x̅1 and x̅2 is likely due to ____ a. sampling error c. a calculation error b. sampling error + treatment d. something else

a. sampling error

8-3. 3. The variance of a sample of raw scores is ______. a. the average squared distance X is to x̅ b. the average distance x is to x̅ c. the average squared distance X is to μ d. the average distance X is to μ

a. the average squared distance X is to x̅

9-3. Parameters can ___ be biased a. never c. sometimes b. rarely d. often

a

11-7. What percentage of Z scores are above zero? a. 0% b. 50% c. 100% d. need more info

b. 50%

2-6.

2-6. The answer is D

3-8.

3-8. The answer is a

14-10. 10. Assume you are told the following: Mean 95% CI Elementary students (E) 15 14 ≤ μ ≤ 16 Middle school students (M) 18 17 ≤ μ ≤ 19 High school students (H) 25 15 ≤ μ ≤ 35 Which of the following (A, B, or C) correctly describes why each pair of means is most likely different from each other? A: E ≠ M because of sampling error, E ≠ H because of sampling error, M ≠ H because of treatment effect B: E ≠ M because of treatment effect, E ≠ H because of sampling error, M ≠ H because of sampling error C: E ≠ M because of sampling error, E ≠ H because of treatment effect, M ≠ H because of treatment effect

B: E ≠ M because of treatment effect, E ≠ H because of sampling error, M ≠ H because of sampling error

2-3.

Look at Quiz 2 Question 3 (The answer is D)

6-8. Not an Important question you are welcome(:

Not an Important question you are welcome(:

4-6.

a

5-1.

a

5-4.

a

5-7.

a

5-8.Which of the following could not be normally distributed? a. Hair color c. spelling aptitude scores b. Women's hair length in cm d. daily caloric consumption

a

18-7. Is it easier to reject Ho using alpha .05 or alpha .01? a. .05 c. it depends b. .01 d. it makes no difference - they are the same

a. .05

6-6. Σ (X - x̅)= ________ (give actual number) a. 0 c. 100 b. 1 d. undetermined

a. 0

11-3. Using a Z table, what does the Z score equal for an area equal to 46.99% a. 1.88 b. 18.8% c. 3.01 d. .001

a. 1.88

13-9. Which of the following estimates of μ is the most precise? a. 50 c. 25.6542 - 68.9952 b. 34.50 - 64.50 d. all are equally precise

a. 50

17-6. The probability of rejecting Ho when Ho is true is called _______. a. Alpha c. 1 - beta b. Beta d. a big "ooops"

a. Alpha

11-6. Which of the following is NOT one of the uses of Z you've learned about? a. Establishing the validity of a sample b. Compare raw scores from different distributions to determine their relative worth c. Calculate the probability of getting a score between two raw scores d. Calculate percentiles

a. Establishing the validity of a sample

10-4. The height of the curve for Z score distribution tells you ________ a. Frequency c. Variability b. Probability d. Skewness

a. Frequency

7-8. Which statement is FALSE? a. If there are outliers in one direction, use the mean b. If there are no outliers, use the mean c. If there are outliers in both directions, use the mean d. The mean is considered to be the most desirable average to use

a. If there are outliers in one direction, use the mean

5-2. For which of the scenarios below is the graph type CORRECTLY identified if you wanted to illustrate the frequency distribution? a. Interval variable : histogram or polygon b. Ratio variable : bar graph c. Nominal or ordinal variable : histogram or polygon d. All of the above are correct

a. Interval variable : histogram or polygon

19-3. Assume you are using alpha .01. Is it easier to get a significant result using a one- or two-tailed test? a. It is easier to get a significant result using a one-tailed test b. It is easier to get a significant result using a two-tailed test c. It's the same because .01 is .01 d. It depends

a. It is easier to get a significant result using a one-tailed test

7-10. The mean is considered to be the most "desirable" measure of central tendency. Which of the following is NOT a reason why? a. It is the most sensitive estimate c. You can do the most math with it b. It is a consistent estimate d. It is an unbiased estimate

a. It is the most sensitive estimate

23-6. If your F ratio is very large, which how will MS between and MS within compare? a. MS between will be larger c. MS between will equal MS within b. MS within will be larger d. impossible to predict

a. MS between will be larger

19-8. If a researcher's hypothesis is non-directional, he/she ____ use a non-directional test a. Must b. Must not c. Has the option to d. no clue

a. Must

10-10. A researcher wants to know if introverts and extraverts respond differently to a stressor, and whether their responses depend on the time they were assessed. She records 20 introverts and 20 extraverts' skin conductance for 5 minutes to establish a baseline. She then has them read out loud in front of 2 investigators who pretend to take notes on the reader (reading is the social stressor). She continues to record skin conductance for 2 minutes post reading. _______ and _________ are the IVs and ________ is the DV. a. Personality type : time : skin conductance b. Time : skin conductance : personality type c. Personality type : reading out loud : skin conductance d. Baseline : reading out loud : post-reading

a. Personality type : time : skin conductance

13-1. Which of the following could not be plotted on a sampling distribution? a. Raw scores c. Medians b. Standard deviations d. Variances

a. Raw scores

15-10. There are four possible outcomes of hypothesis testing. Which is considered to be the most desirable, from a researcher's perspective? a. Rejecting a false Ho c. Rejecting a true Ho b. Failing to reject a true Ho d. Failing to reject a false Ho

a. Rejecting a false Ho ?

26-6. 6. What does it mean if, in the contingency test, fo = fE ? a. Retain Ho, variable A is independent of variable B b. Reject Ho, variable A is independent of variable B c. Retain Ho, variable A is dependent on variable B d. Retain Ho, variable A is dependent on variable B

a. Retain Ho, variable A is independent of variable B

24-2. What is the name for the post hoc test that needs to be run when a one-way repeated ANOVA is significant? a. pairwise comparisons c. Tukey b. Scheffe d. Bob

a. pairwise comparisons

23-2. If the ANOVA is significant, what do we know at this point? a. There is a difference somewhere among the means but we don't know where b. All 3 means are different from each other c. The largest mean is significantly different from the smallest mean d. We're screwed!

a. There is a difference somewhere among the means but we don't know where

3-9.Does playing violent video games increase verbal aggression? A researcher randomly assigns 40 clean-spoken 12 year old boys to one of two groups: a non-violent game group and a violent game group. They play their respective game for 8 hours/day for 1 week. On day 8, each boy's conversations are secretly recorded. The number of swear words uttered by each child is counted. What is the independent variable? a. Videogame type b. Non-violent vs. violent videogame c. verbal aggression d. # of swearwords

a. Videogame type

17-4. Power is defined as ____ a. correctly rejecting a false Ho b. correctly detecting the lack of a treatment effect c. not making a type 1 error d. knowledge

a. correctly rejecting a false Ho

2-4. A researcher conducted a study on the effects of Viagra on trunk extension in elephants. From a sample of 100 elephants, she found that the mean trunk extension for control animals was 4.3 feet, and for Viagra treated animals it was 4.8 feet. She then conducted a statistical test to see if the results likely apply only to her sample and not to the population of elephants. The mean in this example is called a(n) ________________ statistic. The statistical test she conducted is a(n) ________________ statistic. a. descriptive : inferential c. parameter : inferential b. inferential : descriptive d. estimate : descriptive

a. descriptive : inferential

12-4. Which of the following is a general definition for sampling error? a. difference between the estimate and its corresponding parameter b. the probability that what you found in your sample is true for the population c. a biased sample d. that which you cannot explain

a. difference between the estimate and its corresponding parameter

16-3. If the TS is smaller than the critical value, what do we do with Ho? a. fail to reject it c. change it b. reject it d. smack it around

a. fail to reject it

13-5. If the variability among estimates is high, this means sampling error is ____ and the accuracy of our estimates is probably _______ a. high : low c. low : low b. high : high d. low : high

a. high : low

18-3. When you decrease alpha, beta ______ and 1 - β ____ a. increases : decreases c. decreases : decreases b. increases : increases d. decreases : increases

a. increases : decreases

2-2. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding inferential statistics? a. inferential stats determine whether some truth discovered in a sample is probably unique to the sample and will not be found in the population b. inferential stats determine whether some truth discovered in a population is probably unique to the population and will not be found in the sample c. inferential stats are used to describe or summarize what's going on in a sample or population d. inferential stats are used to describe or summarize sample data only

a. inferential stats determine whether some truth discovered in a sample is probably unique to the sample and will not be found in the population

26-9. Interpreting a significant chi square contingency test is very much like __ a. interpreting a significant interaction in a factorial ANOVA b. interpreting a significant correlation between 2 variables c. looking for outliers using Z scores d. going to the dentist to have your teeth drilled into without using Novocain

a. interpreting a significant interaction in a factorial ANOVA

25-9. If an interaction effect is significant and you run tests of simple main effects (SME), which of the following statements is TRUE? a. it is possible to find significant SME's comparing means horizontally but not vertically b. if the tests of SME's comparing means vertically is significant, this means that the tests of SME's comparing the means horizontally will also be significant c. after a significant interaction effect is found, you must run tests of SMEs in both directions d. you will wish you were at the dentist getting your teeth drilled without anesthetic

a. it is possible to find significant SME's comparing means horizontally but not vertically

17-5. If our results are not significant, it means that the value of the TS was _____the critical value. a. less than c. the same size as b. larger than d. who the F%$# knows!

a. less than

7-2.Which measure of central tendency is the most "sensitive"? a. mean c. mode b. median d. all three are equally sensitive

a. mean

7-3.Outliers act like a "magnet" for which measure of central tendency? a. mean c. mode b. median d. outliers "magnetize" all 3 equally

a. mean

26-3. 3. What are observed and expected frequencies? a. observed are those you collected ; expected are calculated or given to you b. expected are those you collected; observed are calculated or given to you c. observed frequencies are nonrandom ; expected are random d. observed frequencies are those you got ; expected are those you wish you got

a. observed are those you collected ; expected are calculated or given to you

14-7. If a confidence interval drawn around the difference between two means includes 0, what does this mean? a. the means are probably different because of sampling error alone b. the means are probably different because of something in addition to sampling error c. you have exhaustively sampled d. you have made a calculation error

a. the means are probably different because of sampling error alone

6-2. Whether you calculate the mean, median, or mode for a set of data depends certain considerations. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. the size of the data set b. whether your distribution is skewed c. whether your distribution is normally distributed d. whether your data was derived using the nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale

a. the size of the data set

12-10. Which of the following correctly describes the independent variable(s)? a. there are two: therapy and time c. there is one: pain b. there are two: therapy and pain d. there is one: therapy

a. there are two: therapy and time

19-1. What is another name for a non-directional test? a. two-tailed test c. the uncertainty test b. one-tailed test d. the Whatchamacallit test

a. two-tailed test

18-6. There are 3 things you can do to increase effect size. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. use alpha .01 instead of alpha .05 b. increase n c. conduct a clean (error free) experiment d. use strong manipulations

a. use alpha .01 instead of alpha .05

8-6.Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched a. σ2 standard deviation of the population b. S2 variance of the sample c. σ standard deviation of the population d. S standard deviation of the sample

a. σ2 standard deviation of the population

24-10.

b

25-4.

b

25-7.

b

16-2. By convention, what are the two levels of significance used in the behavioral sciences? a. high and low c. .05 and .10 b. .05 and .01 d. .05 and .001

b. .05 and .01

11-1. On the standard normal curve (i.e. the Z distribution), what percentage of scores fall between the mean and +1 standard deviations above the mean? a. 68% c. 50% - 34% = 16% b. 34% d. Not enough information to answer the question

b. 34%

13-2. What is S and what is it used for? a. SEM : used to calculate sampling error b. Estimate of SEM : used to estimate sampling error c. Standard variance : used to calculate variability d. "S sub x bar" : a substandard measure of sampling error

b. Estimate of SEM : used to estimate sampling error

18-9. A researcher wants to know if liver enzyme production is species specific. In experiment A, he compares the mean liver enzyme production rate in mice and rats. In experiment B, he compares the mean liver enzyme production in mice and dogs. a. Experiment A will probably have the biggest effect size, the greatest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the smallest 1 - β, and the largest α b. Experiment A will probably have the smallest effect size, the greatest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the smallest 1 - β, and the largest α c. Experiment B will probably have the biggest effect size, the smallest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the largest 1 - β, and the largest α d. Experiment B will probably have the smallest effect size, the greatest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the smallest 1 - β, and the largest α

b. Experiment A will probably have the smallest effect size, the greatest overlap between Ho and Ha, would have the smallest 1 - β, and the largest α

25-2. What is NOT an assumption for a 2 way Repeated ANOVA? a. Sphericity c. dv measured on an interval/ratio scale b. HOV d. dv normally distributed in the population

b. HOV

9-9. As part of the stats lab, we want to see if perceptions of a teacher's behavior (as measured by acceptability on a 1-6 scale) is affected by the sex of the teacher, the sex of the participant, and whether the participant is sex perspective (rigid or flexible). Based on this description, answer questions 9 & 10. 9. Which option below has the IV(s) and DV(s) correctly identified? Independent variable(s) Dependent variable(s) a. IV: Teacher behavior, teacher sex, participant sex DV: Sex perspective b. IV: Teacher sex, participant sex, sex perspective DV: Teacher behavior c. IV: Sex perspective DV: Teacher behavior, teacher sex, participant sex d. IV: Teacher behavior DV: Teacher sex, participant sex, sex perspective

b. IV: Teacher sex, participant sex, sex perspective DV: Teacher behavior

11-9. Jack's Z score on the last test was .75. Jill's Z score on the same test was -1.5. Based on this, who performed better relative to the class and whose Z score falls within the middle 68% of the curve? a. Jill : Jill c. Jack : Jill b. Jack : Jack d. Jill : Jack

b. Jack : Jack

4-7. A student is asked to rank her favorite professors from most to least based on her experiences with them in class. Which level of measurement is she most likely using? a. Nominal c. Interval b. Ordinal d. Ratio

b. Ordinal

4-9. An investigator numbers students' tests (1, 2, 3, etc...) as they are turned in. She reasons that tests turned in early reflect better performance than tests turned in later. The numbers, in this example, were assigned using what scale/level of measurement? a. Nominal c. Interval b. Ordinal d. Ratio

b. Ordinal

4-10. Whether or not formal measurements were made allows you to distinguish the _____ scale of measurement from the_______ scale. a. Nominal : ordinal c. interval : ratio b. Ordinal : interval d. x : y

b. Ordinal : interval

2-1. Which of the following was NOT described as a reason for taking a class in statistics? a. To help you perform better in jobs that require an understanding of statistics b. People who are stats literate make more money than people who are not c. To help you use statistics in a job that requires them d. To help you to evaluate and critique the many "truths" you are subjected to in the course of everyday life

b. People who are stats literate make more money than people who are no

10-5. The area under the Z curve tells you ________ a. Frequency b. Probability c. Variability d. Skewness

b. Probability

13-6. 6. If SEM is large, what does this say about the a) accuracy of x̅, and b) the amount of sampling error we have? a. Poor : a lot c. Good : not a lot b. Probably poor : a lot d. Probably good : not a lot

b. Probably poor : a lot

9-10 Which option below (a-d) has the variables below correctly identified? Hint: recall that a subject variable is the same thing as a classification variable. a. Teach sex: nominal, Teach behavior: interval, Sex perspective : true, Participant sex: subject b. Teacher sex: subject, Teach behavior: interval, Sex perspective : subject, Participant sex: subject c. Teacher sex: subject, Teach behavior: true, Sex perspective : nominal, Participant sex: subject d. Teacher sex: subject, Teach behavior: subject, Sex perspective : true, Participant sex: true

b. Teacher sex: subject, Teach behavior: interval, Sex perspective : subject, Participant sex: subject

14-8. Because of his small sample size, a researcher must use t instead of Z in the calculation of a 99% confidence interval. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The CI using t will be smaller than the CI using Z b. The CI using t will be larger than the CI using Z c. The CI's will be the same size d. Life as we know it will come to an abrupt end.

b. The CI using t will be larger than the CI using Z

3-4. Define "dependent variable" a. The variable that is unexplained b. The variable that is influenced or changed by the independent variable c. The variable that has no effect on anything d. The variable manipulated to see if it causes or otherwise changes some other variable

b. The variable that is influenced or changed by the independent variable

9-1. If the expected value of an estimate does NOT equal the parameter for that estimate, this would mean that the estimate is ____ a. a consistent estimate c. an unbiased estimate b. a biased estimate d. "skewed" ☺

b. a biased estimate

24-1. What is Mauchly's test used for? a. to test for homogeneity of variance c. to test for normality b. to test for sphericity d. to test for statistical long term memory

b. to test for sphericity

13-7. Which of the following best describes a confidence interval? a. a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate to estimate the parameter b. a range a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate for the parameter, and a probability is attached to the interval that it will include the parameter c. a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate to ensure that the parameter will be included in the interval d. None of the above

b. a range a range of numbers is drawn around the point estimate for the parameter, and a probability is attached to the interval that it will include the parameter

3-5. Which of the studies below have be INCORRECTLY classified? a. a researcher surveys local town residents on water conservation attitudes : descriptive study b. a researcher tests the effect of a violent video game on heart rate, comparing men and women: experiment c. a researcher randomly assigns participants to one of two groups (color vs. black & white photos) to test the effect of photo type on mood: experiment d. all of the above have been correctly classified

b. a researcher tests the effect of a violent video game on heart rate, comparing men and women: experiment

18-10. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. as sampling error increases, effect size increases b. as sampling error increases, effect size decreases c. there is no predictable relationship between sampling error and effect size d. high sampling error causes Ho and Ha to lose weight

b. as sampling error increases, effect size decreases

12-6. Define standard error of the mean. a. average squared distance the mean of the sample is to the mean of the population b. average distance the mean of the sample is to the mean of the population c. average standard score for the sample d. a statistic invented purely to torture students of statistics

b. average distance the mean of the sample is to the mean of the population

8-7. Data set A has a variance of 16. Data set B has a standard deviation of 5. Which data set is the most variable? a. data set A c. They are equally variable b. data set B d. Not enough information to answer the question

b. data set B

2-9. A researcher is studying the attitudes and behaviors of American women toward breast-feeding. She surveys 10 hospitals in the U.S. to establish the percentage of new mothers who breast-feed exclusively upon discharge. She then performs a statistical test to determine the probability that this percentage reflects the behavior of new mothers nationally. The percentage of new mothers who breast-feed exclusively in her surveys is called a(n) ____ statistic. The probability that this estimate accurately represents the behaviors of new mothers nationally is called a(n) __________ statistic. a. inferential : descriptive c. descriptive : descriptive b. descriptive : inferential d. inferential : inferential

b. descriptive : inferential

5-6. When a distribution is platykurtic, it means that the hump is _______. a. more peaked than "normal" c. positively skewed b. flatter than "normal" d. negatively skewed

b. flatter than "normal"

23-10. Which of the following statements about effect size is true? a. if your statistical test is significant, effect size will be large b. if your effect size is large, your statistical test will very likely be significant c. there is no (r word) between effect size and statistical significance d. both a and b are true

b. if your effect size is large, your statistical test will very likely be significant

5-3.What two features distinguish a bar graph from a histogram? i. one uses columns, the other uses lines ii. in one the adjacent bars touch, in the other they don't iii. one graphs a nominal/ordinal variable, the other graphs an interval/ratio variable iv. one graphs frequencies and the other graphs means a. i. and ii. c. iii. and iv b. ii. and iii. d. i. and iv

b. ii. and iii.

16-6. If a TS is a ____ probability event on Ho, are we likely to ____ a. low : reject Ha c. high : retain Ha b. low : reject Ho d. high : reject Ho

b. low : reject Ho

8-1.Which is the BEST definition for "dispersion"? a. that which varies b. one number is used to describe how different scores are in a set of data c. one number is used to find the central location for a set of scores d. one number is used to describe the central tendency for a set of scores

b. one number is used to describe how different scores are in a set of data

25-10. A professor wants to know if semester (spring, summer, fall) has any effect on course grades. She looks at final grades for 100 students who took the class in the fall, 100 in the spring, and 100 in the summer. BTW, no one failed regardless of the semester - whew! Which test should she use to analyze the data? a. independent t-test c. one way repeated ANOVA b. one way independent ANOVA d. two way mixed ANOVA

b. one way independent ANOVA

17-10. How are published type I errors most often detected? a. the crime gets reported to the stats police b. other researchers fail to replicate the finding c. in the course of tweaking the initial experiment, the researcher discovers he/she made a mistake d. statement is false because type II errors are more often published than type I

b. other researchers fail to replicate the finding

25-3. What is the name of the statistic that measures effect size in a two-way mixed ANOVA? a. such a test does not exist c. LSD t-test b. partial eta squared d. Cohen's D

b. partial eta squared

7-6.When will interval or ratio frequency distributions have a mean, median, and a mode? a. all of the time c. never b. some of the time d. when pigs fly

b. some of the time

10-1. Z scores are also called _______ scores. a. equalizer c. converted b. standard d. good for nothing

b. standard

19-7. The 68% CI simplifies to M +/- ______ a. standard deviation c. standard error of the mean x 1.96 b. standard error of the mean d. standard error of the mean x 2.58

b. standard error of the mean

8-4.Define "σ" a. sigma b. the average distance that scores are to the population mean c. the average distance that scores are to the sample mean d. the average absolute distance that scores are to the population mean

b. the average distance that scores are to the population mean

2-10. Describe the typical relationship between how big your sample needs to be in order to be representative and population diversity. a. the two are completely unrelated b. the more diverse your sample, the bigger your sample size should be c. the less diverse your sample, the bigger your sample size should be d. sample size only needs to be large for populations of medium diversity

b. the more diverse your sample, the bigger your sample size should be

24-3. How does the repeated ANOVA compare to the independent ANOVA in terms of their error terms and power? a. the repeated ANOVA has a larger error term and is more powerful b. the repeated ANOVA has a smaller error term and is more powerful c. the repeated ANOVA has a smaller error term and is less powerful d. the repeated ANOVA has a larger error term and is less powerful

b. the repeated ANOVA has a smaller error term and is more powerful

17-7. When a researcher says "the results were significant", what does he mean from a statistical point of view? a. the results are important b. the results are probably not due to chance alone c. the results are probably due to chance alone d. there is a treatment effect and it's due to the manipulation of the IV

b. the results are probably not due to chance alone

19-6. If the y-error bars (the 95% CI) for two means just barely overlap ______ a. the two groups will be significantly different b. the two groups might or might not be significantly different c. the two groups will not significantly different d. life as we know it will come to an end

b. the two groups might or might not be significantly different

3-2. Define "independent variable" a. that which varies in complete disregard to everything else b. the variable manipulated by the experimenter to see if it has any effect on the DV c. the variable measured and recorded by the experimenter to see if it has been differentially influenced the levels of the DV d. a variable that is extraneous (outside of and therefore independent) of the study

b. the variable manipulated by the experimenter to see if it has any effect on the DV

2-8. What do μ, σ, and σ2 all have in common? a. they are all things I have not memorized b. they are all numerical properties of the population c. they are all numerical properties of the sample d. they are all raw scores

b. they are all numerical properties of the population

7-4.What effect do outliers have on the mean? a. they do not affect the mean at all b. they increase or decrease the mean in the direction of the outliers c. they make the mean unstable d. they make the mean biased

b. they increase or decrease the mean in the direction of the outliers

18-4. Which statement below shows the correct effects of increasing n? a. variability of Ho & Ha increases ; overlap between Ho and Ha decreases; beta and alpha decrease ; effect size increases b. variability of Ho & Ha decreases ; overlap between Ho and Ha decreases; beta and alpha decrease ; effect size increases c. variability of Ho & Ha decreases ; overlap between Ho and Ha increases; beta and alpha increase ; effect size decreases d. variability of Ho & Ha increases ; overlap between Ho and Ha increases; beta and alpha increase ; effect size decreases

b. variability of Ho & Ha decreases ; overlap between Ho and Ha decreases; beta and alpha decrease ; effect size increases

4-1. If we wanted to mislead someone using statistics, what could we do that's not technically illegal? a. zoom in or out on the X-axis c. report more details than you need to b. zoom in or out on the Y-axis d. use statistical language instead of layman

b. zoom in or out on the Y-axis

17-3. How is α different from a type I error? a. α and type 1 error ARE one and the same b. α is the probability of making a type 1 error c. α is failing to reject a false Ho : a type 1 error is rejecting a true Ho d. α is rejecting a true Ho : a type 1 error is failing to reject a false Ho

b. α is the probability of making a type 1 error

2-5. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY labeled? a. x= mean of the sample c. σ = variance of the population b. μ = mean of the population d. s = standard deviation of the sample

b. μ = mean of the population

11-10.

c

24-9.

c

25-6.

c

8-5.

c

6-7. Assume you have a sample with the scores 8, 4, 6, 10. The Σ ( X - x̅)= ______ a. undetermined c. 0 b. 1 d. not enough information to answer the question

c. 0

14-4. In question #3 above, what is M equal? a. impossible to tell from the information provided b. a number between 15 and 25 c. 20 d. 0

c. 20

13-10. Which of the following interval estimates of μ is probably more accurate? a. 50 c. 25.6542 - 68.9952 b. 34.50 - 64.50 d. all are equally

c. 25.6542 - 68.9952

11-8. A student's Z score = 0. What percentile is this student in? a. 0 b. -50th c. 50th d. 100th

c. 50th

14-3. If someone reports that the 95% CI for the mean was 15 ≤ μ ≤ 25, they are saying that a. they are 95% sure that μ is a number between 15 and 25 b. they are 95% sure that μ is a number less than 15 or greater than 25 c. 95x out of 100, the 15-25 interval was drawn correctly and μ is in that interval d. 95 x out of 100, μ = 20

c. 95x out of 100, the 15-25 interval was drawn correctly and μ is in that interval

14-5. What is the relationship between SEM and the range of values for a given CI? a. There is no relationship b. If SEM is too high or too low, the range of values will be large c. As SEM increases, so does the size of the interval d. As SEM increases, the size of the interval decreases

c. As SEM increases, so does the size of the interval

14-1. With respect to confidence intervals: What is the relationship between the level of confidence and the interval size? a. There is none b. It follows an inverted U function c. As confidence increases, so does the size of the interval d. As confidence increases, the size of the interval decreases

c. As confidence increases, so does the size of the interval

18-8.What does "conduct a cleaner experiment" refer to? a. Being completely honest... similar to "keep your nose clean" b. Keeping it sweet and simple c. Being methodical, objective, careful... d. Making sure "rats wear no underwear"

c. Being methodical, objective, careful...

12-2. Z and t are alike in many ways. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. Both are normally distributed b. Both are hypothetical c. For both distributions, areas under the curve depend on degrees of freedom d. For both distributions, the mean = 0

c. For both distributions, areas under the curve depend on degrees of freedom

10-9. When would the distribution for a sample of Z scores have two modes, and have a mean and median which equal each other? a. When pigs fly b. If you have a VERY large sample of Z scores c. If the raw score distribution has two modes, and a mean and median which equal each other d. Never!

c. If the raw score distribution has two modes, and a mean and median which equal each other

4-4. Participants in an experiment are asked to score 5 Marilyn Manson songs according to the rubric 1 (not at all aversive) - 10 (extremely aversive). These numbers belong to a(n) ___ scale of measurement. a. Nominal c. Interval b. Ordinal d. Ratio

c. Interval

5-10. Does the environmental setting have any effect on the perceived acceptability of PDA (public displays of affection)? To find out, a researcher has a man and woman (both 21years old) "make-out" in front of Lins, in the park across from Lins, and in front of one of the local LDS Stake Houses. At each location, he surveys 20 passersby. He has each one answer the question "to what extent do you believe the couple's actions in front of you are acceptable, from 1 "not at all acceptable" to 10 "completely acceptable". Now answer questions 9 and 10. In the PDA study above, the DV was measured using a(n) ______ scale. a. Nominal c. Interval b. Ordinal d. Ratio

c. Interval

23-9. The ___ post hoc test could find significant differences between your means, even when the ANOVA is not significant. The ___ post hoc test is could fail to find significant differences between your means, even when the ANOVA is significant. a. Scheffe : LSD -T c. LSD-T : Scheffe b. Scheffe : Tukey d. Tukey : LSD-T

c. LSD-T : Scheffe

10-6. Z scores greater than +/- 3 are called _________ a. Screwy c. Outliers b. Deviants d. Unstandardized

c. Outliers

4-2. What kind of journals are the one's which use "stats police" to ensure that the researcher is not trying to use misleading statistics? Read ch. 1 - we did not cover this in class. a. Scientific c. Peer-reviewed b. Scholarly d. Communist

c. Peer-reviewed

23-8. If you run a Tukey, LSD-T, and Scheffe test, and you get the same pattern of results - which one should you report using? a. Tukey c. Scheffe b. LSD-T d. all three

c. Scheffe

17-2. Assume you tested your data and found that the probability of your test statistic (TS) was p = .054. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The results are signif., fail to reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error is greater than .05, the value of the TS was bigger than the critical value, the difference is probably due to sampling error. b. The results are not signif., reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error is equal to .005, the value of the TS was bigger than the critical value, the difference is probably due to a treatment effect c. The results are not signif., fail to reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error if we did reject Ho is .054, the value of the TS was less than the critical value, the difference is probably due to sampling error d. This is hard, I have no clue what I'm doing, the probability of me getting an "A" is "slim to none", Lynn is mean, I give up. (p.s. hopefully, you don't believe any of this!)

c. The results are not signif., fail to reject Ho, the prob of a type 1 error if we did reject Ho is .054, the value of the TS was less than the critical value, the difference is probably due to sampling error

12-8. If you wanted to conduct a study with NO sampling error ___ a. This would be impossible! b. You would have to test a very, very large sample c. You would have to test the entire population d. This would be easy! Just use n-1 in the formula

c. You would have to test the entire population

6-1. Which of the following is the BEST and most complete definition for "measure of central tendency". a. average b. the center of gravity for a set of scores c. a typical/representative number summarizes the set of scores from which it came d. a tendency to move toward the center of something

c. a typical/representative number summarizes the set of scores from which it came

7-5.Where would the mean, median, and mode be located in a normal distribution? a. mean in the left tail, median in the right tail, mode in the middle b. median in the left tail, mean in the right tail, mode in the middle c. all three would be located in the exact middle of the distribution d. it depends what the normal distribution looks like, duh!

c. all three would be located in the exact middle of the distribution

4-3.Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired? a. a true zero = ratio c. arbitrary zero & equal intervals = ordinal b. name tags = nominal d. all of these are correctly paired

c. arbitrary zero & equal intervals = ordinal

23-7. Which statistic is used to measure effect size in ANOVA? a. the sig value c. partial eta squared b. Cohen's d d. whatever you say it is

c. partial eta squared

25-8. Why is a 2 way repeated ANOVA for more powerful than a 2 way independent ANOVA? a. because Confucius says so b. because Sphericity is easier to satisfy than Homogeneity of Variance c. because the error term will be smaller when within subjects factors are tested d. because the error term will be smaller when between subjects factors are tested

c. because the error term will be smaller when within subjects factors are tested

18-2. If we increase alpha, what happens to beta? a. nothing c. beta decreases b. beta increases d. no freaking clue

c. beta decreases

16-9. Which of the following has all the associations correct? a. within subjects IV = HOV = Levene's test b. between subjects IV = HOV = Mauchly's test c. between subjects IV = HOV = Levene's test d. within subjects = Friends = Monica = Mockolet = Mauchly's test

c. between subjects IV = HOV = Levene's test

26-10. Why is it important to know how many cells (category combinations) you have in a chi square test of independence? a. too many cells increases the probability of having empty cells b. too many cells increases the probability of having cells with low frequencies c. both a and b d. statement is false - the number of cells is NOT important... only the number of categories or each variable is important.

c. both a and b

13-8. How can you tell if your SEM is big or small? a. google it c. compare it to the mean and/or the raw scores b. you can't d. compare it to the standard deviation

c. compare it to the mean and/or the raw scores

3-6. A(n) _____ is a variable that differs systematically between the levels of the IV, which then provides an alternative explanation for any differences found between the levels. a. nuisance c. confound b. extraneous d. pain in the a$$

c. confound

6-3. As sample size increases, the value of the estimate gets closer to the value of the parameter. These kinds of estimates are called _________ estimates a. accurate c. consistent b. theoretical d. unbiased

c. consistent

26-1. The major advantage of nonparametric tests is ______ a. absolutely nothing! b. powerful c. easier assumptions to satisfy d. no assumptions to satisfy

c. easier assumptions to satisfy

4-8. Which of the following is an example of interval data? a. watching a movie and categorizing it as either G, PG, 14+, or M based on your opinion b. temperature in degrees Kelvin c. fear of stats score where 1 = no fear and 5 = extreme fear d. fear as measured through electrical skin conductance

c. fear of stats score where 1 = no fear and 5 = extreme fear

16-8. Which of the following is true? a. if Levene's test is significant, we have HOV and we are sad b. if Mauchly's test is significant, we have sphericity and we are happy c. if Levene's test is not significant, we have HOV and we are happy d. if Mauchly's test is not significant, we do not have sphericity and we are sad

c. if Levene's test is not significant, we have HOV and we are happy

7-1.1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three properties of the mean a. Σ ( x - x̅) = 0 c. it can be negative or positive b. Σ ( x -x̅ )2 is always least d. it is a consistent estimate

c. it can be negative or positive

12-5. With respect to sampling error ______ a. the best way to calculate it is by first getting a sampling distribution of the mean b. if we cannot get it down to zero, we've done something wrong c. it's not a matter of if, it's a matter of how much d. no one really gives a beep!

c. it's not a matter of if, it's a matter of how much

3-3. The different categories, groups, or conditions of an IV are referred to as ____ a. diversity c. levels b. strata d. thing-a-ma-jigs

c. levels

24-5. Marginal means are used to test _____ effects. a. core assumptions c. main effects b. HOV d. interaction effects

c. main effects

5-5. In a normal distribution, the ____ scores are the MOST probable and they are located _____ of the distribution. a. largest ; in the tails c. most frequent : in the middle b. smallest : in the tails d. least frequent : in the tails

c. most frequent : in the middle

6-10. Assume you have 4 populations of equal size (e.g. N =200). Which sample is most likely to give you a sample mean closest to the mean of its population? a. n = 15 c. n = 75 b. n = 30 d. not enough info to answer the question

c. n = 75

9-4. Could it ever be that E (x̅) = 15 when μ = 12? Explain your answer. a. yes : because the sample mean is biased b. yes : because the sample mean is just an estimate c. no : because the sample mean is unbiased d. no : because the sample mean is consistent

c. no : because the sample mean is unbiased

16-5. Which of the following reflects a significant result? a. p = .05 c. p < .05 b. p > .05 d. not enough info to tell

c. p < .05

23-4. If the F value is significant in a one-way ANOVA, our next step is to _______ a. describe which means are different from which and in which direction b. run tests of simple main effects c. run post hoc tests d. run away

c. run post hoc tests

17-8. If someone has fallen victim to the significance myth what would they conclude? a. if something is significant, it must be important b. if something is significant, the effect size must be very large c. something that is significant at p<.01 is more significant than something at p < .05 d. a significant effect at p < .05 has a greater chance of being a type 1 error than a significant effect at p < .01

c. something that is significant at p<.01 is more significant than something at p < .05

13-3. The ____ is the same thing as the standard error of the mean. a. standard deviation of a sample distribution b. variance of a sample distribution c. standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean d. x̅- μ

c. standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean

9-7. If an estimate is unbiased, the overestimates will "cancel out" the underestimates and you will be left with ___________ a. zero c. the parameter b. the mean of the population d. a rollercoaster ride to nowhere!

c. the parameter

15-9. Many universities have a "publish or perish" philosophy. But, to publish something almost always requires that you get "statistically significant" results. Briefly, what does "statistically significant" results mean? a. the results are important b. the results are probably due to sampling error c. the results are probably due to sampling error + something else d. lie, cheat, and do whatever it takes to get that promotion!

c. the results are probably due to sampling error + something else ?

26-5. How many variables are analyzed using a contingency test? a. one c. two b. one or more d. two or more

c. two

9-6. If n-1 is not used in the formula for variance of the sample, S2 will have a consistent tendency to ____ the population variance. a. equal c. underestimate b. over-estimate d. have an unpredictable effect on

c. underestimate

10-7. How many raw scores does 1 standard deviation unit on Z equal? a. 0 c. whatever s equals in the raw score distribution b. 1 d. whatever σ equals in the raw score population

c. whatever s equals in the raw score distribution

8-2.What is the relationship between sample size and range? a. not good - they are constantly fighting! b. when one increases the other decreases c. when one increases the other increases d. as sample size increases, the range changes unpredictably

c. when one increases the other increases

24-7. When are tests of simple main effects necessary? a. whenever you have a significant main effect b. whenever both main effects are significant c. whenever the interaction effect is significant d. whenever a post hoc test is significant

c. whenever the interaction effect is significant

9-2. 2. Which of the following statements is true if we exhaustively sample? a. the expected value of an estimate will ALWAYS equal the parameter b. the expected value of an estimate will NEVER equal the parameter c. whether the expected value of an estimate equals the parameter depends on whether the estimate is biased d. whether the expected value of an estimate equals the parameter is totally random

c. whether the expected value of an estimate equals the parameter depends on whether the estimate is biased

14-9. What look like capital "I"s on bar (or line) graphs of means are called __ and they represent __ a. squiggles : chaos b. vertical error bars : standard deviation c. y error bars : confidence intervals - usually the 68% d. y error bars " confidence interval - usually the 99%

c. y error bars : confidence intervals - usually the 68%

2-7. What is meant by convenience sampling? a. you do it when and if it is convenient for you b. this is the same thing as random sampling c. you randomly sample from members of the population that you have ready access to d. using a research participant pool

c. you randomly sample from members of the population that you have ready access to

19-9.Assume Ha says μ 1 > μ 2. Write the hypothesis for Ho a. μ 1 > μ 2 c. μ 1 ≤ μ 2 b. μ 1 = μ 2 d. μ 1 ≥ μ 2

c. μ 1 ≤ μ 2

12-1. Z and t are different in many ways. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. the areas under the curve are constant for Z but not for t b. there's only one Z distribution but an infinite number of t distributions c. when n<30 t has fatter tails than Z d. the mean for Z is 0, the mean for t is 1

d

19-10.

d

19-4.

d

25-5.

d

7-7.

d

8-8.

d

8-9. Data set A has a variance of 32 Data set C has a variance of 25 Data set B has a standard deviation of 4 Data set D has a standard deviation of 6 Which data set is the most variable? A, B, C, or D

d

25-1. 1. If both main effects and the interaction effect are significant, which effect(s) would you follow-up on and interpret? a) any main effect that compares three or more means b) any main effect that compares three or more means and the interaction effect c) all three effects regardless of the number of means each compares d) only the interaction effect

d) only the interaction effect

7-9.Which of the following statements about "sensitivity" is TRUE? a. The median is more sensitive than the mean b. "Sensitivity" in statistics is a good thing c. "Sensitivity" in statistics is a bad thing d. "Sensitivity" in statistics can sometimes be good and sometimes be bad

d. "Sensitivity" in statistics can sometimes be good and sometimes be bad

10-3. A professor calculates the mean for Test 1 and the mean for Test 2. They turn out to be 86 and 91 respectively. 86 will convert to a Z score equal to __ and 91 will convert to a Z score equal to ___ a. -1 and 1 c. -1 and 0 b. 0 and 1 d. 0 and 0

d. 0 and 0

11-2.What is the % probability of getting a Z score above 2.58? Tip - draw! a. 5% b. 2.5% c. 1% d. 1⁄2%

d. 1⁄2%

26-2. Which chi square value is most likely to be significant? a. - 18.23 c. .000 b. .001 d. 5.30

d. 5.30

19-5. Y error bars typically represent which statistic? a. standard deviation c. 95% confidence interval b. 68% confidence interval d. 68 and 95% confidence interval

d. 68 and 95% confidence interval

13-4. Assume you have the following two samples: sample A { 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2 } sample B { 3, 32, 4, 14, 12, 2, 3, 1 } Sample ___ would have a higher SEM and sample ___ would have a M probably closer to μ. a. A : A c. B : B b. A : B d. B : A

d. B : A

10-8. Assume you found out that your Z score on test 1 was -.20, and for test 2 Z = 2.96. Looking at these Z scores, what 2 things can you conclude about your performance on tests 1 vs. 2? a. I did better on test 1 and I was way above average b. I did worse on test 1 and I was way below average c. I did better on test 2 and I was close to average d. I did better on test 2 and I was way above average

d. I did better on test 2 and I was way above average

16-4. Which rule below is CORRECT? a. If TS > CV, we retain Ho c. If TS < CV, we reject Ho b. If TS = CV, we reject Ho d. If TS > CV, we reject Ho

d. If TS > CV, we reject Ho

23-5. All F ratios in ANOVA have the same basic format: F = MS between -------------- MS within Which of the following is TRUE? a. MS between is the error term ; MS within the effect to be tested b. MS between is made up of individual differences & error c. MS within is made up of individual differences, error, and a treatment effect d. MS between is the effect to be tested ; MS within is the error term

d. MS between is the effect to be tested ; MS within is the error term

4-5.Which level(s) of measurement, if any, cannot have negative numbers? a. They can all have negative numbers c. Interval b. ordinal d. Ratio

d. Ratio

11-5. A Z score tells you ___ a. If x is positive c. both a and b b. If x is negative d. neither a or b

d. neither a or b

14-2. What do we sacrifice by using a large CI? a. time and money c. accuracy b. degrees of freedom d. precision

d. precision

16-10. You designed an experiment to test the effect of test humor and students' personality on test performance. To do this, you gave 100 introverted students and 100 extraverted students two tests. When they took test 1, no test humor was used. Then they took test 2 which was full of humor (within reasonable limits). Which of the following is correct? a. Test humor is between subjects → therefore, test HOV with Levene's. Personality is within subjects → therefore test sphericity with Mauchly's b. Test humor is between subjects → therefore test sphericity with Mauchly's. Personality is within subjects → therefore test HOV with Levene's c. Test humor is within subjects → therefore test HOV with Levene's. Personality is between subjects → therefore test sphericity with Mauchly's d. Test humor is within subjects → therefore test sphericity with Mauchly's. Personality is between subjects → therefore test HOV with Levene's

d. Test humor is within subjects → therefore test sphericity with Mauchly's. Personality is between subjects → therefore test HOV with Levene's

3-1. Which of the following is incorrectly defined as qualitative or quantitative? a. Number of errors on a test- quantitative b. Dog breed- qualitative c. Heights in inches- quantitative d. Weight (under, average, over weight)- quantitative

d. Weight (under, average, over weight)- quantitative

10-2. What does a Z score tell you about the raw score? a. If the raw score is above or below the mean of its distribution b. How far away the raw score is from the mean of its distribution c. If the raw score is positive or negative d. a and b are true e. a, b, and c are true

d. a and b are true e. a, b, and c are true

16-1.What does the value of the test statistic (TS) reflect? a. the size of the difference between the means b. the strength of the relationship between the variables c. how much sampling error there is in the data d. a and b relative to c

d. a and b relative to c

11-4. The Z table will not tell us the probability of getting _______ a. between 2 scores c. below a score b. above a score d. a specific score

d. a specific score

24-6.What is a test of simple main effect (SME)? a. a test used to compare marginal means of one factor b. a test used to compare all cells means simultaneously c. a test used to compare all marginal means and all cell means simultaneously d. a test used to compare the marginal means of one factor separately for each level of a second factor

d. a test used to compare the marginal means of one factor separately for each level of a second factor

18-1. If Sx̅ is large, ____ a. beta would be small and alpha would be large b. beta would be large and alpha would be small c. beta and alpha would both be small d. beta and alpha would both be large

d. beta and alpha would both be large

6-9. How much influence a specific number has on the mean will depend on _______ a. the value of the number b. how far away the number is from the mean c. whether the number is expressed as a fraction or a decimal d. both a and b

d. both a and b

9-5. Which of the following is FALSE? a. S2 is biased c. σ is unbiased b. S is unbiased d. both a and b are false

d. both a and b are false

18-5. What determines how big or small effect size will be? a. nature and nurture b. sampling error c. size of the difference between your groups or the strength of the relationship d. both b and c

d. both b and c

19-2. A researcher decides to test the effect of nursing mothers' stress levels on breastmilk production. What type of test would this suggest? a. directional test c. non-directional test b. two-tailed test d. both b and c

d. both b and c

6-4. x-x̅ is called a ________ a. difference score c. defiance score b. deviance score d. deviation score

d. deviation score

6-5. Y - ȳ is called a ________ a. difference score c. defiance score b. deviance score d. deviation score

d. deviation score

5-9. Does the environmental setting have any effect on the perceived acceptability of PDA (public displays of affection)? To find out, a researcher has a man and woman (both 21 years old) "make-out" in front of Lins, in the park across from Lins, and in front of one of the local LDS Stake Houses. At each location, he surveys 20 passersby. He has each one answer the question "to what extent do you believe the couple's actions in front of you are acceptable, from 1 "not at all acceptable" to 10 "completely acceptable". Now answer questions 9 and 10. 9. In the study described above, ____ is the IV and ___ is the DV a. PDA : environmental : setting c. making out : age of the "lovers" b. environmental setting : making out d. environmental setting : acceptability (1-10)

d. environmental setting : acceptability (1-10)

14-6. When constructing a confidence interval, our goal is to keep the level of confidence ________ and the interval __________ a. low : low c. low : high b. high : high d. high : low

d. high : low

9-8. In which situation would standard deviation never be biased? a. it will always be biased c. if you have a very small sample b. if you have a very large sample d. if you calculate it on the population

d. if you calculate it on the population

8-10. Outliers ______ the range and clumping _____ the range a. increase : increases c. increase : decrease b. decrease : decrease d. increase : has no effect on

d. increase : has no effect on

12-7. What is standard error of the mean a measure of? a. variability in the population b. the extent to which the sample mean is biased c. the average distance X is to M d. sampling error

d. sampling error

3-7. Which of the following has been misidentified as either a true IV or a subject IV? note: I did not use the term "subject" IV in class, but it's used and defined in chapter 1. a. seat preference in class (front row, middle row, back row) : subject IV b. drug condition (placebo, drug) : true IV c. personality (extraverted, introverted) : subject IV d. snack given before a test (low carb, high carb) : subject IV

d. snack given before a test (low carb, high carb) : subject IV

26-7. Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria for using Yates correction? a. you have a 2x2 table b. at least 1 cell has an expected frequency less than 5 c. the chi square was significant d. the df is less than 8

d. the df is less than 8

23-1 How are the independent t-test and one way independent ANOVA different from each other? a. only the ANOVA tests HOV b. the independent t test is more powerful than the 1 way independent ANOVA c. the independent t-test tests 1 factor, the 1 way independent ANOVA tests 3 or more factors d. the independent t-test compares 2 means, the 1 way ANOVA compares 3 or more means

d. the independent t-test compares 2 means, the 1 way ANOVA compares 3 or more means

24-4. What does the number in front of the word "way" refer to in a x-way ANOVA? a. whether the ANOVA is positive or negative c. the number of DVs analyzed b. the number of levels being analyzed d. the number of IVs tested

d. the number of IVs tested

17-9. In experiment A, the sig value = .032. In experiment B, the sig value = .005. Which of the following is TRUE? a. the results of experiment B are more important b. the two sets of results are equally important c. the results of experiment B are more significant d. the results of experiment A have a greater chance of being a type 1 error than the results of experiment B

d. the results of experiment A have a greater chance of being a type 1 error than the results of experiment B

24-8. You do a single factor experiment with three levels. Some of your participants are tested in one level only, whereas others participate in all three. What test would you use to analyze your data? a. the miracle test c. one way mixed ANOVA b. mixed t-test d. there is no test for this scenario described as it (you goofed!)

d. there is no test for this scenario described as it (you goofed!)

12-9. Is traditional psychotherapy an effective treatment for chronic pain? Maybe people just get better with the passage of time no matter what the therapy? To find out, Dr. Seuss randomly assigns 50 chronic pain patients to one of two groups: traditional psychotherapy or a placebo group. He gives everyone a pain questionnaire before "therapy" begins, and then again after 6 weeks of "therapy". He later runs a statistical test to compare the means for the different therapy groups, and for the two assessment times. Which of the following correctly describes the dependent variable(s)? a. there are two DVs: time = ratio and pain score = ratio b. there are two DVs: time = ratio and pain score = interval c. there is one DV: time = ratio d. there is one DV: pain score = interval

d. there is one DV: pain score = interval

23-3. ANOVA divides _____to see if there is a difference between ____ a. within group variances : between group variances b. treatment IVs : classification IVs c. means : SEMs d. variances : means

d. variances : means

12-3. When would the t and Z distributions be "indistinguishable to the naked eye"? a. always c. when n < 30 b. never d. when n > 30

d. when n > 30

26-4. Assume I've just described a study to you. What is the "tell-tale sign" that you should analyze the data using some sort of Chi Square? a. the writing on the wall c. you are comparing means b. you are analyzing scores d. you are analyzing frequencies

d. you are analyzing frequencies

17-1. If we reject Ho, which areas under the curve might we be in? a. α and 1 - α c. β and 1 - α b. β and 1 - β d. α and 1 - β

d. α and 1 - β

26-8. 8. Does your overall outlook on life (optimistic-pessimistic) depend on whether you believed in the Easter Bunny as a child? A researcher surveyed 500 adults and recorded the number of people who were: optimistic/believed, pessimistic/believed, optimistic/did not believe, pessimistic/did not believe. What test should he run to answer his research question? a. χ2 GOF: directional c. χ2 contingency: directional b. χ2 GOF: nondirectional d. χ2 contingency: nondirectional

d. χ2 contingency: nondirectional