Straighterline A&P 2 Chapter 19
An adult patient is brought into the emergency room of a local hospital. The EMTs report the patient lost about 300 cc (cubic centimeters or milliliters) of blood. Is this life-threatening?
No; most adults have 4-6 liters of blood so a loss of 300 cc would not be life threatening
Mike has blood type A. He needs blood, however blood type A is not available. The next best choice would be blood type _______.
O
The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when _____ comes into contact with collagen.
factor XII
the insoluble protein that forms the network of the clot
fibrin
A person with type B blood
has anti-A antibodies
Type AB blood
has both A and B antigens on the red cells.
The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the
leukocytes
converts prothrombin to thrombin
prothrombinase
In which of the following situations might Rh incompatibility develop?
Mother is Rh negative; fetus is Rh positive
If your son is diagnosed with hemophilia, he would have
a disorder of the clotting process
A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from
a parasitic worm infection
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when
an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus.
Low blood oxygen levels stimulate erythrocyte production by increasing the formation of _________________ by the kidneys.
erythropoietin
Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence. (1) prothrombin-->thrombin (2) fibrinogen--> fibrin (3) activation of factor XII (4) formation of prothrombinase
3, 4, 1, 2
Choose the arrangement that lists the chemicals in the order in which they would be used for coagulation. 1. thrombin 2. fibrinogen 3. prothrombinase 4. activated Factor XII
4, 3, 1, 2
The total blood volume is _________ plasma
55%
How much oxygen is generally transported in combination with hemoglobin in red blood cells?
98.5%
What is tissue thromboplastin?
A compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
Which of the following functions is associated with the blood? A. delivery of oxygen to tissue cells B. transport of digestive enzymes to the small intestine C. maintenance of DNA content of egg cells D. transport of neurotransmitters across synapses E. electrical stimulation of the heart
A. delivery of oxygen to tissue cells
Which of the following plasma proteins is most abundant? A. albumin B. globulins C. fibrinogen D. immunoglobulins E. hemoglobin
A. albumin
In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in the correct chronological order? A. bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen B. bone marrow; spleen; blood vessels C. spleen; blood vessels; spleen D. blood vessels; spleen; bone marrow E. spleen; blood vessels; bone marrow
A. bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen
Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis? A. coagulation B. erythropoiesis C. platelet formation D. vascular dilation E. agglutination
A. coagulation
Which of the following events is one of the three main stages of coagulation? A. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin B. platelet aggregation C. conversion of thrombin to prothrombin D. platelet plug formation E. calcium is released
A. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
All of the following describe ways that blood helps maintain homeostasis, except A. secretion of neuropeptides. B. stabilizing body fluids. C. transporting carbon dioxide. D. transporting nutrients. E. limiting the spread of pathogens.
A. secretion of neuropeptides
In the platelet release reaction,
ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated
Why would a person have anti-Rh antibodies present in their blood?
An Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus.
Which of the following is mismatched? A. blood typing - determines ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample B. blood crossmatch - donor and recipient blood cells are mixed together C. complete blood count - includes RBC and WBC counts D. differential count - determines the percent of each kind of leukocyte in the blood E. hematocrit - percentage of total blood volume composed of RBCs
B. blood crossmatch - donor and recipient blood cells are mixed together
Which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis? A. increased environmental O2 levels B. increased erythropoietin levels C. increased blood pH D. increased blood pressure E. increased CO2 levels
B. increased erythropoietin levels
A deficiency of which of the following stem cells would result in a marked increase in the clotting time of blood? A. lymphoblast B. megakaryoblast C. monoblast D. myeloblast E. proerythroblast
B. megakaryoblast
Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell? A. erythrocyte B. reticulocyte C. thrombocyte D. monocyte E. leukocyte
B. reticulocyte
Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is TRUE? A. Leukocytes have no nucleus. B. Leukocytes play a role in oxygen transport. C. Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements. D. Leukocytes are only fragments of cells. E. There is only one kind of leukocyte.
C. Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements.
Which of the following is NOT true of plasma? A. Plasma is about 91% water. B. Plasma is a colloid. C. Plasma volume can change drastically. D. The color of plasma is yellow.
C. Plasma volume can change drastically.
Which of the following is NOT a form of hemoglobin found in the developing human? A. adult B. embryonic C. adolescent D. fetal
C. adolescent
Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function? A. fibrinogen - transport of fatty acids B. albumin - helps to fight infection C. globulin - transport and immunity D. globulin - blood clotting
C. globulin - transport and immunity
Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description? A. neutrophils - most numerous WBCs B. basophils - release histamine C. lymphocytes - become macrophages D. monocytes - largest of the WBCs E. eosinophils - attack worm parasites
C. lymphocytes - become macrophages
Which of the following is mismatched? A. aplastic anemia - bone marrow fails to produce erythrocytes B. hemolytic anemia - increased destruction of erythrocytes C. pernicious anemia - loss of blood from the body D. iron deficiency anemia - lack of iron absorption for erythropoiesis E. hemorrhagic anemia - loss of blood from the body
C. pernicious anemia - loss of blood from the body
For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, in which choice below are the components of blood correctly ranked in order of decreasing percent volume? A. WBCs, plasma, RBCs B. RBCs, WBCs, plasma C. plasma, RBCs, WBCs D. plasma, WBCs, RBCs E. WBCs, RBCs, plasma
C. plasma, RBCs, WBCs
Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function? A. erythrocytes - transport oxygen B. leukocytes - protect against disease C. platelets - phagocytize bacteria D. plasma proteins - maintain blood osmotic pressure; involved in clotting E. monocytes - become macrophages
C. platelets - phagocytize bacteria
All of the following are potential locations for hematopoiesis in the embryo and fetus, except A. the red bone marrow. B. the lymph nodes. C. the placenta. D. the spleen. E. the yolk sac.
C. the placenta
What ion is necessary for the coagulation process?
Calcium
When a blood vessel is damaged, which of the following events occurs last? A. Collagen is exposed. B. Platelets adhere to collagen. C. Platelets are activated. D. Platelets begin to stick to each other and form a plug. E. von Willebrand factor is produced.
D. Platelets begin to stick to each other and form a plug.
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sickle-cell anemia? A. Red blood cells take on the sickle shape when oxygen levels are low. B. Sickle-shaped red blood cells can become lodged in capillaries. C. Tissue damage from decreased blood supply. D. Sickle-shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture.
D. Sickle-shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture.
When erythrocytes are destroyed, which of the following events occurs? A. Urine output increases. B. Iron is secreted into the bile. C. Heme is transported by transferrin to the liver. D. The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids. E. Bile is manufactured by the gall bladder.
D. The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids.
Which of the following formed elements do not have chromosomes? A. erythrocytes B. reticulocytes C. erythroblasts D. erythrocytes and reticulocytes E. erythrocytes, reticulocytes and erythroblasts
D. erythrocytes and reticulocytes
All of the following could be learned from a blood chemistry test except A. blood urea nitrogen. B. bilirubin levels. C. elevated glucose levels. D. heart rate and blood pressure. E. elevated cholesterol levels.
D. heart rate and blood pressure.
Which of the following is NOT a method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood? A. combined with hemoglobin B. dissolved in the plasma C. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma D. held in the depression of a red blood cell
D. held in the depression of a red blood cell
Which of the following is an agranulocyte? A. eosinophil B. basophil C. neutrophil D. monocyte E. erythrocyte
D. monocyte
Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood? A. blood gases B. nutrients C. lactic acid D. neurotransmitters E. hormones
D. neurotransmitters
Which of the following phrases is least likely to be used in describing erythrocytes? A. biconcave cells B. cells can change shape C. cytoplasm contains hemoglobin D. nucleus is centrally located E. main role is transporting blood gases
D. nucleus is centrally located
Erythropoiesis does not require A. iron. B. vitamin B12. C. folate. D. vitamin K. E. All of these are required.
D. vitamin K
A severely dehydrated patient begins to experience the formation of random blood clots. Why is this happening?
Dehydration leads to a concentration of clotting factors which triggers the intrinsic mechanism of coagulation
Healing after clot formation involves A. clot retraction. B. repair of the damaged blood vessel by connective tissue cells. C. clot dissolution. D. serum being squeezed out of the clot. E. All of these choices are correct.
E. All of these choices are correct.
Platelets A. are also known as thrombocytes. B. are actually fragments of cells. C. play a role in preventing blood loss.D. can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue E. All of these choices are correct.
E. All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following is (are) associated with decreased hematopoiesis? A. hemorrhage B. vitamin B12 deficiency C. iron deficiency anemia D. restricted blood flow to the kidney E. both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia
E. both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia
Rupture of a red blood cell is called hematopoiesis. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
fibrin-stabilizing factor
Factor XIII
erythrocytes clumping together
agglutination
When the antigens on erythrocytes bind with antibodies in the plasma,
agglutination of erythrocytes occurs.
Red blood cells have antigenic markers on their surfaces called:
agglutinogens
the most abundant plasma protein
albumin
Agglutinins are
antibodies directed against blood cell antigenic markers.
In hemolytic disease of the newborn,
antibodies from the mother cross the placenta and affect the fetus.
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as _______________.
bicarbonate ions
When defective erythrocytes are broken down,
bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin
A antigens, B antibodies
blood Grouping
determining antigens on RBCs
blood Grouping
The combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is
carbaminohemoglobin
When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called
chemotaxis
On which chromosome is there a mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia?
chromosome 11
Fibrinolysis is responsible for
clot dissolution
fibrinogen coverts to fibrin
coagulation
process initiated by platelets
coagulation
the last three stages of hemostasis
coagulation
What type of gene expression occurs when a person has type AB blood?
codominance
Blood consists of a matrix of plasma and cells; blood is a subtype of ______ tissue.
connective
Blood is a type of __________tissue.
connective
Blood is classified as a type of _______________ tissue.
connective
Mature erythrocytes
contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm
What may be affected if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was not made in the body?
conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion
determining blood chemistry
diagnostic blood test
making a differential WBC count
diagnostic blood test
The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called
diapedesis
The condition characterized by overproduction of erythrocytes is called
erythrocytosis
The overproduction of erythrocytes is called _________________.
erythrocytosis
The plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is
fibrinogen
a protein that functions in clotting
fibrinogen
Hemocytoblast stem cells
give rise to all formed elements in the blood.
a plasma protein that is involved in immunity
globulin
The function of plasmin is to
hydrolyze fibrin.
exposure to antigens leads to development of antibodies
immune function
monocytes become macrophages
immune function
The globulins are important plasma proteins that functions primarily in _______.
immunity
Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to
increased bilirubin in his circulatory system
Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation by
interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins.
involved in osmosis, membrane potentials, and acid-base balance
ions
Coumadin (warfarin)
is a potent anticoagulant.
Erythropoietin
is a product of the kidney.
Iron
is needed to produce hemoglobin
Plasma
is the liquid matrix of the blood
The smallest leukocytes are the _____ and the largest are the ______.
lymphocytes; monocytes
Bilirubin
may build up in the circulation and cause jaundice
Lymphocytes
migrate to lymphatic tissue
Macrophages are derived from
monocytes
Neutrophils of the blood are derived from a population of stem cells called
myeloblasts
The most numerous of the leukocytes is the
neutrophil
Which white blood cells function primarily as phagocytotic cells?
neutrophils and monocytes
What gas is also carried by a beta-globin that may help regulate blood pressure?
nitric oxide
When large quantities of blood are lost, erythrocytes must be replaced to restore
oxygen-carrying capacity
The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called
oxyhemoglobin
When oxygen binds with hemoglobin, the molecule is called _____________.
oxyhemoglobin
During platelet plug formation,
platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels.
RhoGam injections are given to
prevent sensitization of the mother.
Red blood cells will develop from
proerythroblasts
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in
protection
Functions of plasma proteins include
regulation of osmotic pressure
If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised?
regulation of pH
An immature erythrocyte is called a __________________.
reticulocyte
An increased amount of heparin in the blood might
slow down the clotting process.
An increase in hemoglobin increases
the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to various tissues.
When a person is transfused with the wrong blood type,
the erythrocytes agglutinate
(1) the number of erythrocytes in a milliliter sample of blood (2) the number of leukocytes in a milliliter sample of blood
the first item is greater than the second
(1) the rate of erythropoiesis when erythropoietin is present (2) the rate of erythropoiesis when erythropoietin is absent
the first item is greater than the second
(1) the affinity of adult hemoglobin for oxygen (2) the affinity of fetal hemoglobin for oxygen
the first item is less than the second item
Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.
the liquid portion of blood; the cells
Mr. Smith moved from a low altitude to a high altitude and experienced an increase in RBCs. Which of the following caused this increase?
the lower oxygen concentration seen at higher altitudes
The hematocrit is
the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood.
Agglutination of red blood cells means
they clump together
In the extrinsic pathway, damaged tissues release
thromboplastin (tissue factor III)
During platelet plug formation, platelets release _____ and endothelial cells release ____ which lead to vasoconstriction.
thromboxane; endothelin
A blood clot attached to a blood vessel wall is called a(an)
thrombus
a mixture of lipoproteins released from injured tissue
tissue factor
Each hemoglobin molecule
transports four oxygen molecules
Hemoglobin
transports oxygen in the blood
Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?
type AB
A person with type O blood should receive a blood transfusion from a donor with
type O blood
The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as
vascular spasm
What vitamin is necessary to produce many clotting factors in the liver?
vitamin K
needed by the liver to produce prothrombin
vitamin K
What protein forms a bridge between exposed vessel wall collagen and platelet surface receptors?
von Willebrand factor
the suspending medium for blood components
water