Stereotypes, Prejudice & Discrimination - Ch. 5

What is a consequence of dividing people into ingroups and outgroups?

-exaggerate differences between ingroups and outgroups

What are some examples of white people being completely unaware of certain experiences?

-racial profiling from law enforcement -adhesive bandage -assuming you are good at Math b/c youre asain

what are the four levels of the common ingroup identity model?

1. an interpersonal level (separate individuals, decategorization) 2. an ingroup level (two groups, categorization) 3. superordinate group level (one group, recategorization) 4. dual identity level (two subgroups in one group, recategorization)

What are four conditions that are important to reducing racism?

1. equal status 2. personal interaction 3. cooperative activities 4. social norms

what are two basic predictions of social identity theory?

1. threats to one's self-esteem heightened the need for ingroup favoritism 2. expressions of ingroup favoritism enhance one's self esteem

What is Robbers Cave?

In 1961 an important research study that studies ingroup-outgroup behavior and conflict resolution

The belief "they're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts?

Outgroup homogeneity effect

What is the second stage of Robbers Cave?

The competition between the two groups was amplified. The staff announced a series of contests, including baseball games, tug-of-war and counselor-judged events. The scoring was manipulated to keep the two teams close, thereby heightening the sense of competition

Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.

What is Gordon Allport's Contact Hypothesis?

Under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice AND developing friendships across groups is one of the best ways to experience many of the optimal conditions for contact

When can ingroup relationships be improved upon?

When cognitive representations during contact are modified from "us" and "them" to a more inclusive "we"

what is the jigsaw classroom?

a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts -academic test scores improved for minority students and remained the same for white students

What is social dominance orientation?

a desire to see one's ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

what is social dominance orientation?

a desire to see one's ingroups as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

What is modern racism?

a form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable and easy to rationalize

Word and colleagues (1974) conducted a study examining the influence of racial stereotyping on job interview performance. This study demonstrated that

a job interviewer's behavior can create a self-fulfilling prophecy that leads applicants of a particular race to objectively perform more poorly than other applicants.

what is subliminal presentation?

a method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do no have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them

what is the stereotype content model?

a model of proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along with the dimensions of competence and warmth

What is white privilege?

a right, advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of all others; an exemption in my cases from certain burdens/liabilities

What is a superordinate goal?

a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups

what is the system justification theory?

a theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political and economic conditions

What is illusory correlation?

an overestimate of the association between variables that are only sightly or not all correlated

why has the idea of privilege recently been extended to sexual orientation?

because there are advantages to being heterosexual that many heterosexuals do not realize.

stereotypes definition

beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits

what is ambivalent sexism?

blatant displays of sexism that are less socially acceptable than in the past

In what ways in social categorization negative?

can lead to the overestimation of differences between groups and underestimation of differences within groups

What is benevolent sexism?

characterized by affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief/feeling that women need and deserve protection

What is hostile sexism?

characterized by negative, resentful beliefs/feelings about women's abilities, value and ability to challenge mens behavior ex: a woman unable to open a bottle cap because she's a woman banning women from sports

was are social practices responsible for?

distributing social value in social systems

What is the first state of Robbers Cave?

each group live in its own cabin and had no knowledge of the other's presence in the park. Each group spontaneously developed their own rules, leadership and identity. At the end this stage (week 1) the groups were made known of each other

what is relative depression?

feeling of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

at the individual level, what is racism and sexism?

forms of prejudice and and discrimination based on a person's racial or gender background

According to social-role theory, gender differences that arise from social roles provide a continuing basis for

gender stereotypes.

what is an outgroup?

groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

what is an ingroup?

groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging and identity

What are some examples of benevolent sexism?

holding the door open for a woman paying for her meal offering her your jacket

What are examples of male privilege?

if you have a bad day or in a bad mood, people won't blame it on your sex you can be careless with money and people won't blame it on your sex

All of the following result from social categorization except

increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype

What is true about recategorization?

individuals may change their conceptions of the group so that they have a more inclusive, diverse sense of their own ingroup

According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, _____ motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices _____ effectively over time.

internally; more

at the institutional level, what is racism and sexism?

involve practices that promote the domination of racial group or gender over the other

What has research shown about racial prejudice?

it has been on the decline over the last several decades

In what ways is social categorization positive?

its natural and adaptive - it saves time and energy

What does Frued believe about jokes?

jokes allow us to express aggressive feelings in a socially approved way - allows us to express feelings of hate that are normally kept to themselves

Discrimination definition

negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

prejudice definition

negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group

What is benevolent sexism associated with?

negative reactions toward women who defy traditional gender roles and sterotypes

Social categorization leads people to

overestimate differences between groups.

What is an example of modern racism?

people establishing credentials of not being racist by demonstrating that they have good friends of _______ race.

What is true about decategorization (seeing members of a given category as individuals)?

people pay less attention to categories and ingroup boundaries

What is the social identity theory?

people strive to enhance self esteem, which as two components: 1. personal identity 2. various social identities that derive from the groups to which we belong

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern

positive or negative beliefs about a social group

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers. This is an example of...

prejudice

racism definition

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's background

sexism definition

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender

what is system justification?

processes that may endorse and legitimize existing social arrangements ex: the status quo

What is implicit racism?

racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

what does Judith Butler suggest as an alternative way of looking at the concept of gender?

she suggests that gender is fluid and can change depending upon the context and over time

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____.

stereotyping; discrimination

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is

superordinate.

What does legitimizing myths make up?

the attitude and values that fuel moral and cognitive justification for the social practices

definition of sex

the biological aspects of being males or female

What is social categorization?

the classification of persons into groups on the basis of attributes

What is social categorization?

the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

The idea that, under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups can reduce prejudice is most consistent with

the contact hypothesis

What is sterotype threat?

the experience of concern about being evaluated about one's group

What is sterotype threat?

the fear that one will be reduced to a stereotype in the eyes of others ex: blacks are good at sports, Asians are bad drives, women like making crafts

What is stage 3 of robbers cave?

the goal was to resolve conflict. A series of urgent problems was devised, which the boys could solve only by working together -they joined forces to overcome challenges and reconciled

What does the common ingroup identity model identify?

the model specifies that the relationship between several antecedents and consequences by four levels

definition of gender

the psychological aspects being male or female

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among outgroups than ingroups ("they" are all alike)

What is ingroup favoritism?

the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups

what is the contact hypothesis?

the theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions

What is realistic conflict theory?

the theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

what is the social identity theory?

the theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self esteem

what is social role theory?

the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women

How can stereotype threats hamper academic achievement?

the threat can directly interfere with performance the treat can cause individuals to dismiss the domain as no longer relevant to their self-esteem and identity

Mastereotypes

thoughts about the out-group's (white, male, heterosexual) stereotypes about you (black, female, gay) and worry about being seen as consistent with these stereotypes

How is group based social hierarchies produced and maintained?

through legitimizing myths

T or F: people may boost their self-esteem by viewing their ingroups more favorably than outgroups

true

T or F: social systems engage in certain types of social practice

true

According to new neuroscientific research, how do perceivers may actually process faces of outgroups?

view people like objects than fellow human beings AKA dehumanization

Why are outgroups seen as homogeneous?

we often do not notice subtle differences among outgroups because we have little personal contact with them we often do not encounter a representative sample of outgroups

when are people stigmatized?

when they are targets of negative stereotypes, perceived as deviant, and devalues in society because they are members of a particular social group

what are examples of heterosexual privilege?

you are accepted in any social setting you can view members of your group in a positive light no one opposes or questions the validity of your marriage

What are examples of female privilege?

you are physically able to give birth you are not automatically expected to be the family bread winner

examples of gender privledge

your validity as a man/woman is not based on how well you pass as a male or female no one questions your sex based on your physical appearance