Straighterline Western Civilization II
The French Revolution was precipitated by a. the impending bankruptcy of the monarchy b. the writings of the philosophes c. the selfishness of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette d. secret clubs financed by Britain
A
According to J. A. Hobson, what was most responsible for the vast extension of European control at the end of the nineteenth century? a. financiers and speculators b. missionaries c. military adventurers d. settlers
A
According to J. M. Keynes, governments should deal with the effects of business recessions by a. lowering interest rates and increasing public spending b. reducing taxes and restricting budgets c. taking over financial institutions d. breaking the power of organized labor in order to allow the free market to operate
A
All over Europe governments expanded their activities to deal with the problems caused by industrialization. Their efforts included legislation on a. child labor b. health insurance c. guaranteed right to strike d. the 40-hour work week
A
As a result of Napoleon's attempt to rule Spain a. 300,000 French troops were tied down in the peninsula b. Spanish liberals were able to establish representative institutions that survived the French withdrawal c. Spain's overseas possessions rallied to her defense d. the British abandoned their long-standing alliance with Portugal
A
By the 1850s which areas of Europe had experienced major industrialization? a. Belgium, France, northern Italy, western Germany b. Belgium, eastern Germany, Austria, Russia c. France, Belgium, Austria, Russia d. southern Italy, southern France, eastern Germany, Russia
A
Changes in city life in the first half of the nineteenth century included a. creation of modern police forces b. creation of public water and sewage systems c. slow population growth d. increasing similarity between the lives of those in the city and those in the countryside
A
During World War I casualty figures in the armed forces were a. 50 percent or more b. 30 percent or more c. 20 percent or more d. 10 percent or more
A
In 1807, at Tilsit, Napoleon agreed to share predominant influence in Europe with the ruler of a. Russia b. Austria c. Prussia d. Saxony
A
In 1942 the tide of World War II began to turn in favor of the Allies because a. the costs of the campaign in Russia b. landing of allied forces in France diverted German resources from the Eastern Front c. Germany had to divide its war effort in order to give aid to Japan d. the German people were losing faith in the war effort
A
In Germany after the fall of Bismarck a. the right-wing tried to foster support through the creation of nationalist and imperialist leagues b. the popular Social Democratic Party assumed an increasingly powerful role in government c. the government abandoned much of the social welfare legislation that Bismarck had created d. the authoritarian, Prussian-dominated system was liberalized under pressures from the other parts of Germany
A
In the fascist corporate state a. all workers in a given sector of the economy were organized into confederations b. large corporations were granted special rights c. business leaders were encouraged to express their views on state policy d. the state was arbiter between trade unions and employers
A
Italian unification occurred because a. of efforts on the part of Piedmontese and Garibaldian troops b. the papacy was an active supporter of a strong Italian state c. glaring differences between north and south Italy were lessening d. the leaders of Piedmont looked to Austria for support in defeating the French
A
Learned academies a. opened their doors to people of diverse social ranks over the course of the eighteenth century b. remained exclusive organizations for elites c. encouraged the participation of women in their activities d. displayed a disdain for addressing practical matters
A
Metternich's dream of a Concert of Europe to maintain the established order failed because a. Britain disapproved of direct intervention in the affairs of other European states b. Alexander I set up a Holy Alliance to compete with the Concert c. the Prussians did not want to take part in an organization that was dominated by Metternich d. all of the above
A
Napoleon was seen by some as an heir of the Revolution because of a. his commitment to equality of opportunity b. his commitment to parliamentary government c. his support of local elections d. his promotion of freedom of expression
A
Napoleon's reorganization of central Europe a. ended the Holy Roman empire b. created a new state known as the "Rhineland" c. confirmed the abolition of the Polish state d. dismembered Prussia
A
Pierre Bayle's Critical and Historical Dictionary a. subjects the claims of religion to the test of critical reason b. suggests the theory of evolution c. was intended to popularize the new science d. condemns non-Christian religions as immoral
A
Representatives of postmodernism in the arts and scholarship share the tendency to a. reject the formal rules of their discipline and looking for hidden meanings and subtle messages b. embrace an aesthetic of simplicity and directness c. assert that the tastes of the common person are more sound than those of the elite d. reject the influence of other cultures in favor of celebrating one's own
A
Stalin's transformation of the Soviet Union in the 1930s did not include a. forbidding peasants to have individual plots or private tools b. reducing some of the freedoms of women, students, and intellectuals that had characterized the 1920s c. purging the Communist party of reactionaries d. allowing opportunities for advancement
A
The Brumaire Coup of 1799 that brought Bonaparte to power was a. originally planned to establish a republic with civil equality but limited political participation b. planned by Napoleon as part of a long-range strategy for seizing power in France c. a result of the threat of invasion by Austrian, Prussian, and British forces d. necessary because of the fiasco of Napoleon's defeat in Egypt
A
The Fashoda Crisis brought which two European nations to the brink of war? a. France and Britain b. Russia and Germany c. France and Germany d. Britain and Belgium
A
The First International contributed to the development of a workers' movement because it a. stressed the international ties of the workers in a nationalistic age b. rejected dogmatic Marxism c. encouraged doctrinal flexibility d. allowed for local initiatives and variation
A
The Italian fascist party used which of the following to secure its power? a. force and the parliamentary system b. an attack on the papacy c. shared leadership d. increased foreign trade
A
The Napoleonic Code a. granted all citizens the right to equal treatment under the law, freedom of religion, ownership of land, and free choice of occupation b. confirmed the 1793 constitution's grant of a right to subsistence c. accepted the property and juridical rights that had been granted to women during the Revolution d. gave equal rights to illegitimate children
A
The Truman Doctrine a. promised American aid to nations in danger of Communist take-over b. brought the U.S. into the Korean War c. proclaimed U.S. willingness to commit American troops to UN military actions d. warned the Soviet Union not to take Czechoslovakia
A
The last offensive mounted by the Germans was a. the Battle of the Bulge b. the invasion of Italy c. Crimea d. Normandy
A
The most important figure on the Committee of Public Safety was a. Robespierre b. Danton c. Hébert d. Marat
A
The nineteenth century saw the invention of a. photography b. the ballet c. the novel as a literary form d. opera and chamber music
A
The sluggish rate of British economic growth in the late nineteenth century was in part the result of a. outdated plant and equipment b. too much emphasis on technical educational at the expense of scientific research c. loss of empire d. rapid adoption of experimental techniques in manufacturing
A
Where were the major European international crises in the decade before World War I? a. North Africa and the Balkans b. Turkey and the Middle East c. the Balkans and the Middle East d. Turkey and North Africa
A
Which best describes the fortunes of political reformers in Spain and Italy in the decade after the fall of Napoleon? a. revolts in favor of a constitutional government were put down by outside forces b. free press led to occasional arrests but brought reformers a mass following c. reformers gained the support of the Catholic church d. their movements lost ground as traditional rulers proved capable of providing stable, efficient governments
A
Which group was least likely to support the Nazis? a. workers b. small business and tradespeople c. civil service employees d. farmers e. nationalists, industrialists, and militarists
A
Which is true of nineteenth-century European aristocrats? a. in some parts of Europe they cooperated with liberal reformers b. as a whole their social and political power was on the rise c. they were largely supplanted in such professions as diplomacy and advisers to the king d. they embraced industrial capitalism
A
Which of the following is correctly matched? a. Verdi and Wagner: composers b. Dickens and Balzac: poets c. Liszt and Paganini: novelists d. Beethoven and Turner: painters
A
Which of the following subjects was not covered in the Encyclopédie? a. policies toward the laboring classes b. religion c. applied science d. theories about social organization
A
Which of the following was not a reform measure carried out by the Assembly between 1789 and 1791? a. granting universal suffrage b. abolishing the nobility as a legal group c. limiting the king's power to veto legislation d. abolishing the ancient provinces of France
A
Which phrase is associated with Montesquieu's ideas on good government? a. balance of powers among executive, legislature, and judiciary b. natural rights to life, liberty, and property c. the sovereign resides in the "general will" d. the divine right of kings
A
Which was not a reason why the reform policies of Joseph II of Austria were largely unsuccessful? a. the peasantry allied with Joseph in his attempts to abolish serfdom, thus sparking a revolt by the nobility (pp.701-702) b. Joseph's autocratic imposition of reforms without consultation alienated many of his subjects c. Joseph's interference with the clergy upset Catholics who preferred traditional practices d. Joseph tried to stifle opposition to his ideas
A
Which was not among the political demands of the Chartists? a. votes for women b. payment for members of parliament c. the secret ballot d. an end to property requirements for holding a parliamentary seat
A
Which was not true of the sans-culottes? a. they advocated the abolition of private property b. they favored regulation of the economy in order to assure the basic necessities of life c. women were among their most active members d. they attacked opulence and pretension e. they favored participatory democracy
A
Why, in spite of considerable agitation in various parts of the Austrian empire, were the Habsburgs able to maintain control? a. the claims of the monarchy's opponents were often conflicting b. the government always responded quickly to any sign of discontent c. the government called in its allies in the Concert of Europe d. all of the above
A
The first Eastern Bloc countries to experience the dismantling of Communist party control were a. Czechoslovakia and Rumania b. Czechoslovakia and Poland c. East Germany, Hungary, and Poland d. Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Poland
C
The key diplomatic achievement of Bismarck's foreign policy was a. rapprochement with France b. an alliance with the Ottomans to contain Russia c. a formal alliance with Austria-Hungary d. successful challenge to Britain's sea supremacy
C
A critical feature of the second industrial revolution was a. the discovery and exploitation of new coal deposits b. the development of new technologies such as electricity c. agricultural prosperity d. it occurred during a period of general economic boom
B
A lasting result of World War I was that a. women realized they did not want to work outside the home b. governments assumed new responsibilities for social services and economic planning c. crime and juvenile delinquency declined from pre-war levels d. people felt greater faith in the governments that had guided them through the war
B
After the Bolsheviks seized power in the fall of 1917 they a. welcomed the aid of other Russian socialist movements b. decided to make peace with the Germans c. offered all Russians a chance to buy their own land or business d. dissolved the local Soviets as unnecessary now that the revolution had arrived e. all of the above
B
After the fall of communism, Yugoslavia a. remained unified b. suffered the horrors of a genocidal war and political fragmentation c. was reunified after a genocidal war d. peacefully negotiated its breakup into two republics
B
All but one of the following is true of Voltaire a. he was a great admirer of British society and culture b. he was editor of the Encyclopedie c. he studied the scientific works of Isaac Newton d. he was highly critical of French bigotry and social snobbery
B
Between 1875 and 1914, 26 million Europeans emigrated abroad. They came from nearly every European country except a. Italy b. France c. Germany d. Ireland
B
Bismarck's Kulturkampf involved a struggle with a. German liberals b. the Catholic church c. the socialists d. all of the above
B
By the 1890s, women a. were still denied access to higher education b. moved into the growing field of social work c. were denied positions as teachers d. held enough political offices that they were able to pass legislation benefiting families
B
Diderot a. was rewarded by the French king for his publications b. spent time in jail for his publications c. overshadowed his friend Voltaire d. none of the above
B
During World War I the most striking break from pre-war conditions on the home front was a. the use of volunteer armies b. central planning of the economy c. censorship d. anti-patriotic sentiment
B
Freud's theory of the workings of the human psyche was most shocking to Victorian society because it a. advocated the use of shock therapy b. ascribed sexual lust to persons of every age c. used hypnosis to uncover the keys to neuroses d. declared human actions to be, for the most part, unconscious e. considered religion as the satisfaction of infantile needs
B
Great Britain pioneered the use of more efficient technology extraction to coal and iron because a. as a dominant power its military need for weapons was greater b. it had exhausted its forests as a source of fuel c. it imported large amounts of these resources from its colonies d. it was able to imitate key discoveries of continental inventors
B
Hitler became chancellor by a. mounting a military coup b. gaining sufficient votes to form a majority parliamentary coalition c. seizing power after Hindenberg's death d. bribing key government officials e. none of the above
B
In 1848 French revolutionaries from the middle class and working class were most divided over a. support for Louis Napoleon Bonaparte b. whether the state had an obligation to provide work for the unemployed c. whether to have universal manhood suffrage d. whether to have a monarchy or a republic e. all of the above
B
In 1900, which of the following parties was founded in Britain? a. the Conservative party b. the Labour party c. the Liberal party d. the Whig party
B
In 1907, in order to balance the Triple Alliance, the Triple Entente was formed by a. Italy, France, and Britain b. France, Russia, and Britain c. France, Russia, and Germany d. Russia, Britain, and the United States e. Britain, the United States, and Belgium
B
Karl Marx argued that a. as industrialization progresses, the middle class will become larger b. the class which controls the means of production determines society's laws, values, and cultural forms c. in the future, post-capitalist society, the state will ensure that all people are treated equally d. all of the above
B
Karl Marx argued that the dialectical process of history a. works through ideas that constitute the spirit of the age b. was determined by economic forces and class conflict c. was the working out of a divine plan d. depended on great leaders
B
Napoleon first made his reputation as an inspired leader of armies while fighting in a. France b. Italy c. Germany d. Egypt
B
Once in power, Bismarck a. opposed nationalism b. dissolved the parliament c. reinstated the parliament d. alienated Russia
B
Pope Leo X's encyclical Rerum Novarum a. condemned private property b. recognized the right of the workers to organize c. warned the state against favoring the undeserving poor d. urged the masses to accept capitalism
B
Proponents of nationalism in the mid-nineteenth century espoused a. adopting a common European language b. the idea that different peoples had distinct historical missions c. universal human rights d. free trade to promote industrial development
B
The Assembly extended civil and political equality to a. women b. Jews c. mulattoes d. Jews and free people of color
B
The Congress of Vienna wished to a. promote national self-determination b. restore the balance of power c. contain Prussian aggression d. allocate overseas colonies fairly among the Great Powers
B
The Franco-Prussian War was provoked by a. Napoleon III's desire to annex southern Germany b. competition over influence in Spain c. France's alliance with Austria d. conflict over Alsace and Lorraine
B
The Germans planned to invade France first because they a. believed the French army was poorly organized b. believed they could conquer France before Russia could mobilize, thereby avoiding a two-front war c. believed they could conclude a separate peace with Russia, based on a former alliance d. wanted to conquer France in order to annex Belgium
B
The International Monetary Fund and the precursor to the World Bank were created to a. administer the funds allocated by the Marshall Plan b. prevent inflation c. organize food and medical relief supplies d. all of the above
B
The Soviet Union serves as one of the world's largest producers of a. wheat, steel, and copper b. steel, iron, and oil c. tin, copper, and iron d. wheat, oil, and tin
B
The chief feature of the war on the Western Front was a. the invasion of Italy by French and British troops b. inconclusive battles fought in trench warfare c. a propaganda war with little actual fighting d. series of important naval engagements as Germans attempted to establish a blockade of Britain
B
The delegates elected to represent the Third Estate in the Estates General were primarily a. peasants, craftsmen, merchants, and professionals b. lawyers and officials c. merchants, bankers, and lawyers d. artisans, merchants, and professionals
B
The economic system advocated by Margaret Thatcher was a. that adopted by the European Community b. free enterprise c. one which encouraged state guidance of industry d. one which the U.S would approve
B
The gravest problem faced by the Weimar Republic was a. the Spartacist uprisings b. inflation c. Freikorps agitation d. political challenge from the right
B
The law of 1861 that liberated the Russian serfs also a. integrated the free peasantry into Russian society b. granted the village commune the power to control the movements of the freed serfs c. allowed serfs to earn enough from the land they acquired to pay the obligatory purchase price to their former masters d. created a prosperous and free peasant class
B
The most pressing issue faced by the government of the Fourth French Republic was the revolt against French rule in a. Haiti b. Algeria c. Egypt d. Canada
B
The regime of Napoleon III fell in spite of the fact that it a. curbed the power of the French church b. massive social programs c. outlawed the right to strike d. established a democratic government
B
The rush of Europeans to Cape Colony and the Boer colonies at the end of the nineteenth century was driven by a. the slave trade b. gold and diamonds c. Cecil Rhodes' effective propaganda encouraging settlement d. white fears of Zulu dominance in the area
B
The leading group of radical democrats in Paris after the fall of the monarchy was known as a. the Mountain b. the Girondins c. the Jacobins d. the sans-culottes
C
The text implies that, for the mass democracies of western Europe, colonial expansion provided a. a heavy tax burden on the common man b. a way to defuse class tensions by focusing on national glory c. a "brain drain" as talented Europeans left the continent d. a clear antagonism between Christian motives and economic ones
B
The work of Gramsci, Foucault, and Derrida stresses that a. the objectivity of modern science provides the best approach to establishing truth b. the dominant culture is filled with signs and messages that enforce existing structures of power c. women have achieved less in intellectual life than men because they are less comfortable with abstractions d. as societies develop it is important that they adopt the cultural values of the West
B
Which concept is not representative of conservative thought as it evolved in response to the French Revolution? a. social order b. natural rights of the individual c. humanity as proud and wicked d. continuity e. social hierarchy
B
Which group has seen its importance in European politics increase since the 1970s? a. socialists and communists b. environmentalists c. Eurocommunists d. trade union parties
B
Which of the following is true of leisure and recreation for the masses in the eighteenth century? a. common people had no organized cultural groups b. blood sports were enjoyed primarily by commoners c. temperance movements gained many adherents in this era d. religious festivals and observances were relatively unimportant in popular culture
B
Which statement is true about nineteenth-century industrial workers? a. housing conditions were better than in the country b. working conditions made them highly susceptible to diseases such as tuberculosis c. for the most part, employment was dependable d. no matter how poor their wages, they could count on being paid
B
Which was not a reason why eighteenth-century aristocrats were often at odds with monarchs? a. kings wished to curtail aristocratic privileges and tax exemptions b. aristocrats allied themselves with religious minorities in opposition to the state c. aristocrats often advocated the role of provincial assemblies in political decision making d. aristocrats often tried to monopolize offices in the army and bureaucracy
B
Which was not among the problems Italy faced between 1840 and 1914? a. the south was much less developed than the north b. Italy had the lowest rate of economic growth in Europe c. an Italian army suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of native Ethiopians d. Italy's governments of well-to-do liberals did not have the support of many workers, Catholics, and peasants
B
Which was probably not a part of popular culture at the end of the nineteenth century? a. theatrical entertainments b. the decadent movement in literature and the arts c. professional soccer d. mass journalism
B
Which words best describe the common features of artistic and intellectual work in the inter-war period? a. confidence and moralism b. irrationality and shock c. decorum and formalism d. accessibility and optimism
B
The demographic transition that took place between 1870 and 1914 involved a. a sharp rise in the death rate b. an increase in the birthrate c. higher population growth in eastern and central Europe d. movement from urban to rural areas
C
The majority of Europeans in the nineteenth century were a. industrial workers b. artisans c. peasants d. members of the middle class
C
The enlightened monarchs of Europe a. fully supported the philosophes' views on freedom of expression and thought b. believed in sharing political power with responsible segments of the public c. accepted their duty to provide a well-administered state d. seldom involved themselves in matters relating to the church
C
A major weaknesses of early socialist thought was that it a. was too democratic. for that era b. ignored the problems that city life presented c. was vague about problems of politics and power d. was unsophisticated in its analysis of capitalism's drawbacks e. all of the above
C
After the fall of Napoleon, France a. reverted to the social and political order that had characterized the old regime before 1789 b. was refused a place among the great nations of Europe c. kept many changes of the revolutionary and Napoleonic regimes d. experienced more repression than any other European country
C
All but which of the following was a goal of the Russian revolution of 1905? a. a national constitution b. the recognition of labor unions c. abdication of the tsar d. the granting of civil liberties
C
Among the characteristics of popular literature for the masses in the eighteenth century are a. a concern for the real problems of material insecurity b. rationalism and secularism c. religiosity and entertainment d. a and c
C
Before 1950 European recovery was hindered by a. millions of refugees from eastern Europe flooding into the Soviet Union b. unwillingness of Europeans to hunt out fascist collaborators c. massive destruction of factories and transport systems d. U.S. reluctance to advance aid for recovery
C
Between 1939 and the U.S. entry into the war in 1941, the Germans occupied a. most of France, most of the Balkans, all of Scandinavia b. the Low Countries, Spain, the Balkans c. most of the Balkans, most of France, Denmark, Norway, the Low Countries d. Denmark, Norway, Spain, most of France
C
Britain's success in representative government rested upon a. the reluctance of the working class to strike b. a homogenous population without religious or ethnic differences c. a strong two-party system to channel political action d. an aristocracy that willingly handed over its power e. all of the above
C
British rule in India a. depended upon indirect policies of governing b. attempted to preserve Indian customs and religious practices c. provoke a revolt among native troops in the mid-nineteenth century d. all of the above
C
By 1939 Soviet Russia, owing to the accomplishments of the First, Second, and Third Five Year Plans, ranked third among the world's industrial nations behind a. Great Britain and the United States b. the United States and Japan c. the United States and Germany d. Great Britain and Germany e. Great Britain and France
C
Defeat at the hands of Napoleon prompted the Prussian monarchy to a. create parliamentary institutions to gain support of the people b. challenge the Junkers' control of their estates c. open some positions in the bureaucracy and the military to non-nobles d. abolish the military reserve in favor of a larger full-time army
C
Deism was a. a branch of Christianity that believed religion was a form of private contemplation b. a form of philosophical atheism c. a naturalistic belief that acknowledged God as the creator of the universe d. none of the above
C
Despite the fact that Lenin favored Trotsky, Stalin became the next Soviet leader because a. he was a brilliant theoretician of Marxism b. he was a successful military leader c. he was a good organizer and had the loyalty of party officials d. Trotsky repudiated communism
C
During the Belle Epoque, a. most Europeans could not read b. the novel became a new literary form that examined the dynamics of a changing society c. sports figures began to acquire national reputations d. all of the above
C
In 1923 French and Belgian forces occupied Germany's Ruhr district because a. they wanted to ensure the success of the democratic Weimar Republic b. internal political conflict in Germany threatened European peace c. Germany had failed to make reparations payments d. the Weimar Republic requested their help in ending popular strikes
C
In August 1789, the National Assembly took which of the following measures to deal with peasant unrest? a. the Assembly denounced the peasants b. the Assembly organized brigands to protect the property of the nobility c. the Assembly decreed the end of feudalism d. the Assembly organized brigands to protect the peasants' claims
C
In France the Popular Front government of Leon Blum fell because a. forces of the Left found it too sympathetic to the fascists b. the support it provided for the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War was unpopular c. its reforms on behalf of the workers were feared by conservatives d. it was unwilling to take actions to counter the effects of the Depression
C
In Yugoslavia, Marshall Tito a. acquiesced to Soviet demands b. broke with western allies c. resisted Soviet directives d. a and b
C
In the late nineteenth century, the arts as an expression of European civilization a. attained a unity of forms and styles indicative of a common European culture and values b. saw remarkably similar trends develop in different forms of art and architecture c. benefited from a larger and more sophisticated audience d. all of the above
C
John Stuart Mill argued that a. the masses could not be trusted with the vote b. collective action by workers was an unjustified interference in the free market c. the state should intervene to implements social justice d. public policy should be decided solely by the standard of what provides the greatest good for the greatest number
C
Karl Marx had lasting influence because a. his vision of the future was so clearly laid out that there was little occasion for disagreement among his followers b. he simplified historical analysis by focusing on politics rather than economics or culture c. he gave those outraged by social injustice the sense that they were on the side of history d. he rejected technological and industrial development
C
Legislation passed by the Assembly in 1790 a. allowed a national church council to select priests and bishops b. forced parishioners to support the clergy with tithes c. nationalized church property and issued paper money backed by the land d. created a separation of church and state similar to that in the American political system
C
Napoleon's Concordat with the papacy contained all but which of the following provisions a. Catholicism was to be the "preferred" religion of France b. non-Catholics were to enjoy religious freedom c. lands confiscated and sold during the Revolution were to be returned to the church d. primary education was to be controlled by the clergy e. the state had the power to regulate the place of the church in French society
C
Popular literature a. promoted secularism b. attacked elite culture c. remained superstitious and religious d. provided a forum for discussing social problems
C
Rousseau's most important concept in The Social Contract was that a. government must be based on the absolute authority of a divinely appointed monarch b. governments exist by divine plan and to rebel against them is to rebel against God c. government must be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by the accident of history or inheritance d. the main function of laws is to subdue man's evil nature
C
Since the 1950s the countries of western Europe have seen a. heavy industry come to dominate the economy b. immigrant laborers leaving in large numbers because of few job opportunities c. people from countries in the European Union with access to bank accounts, mortgages, and professional licensing in all other nations in the Union d. shipments of goods increasingly hampered by national tolls and tariffs
C
Spain experienced rejuvenation and an end to its isolation under the leadership of a. Juan Carlos b. Franco c. Felipe Gonzales d. Salazar
C
The Babeuvists a. were ultraroyalists b. advocated conciliation with the Directory c. advocated the overthrow of the Directory d. opposed revolution
C
The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union a. was held in check by the fact that the Soviets did not have atomic weapons until the late 1950s b. found the U.S.'s only allies, France and Britain, wishing to remain neutral c. began in Europe but quickly moved to confrontation throughout the world d. was characterized by a major commitment of Soviet land forces in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
C
The Decembrists a. assassinated Alexander b. upheld serfdom c. called for a Russian constitution d. were defeated by Alexander
C
The Girondins advocated a. an end to the chaos to assure the survival of the Revolution b. forcing the peasants to provide food for Paris c. provincial liberty and laissez-faire economics d. the mobilization of the sans-culottes
C
The Magyars of Hungary were unable to obtain greater independence within the Austro-Hungarian empire because a. the emperor used the army to quell their rebellion b. the politically-active Magyars tended to embrace socialism c. the Magyars were a minority in Hungary and needed the Austro-Hungarian empire to support their position d. the Magyar elite was too preoccupied with economic modernization to pursue political goals
C
The Soviet Union emerged as one of the world's most powerful and stable nations under a. Lenin b. Stalin c. Khrushchev d. Gorbachev
C
The Spanish Civil War was seen as part of the European battle between a. fascists and monarchists b. the rural poor and the urban middle class c. the fascist right and the Marxist left d. Marxists and democrats e. anarchists and federalists
C
The Vatican Council of 1869-1870 a. advised the pope to come to terms with modern civilization b. issued a statement approving the values of capitalist society c. proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility d. acknowledged the exclusive authority of the state over its citizens
C
The analytic philosophy of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein a. found truth and justice in much the same way Socrates had b. concerned itself with issues of civic good in capitalist society c. tried to use only language whose meaning could be precisely established d. all of the above
C
The class that benefited most from industrialization was a. the working class b. the nobility c. the middle class d. peasants
C
The creation of a public culture in nineteenth-century European states was aided by a. a vast extension of aristocratic patronage b. the tendency of authors to write for an audience of intimate friends c. the building of many new theaters, museums, and opera houses d. the practice of newspapers being funded by subscription rather than advertising
C
The nineteenth-century middle class a. was a coherent group of professionals and employers b. was the most stable social group in terms of status and income c. dominated science, commerce, and culture in the nineteenth century d. identified with the working class in opposition to the aristocracy e. all of the above
C
The outcome of the revolutions of 1848 revealed the a. support of middle-class liberals for the independence of small nationalities such as the Poles and the Venetians b. willingness of monarchs to support middle-class demands c. split in goals between middle-class and working-class radicals d. all of the above
C
The political norm in Europe after World War I was a. socialism b. communism c. constitutional democracy d. anarchy
C
To staff his armies Napoleon developed an efficient conscription system that a. drafted only men of the lower classes b. would permit wealthy people to pay a fee in lieu of military service c. chose men by lottery d. exempted married men
C
What role did the United States play in the European conflict before December 7, 1941? a. totally isolationist b. fully committed military ally c. supplier of loans and war materials to the allies d. leader of the allied forces e. supporter of the communist regime of the Soviet Union
C
When did the GNP of the European Community surpass that of the United States? a. 1959 b. 1969 c. 1979 d. 1989
C
Which best describes the extent of the disaster that befell the Grand Army in Russia? a. only 75,000 of 150,000 survived b. only 250,000 of 500,000 survived c. only 100,000 of 600,000 survived d. only 300,000 of 600,000 survived
C
Which composer most dramatically transformed the conventions of music in the eighteenth century? a. Haydn b. Mozart c. Beethoven d. Goethe
C
Which countries did not experience revolution in 1848? a. Britain and Italy b. Hungary and Poland c. Britain and Russia d. Russia and France
C
Which country did not experience a violent revolt in the revolutionary period around 1830? a. Italy b. Spain c. Russia d. Poland
C
Which groups experienced a relative improvement in income and standards of living as a result of World War I? a. aristocrats and middle class b. middle-class and working-class families c. working-class families and peasants d. middle class and peasants
C
Which is incorrectly matched with a post-war grievance? a. Italy: denied right to annex the Dalmatian Coast b. France: denied a treaty with the United States guaranteeing safety against German aggression c. Britain: denied a right to reparations for war casualties d. Syria and Palestine: denied a right to self-rule after collapse of the Ottoman empire
C
Which is not a feature of life shared by most western Europeans? a. social security b. access to national health services c. guaranteed employment d. low educational fees
C
Which is not a reason why the Nazi regime ultimately lost the war? a. Nazi atrocities sparked resistance movements throughout the conquered territories b. Nazi policies of extermination diverted resources from the war c. among the first nations to mobilize totally for war, the German people were exhausted sooner d. American productivity surpassed anything Germany and her allies could match
C
Which is not among the underlying reasons for war in 1914? a. the arms race b. a deep antagonism between Germany and France c. the effectiveness of the alliance system in achieving security and encouraging negotiated solutions d. the use by many governments of nationalist and militaristic foreign policies to deflect attention from domestic problems
C
Which name is incorrectly matched? a. Virginia Woolf: "stream of consciousness" novel b. Max Weber: a founder of modern social science c. Dada: form follows function in architecture d. Heisenberg: "uncertainty principle"
C
Which of the following did nineteenth-century anarchists see as their chief enemy? a. religion b. pacifists c. the state d. trade unions
C
Which of the following is not true of Germany's spectacular economic expansion following unification? a. the acquisition of Alsace-Lorraine provided Germany with more raw materials b. German factories had the latest and most efficient equipment c. Germany concentrated its marketing efforts within its own borders d. the educational system played an important role in supplying the talent needed by the commercial sector
C
Which of the following was not a consequence of the Congress of Vienna? a. Prussia: acquired territory in Saxony and the Rhineland b. Austria: achieved dominance in northern Italy c. Russia: granted independence to Poland d. Netherlands: became independent
C
Which of the following was not an innovation of eighteenth-century urban life? a. daily newspapers b. coffeehouses c. government censorship of publications d. shop window advertising
C
Which state existed in 1919, but not in 1914? a. Belgium b. Denmark c. Poland d. Switzerland
C
Which statement does not explain why industrial change became a self-sustaining process in early nineteenth-century Britain? a. growth in one economic sector created incentives for change in others b. the amount of capital available for investment was expanding c. small-scale manufacturing was literally wiped out, creating a large labor pool and a demand for more mechanization d. railways allowed labor to reach places where it was needed
C
Which was not true of Napoleon's Continental System of economic warfare? a. it gave rise to questions of neutral trading rights that caused tensions between Britain and the United States b. it caused unemployment and rioting in Britain c. it proved highly effective in stopping trade between the continent and the outside world d. it could not really rely on the French navy for enforcement
C
Which was not true of life as a factory worker in the early nineteenth century? a. a high percentage of workers were women and children b. employers used fines and physical punishment to impose discipline c. government regulation protected workers from cyclical unemployment d. workers frequently labored twelve hours or more a day
C
****Lenin's New Economic Policy did not include a. a tax in kind on peasants b. disposal of agricultural surplus for profit on open markets****** c. small retail concerns allowed to run as private businesses d. denationalization of factories
D
18. Gender studies a. have called into question much of the work of historians, sociologists, and anthropologists b. suggests that gender differences stem from social constructions c. has strengthened feminist movements d. all of the above
D
20. Which was not true of the foreign policy of the French Republic? a. feudal practices and hereditary privileges were abolished wherever French armies prevailed b. Belgium was incorporated into France c. patriots from other lands looked to the French revolutionaries to liberate their own countries d. the Revolution's leaders had a conscious goal to overthrow the "old regime" across Europe
D
After the revolution of 1905 in Russia a. the tsar's powers of appointment and decision-making were curtailed b. the government tried to strengthen the village-communal system of agriculture in order to improve conditions of the peasants c. workers were granted new rights to welfare and participation d. Russia at last adopted the western model of representative assemblies and political parties e. all of the above
D
Although a German Confederation was formed at the Congress of Vienna, German unification was prevented by a. the rivalry of Austria and Prussia b. the claims of individual German princes c. German distaste for reform d. all of the above e. none of the above
D
At the Paris Peace Conference the two major powers not represented were a. Italy and Germany b. Russia and Japan c. Germany and Japan d. Germany and Russia
D
Because backward Russia was largely unprepared for an advanced Marxist revolution, Lenin's goals included a. nationalization of land and factories b. the use of secret police to find counter-revolutionaries c. the establishment of democratic decision making in the local Soviets d. a and b
D
Before 1914 Spain might be described as a. the least liberal European government after Russia b. one of the most effectively centralized governments on the continent c. a country that used foreign and imperial adventures to build support at home d. a country with a tradition of parliamentarism that balanced the power of other groups
D
During the Spanish Civil War the insurgent military officers received support from a. the United States b. Italy and France c. France and Germany d. Italy and Germany
D
Economic differentiation means a. different countries specialize in economic activities most suited to their climate and resources b. different types of business organization are allowed by law c. workers must learn a variety of skills to stay employed d. groups and institutions become more specialized by function as industrialization progresses
D
Existentialism argues that a. there is no such thing as moral action b. each individual's life is part of a large plan involving all human existence c. individuals cannot be free in a meaningless world d. in every circumstance individuals can make some moral choice that helps define their life's meaning
D
Following the ouster of Mussolini, Italy a. was more firmly entrenched in the German camp b. welcomed Nazi forces of occupation c. had peace within her borders d. joined the Allied side
D
In 1813, Napoleon fell because a. his father-in-law, Francis, turned against him b. his call for new conscripts went unanswered c. Prussia allied with Russia d. all of the above
D
In 1973 the countries of the West faced a new economic hardship when a. the U.S. withdrew many loans and investments from Europe b. the Soviet Union placed an embargo on trade with western Europe c. the Japanese GNP surpassed that of Europe d. oil-exporting countries in the Middle East banded together to raise oil prices
D
In the early 1970s the only European nation capable of meeting its own oil production needs was a. Great Britain b. France c. Germany d. the Soviet Union
D
In the eighteenth century, primary schooling was designed to a. promote social mobility for those who merited it b. provide every child with basic writing and math skills c. encourage rational analysis of society's problems d. reinforce the traditional social order
D
In what ways was fascism akin to socialism? a. it repudiated parliamentary government and liberal individualism b. it advocated the welfare of the masses c. it advocated the abolition of private property d. a and b e. all of the above
D
Lenin did not believe that a. the Bolsheviks were a disciplined elite leading the Revolution b. imperialism was a symptom of capitalist decay c. World War I was a civil war among capitalists d. the Revolution would have to be secured in Russia alone, since the other European countries were unlikely to experience communism
D
Most nineteenth-century liberals would have supported a. universal manhood suffrage b. state aid for the unemployed c. the rights of women d. greater freedom of expression to propertied voters
D
Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 was a disaster because a. before retreating the Russians burned their lands and resources, thus denying the French their use b. the Prussian contingent deserted c. guerrilla bands harassed the French army during the entire retreat d. all of the above
D
Robespierre fell from power because a. his enemies decided to act against him b. he had lost the fervent support of the sans-culottes c. the Convention no longer needed him d. all of the above
D
Romanticism a. was an aesthetic approach to understanding the world of the nineteenth century b. began in England and Germany and then spread across Europe c. attracted both radicals and conservatives d. all of the above e. a and b
D
Social Darwinism a. applied Darwin's ideas to society b. ignored crucial parts of Darwin's theories c. became linked to theories of genetics d. all of the above e. a and c
D
The Big Three were a. Russia, Britain, and France b. Japan, Germany, and Italy c. Germany, Poland, and Austria d. Russia, Britain, and the U.S.
D
The French fiscal crisis was caused by a. the cost of intervention in the American Revolution b. heavy government borrowing at a high rate of interest c. a narrow tax base d. all of the above
D
The Locarno era was marked by a. territorial disputes in western Europe b. general disarmament c. enforcement of international peace-keeping missions d. renunciations of war demonstrating a belief in law and confidence in the force of public opinion
D
The Physiocrats believed that economic progress could best be achieved by a. close adherence to mercantilist policy b. providing government aid to improve agriculture c. strict government oversight over all areas of economic activity d. free trade
D
The Spanish a. organized committees to resist the French b. rioted against French troops c. established the model for guerrilla warfare fighting against French troops d. all of the above
D
The Thermidorian reaction a. brought greater power to the sans-culottes b. acknowledged the need to continue economic controls c. forbad social distinctions and conspicuous consumption d. ended the popular phase of the Revolution
D
The cahiers, the grievance petitions drawn up by the local parishes, a. expressed views that were far more radical than those of the leaders of the Revolution b. made frequent references to concepts of natural rights and popular sovereignty c. revealed a strong desire for a written constitution along the American model d. raised expectations of change
D
The constitutions established in much of western Europe in the 1830s a. usually created a republic b. reduced the role of state religions in daily life c. laid out rights for social welfare d. allowed for a sharing of power between monarchs and propertied interests
D
The decision of the United States to give the fight against Germany priority over the war in Asia a. acknowledged the bonds of Western culture b. acknowledged the importance of European industrial power c. recognized the possibility that Soviet Russia might not survive without help d. all of the above
D
The efforts to root out fascism after the war included a. summary executions b. the Nuremberg trials c. public prosecutions d. all of the above
D
The most important thing about the 1832 Reform Bill in Britain was that it a. allowed nearly all adult males to vote b. introduced the secret ballot, thus ending intimidation at elections c. eliminated the influence of the House of Lords d. created a national standard for representation
D
The philosophes believed the most important function of philosophy was to pursue a. metaphysical exploration b. pure scientific knowledge c. the meaning and implications of power d. the rational study of human behavior
D
The program of public safety advocated by the sans-culottes included a. price controls b. forced requisitions of grains supplies c. the execution of hoarders d. all of the above
D
The rebellion of Britain's North American colonies was unique among the social conflicts prior to 1789 because a. conflicts between elites and commoners were less severe than elsewhere b. the revolutionaries appealed not to hereditary privileges but to theories of natural rights and popular sovereignty c. a centralizing monarch attempted to impose tax reform and administrative efficiency without sufficient consultation d. a and b e. all of the above
D
The revolt of the Paris Commune, crushed by government forces in 1871, a. was the first major uprising in Europe to attempt to establish a socialist state b. weakened the French state so that it was defeated by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War c. showed that the forces of the left were considerably more ruthless than those of the right d. became a symbol of open class struggle for socialists and radicals across Europe
D
The theories of Charles Darwin, arguing that species evolve through time, were a. based on rational analysis rather than evidence or observation b. easily accepted by Christians as not incompatible with faith c. without precedent or parallel in the intellectual world of the nineteenth century d. used to justify competition and domination among nations and social classes
D
The utopian socialists Saint Simon, Fourier, and Owen a. rejected all private property b. accepted the place allotted women in bourgeois society c. believed that sensual pleasure should be suppressed d. believed that modern economic development was damaging the community
D
Western Europe's advanced governmental welfare programs have a. significantly leveled the gap in income between the richest and the poorest in society b. virtually eliminated unemployment c. virtually eliminated slum housing d. provided significant increases in opportunities for higher education
D
When Napoleon fled Elba and returned to France in March 1815 a. much of the French army defected to his side b. he offered the French people a liberal constitution c. he ensured that the final peace would be harsher against France d. all of the above
D
Which Asian nation westernized to the extent that competed with Western imperialism in Asia? a. Siam b. China c. India d. Japan
D
Which area did not gain independence from European control before 1950? a. India b. Burma c. Indonesia d. French Indochina
D
Which best describes the Third Republic in France? a. it was one of the most progressive states in Europe in its social welfare policies b. it had a strong executive c. issues of church-state relations had been largely resolved d. it survived because it was a regime of compromise
D
Which best describes the role of western European governments in the economy as those countries recovered from World War II? a. minimal government activity as the free market was allowed to develop b. government responsibility for welfare, but minimal activity in business c. governments slow to pursue welfare legislation, while actively encouraging business d. governments responsible for welfare policies and working with large business to direct economic development
D
Which is not a correct statement of the effect that modernization and industrialization had on peasants? a. they lost the use of common lands and foraging rights b. industrialization meant the end of the putting-out system c. more efficient governments were better able to enforce conscription and taxation at the local level d. the new prosperity filtered down to the peasants and made them unreceptive to radical movements
D
Which of the following factors provoked the participants in the Taiping Rebellion? a. attacks on Europeans enraged Chinese merchants b. the attack on Peking by foreign forces c. the persecution of Christians d. peasant unrest and anti-foreign sentiments
D
Which of the following is not correct? Hitler consolidated Nazi power by a. eliminating unemployment through government spending programs b. outlawing alternative political parties c. purging leftist dissenters within his own party d. banning the activities of the churches in Germany
D
Which of the following was least important in the population surge of the nineteenth century? a. a decline in the frequency of certain diseases b. more effective agricultural techniques c. lower marriage rate d. improvements in medicine
D
Which of the following was not a common feature of European fascism in the 1930s? a. paramilitary organization b. street drama c. use of nationalist sentiment to evolve patriotism d. establishment of a free market economy
D
Which was not among the causes of the Crimean War? a. Britain's concern about Russian expansion toward Persia and India b. France's desire to protect Catholics in the Ottoman empire c. Russia's desire to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman empire d. the Ottoman emperor's desire to expand his control in the Balkan area of Europe
D
Which was not part of the changes that took place in scientific research in the late nineteenth century? a. researchers became more professional, with their own organizations and journals b. the laws of thermodynamics helped develop the electrical industry c. pasteurization and antiseptics improved health d. discoveries made by scientists in one country rarely became available to other countries
D
Which was not true of the foreign policy of the French Republic? a. feudal practices and hereditary privileges were abolished wherever French armies prevailed b. Belgium was incorporated into France c. patriots from other lands looked to the French revolutionaries to liberate their own countries d. the Revolution's leaders had a conscious goal to overthrow the "old regime" across Europe
D
Which word for evaluating nineteenth-century social categories is most appropriate? a. estate b. rank c. profession d. class
D
Working women in the late nineteenth century were hard to organize because a. of employers' resistance b. of opposition from male-dominated unions c. women had no knowledge of how to create organizations d. a and b e. all of the above
D
In middle-class families of the nineteenth century a. childhood lasted longer than before b. women were expected to be the guardians of domestic harmony and moral values c. conventional behavior and manners were strongly encouraged d. a wife's leisure was a sign of her husband's success e. all of the above
E
According to the text some of the factors that plagued Soviet society were a. stifling inefficiencies b. absenteeism c. alcoholism d. heavy military expenditures e. all of the above
E
At the inception of Napoleon III's Second Empire opposition came from a. businessmen b. the Catholic church c. local notables d. monarchists e. none of the above
E
During the Great War, women a. worked in key wartime industries b. became increasingly independent c. resisted the change in their traditional roles d. all of the above e. a and b
E
German unification proved difficult because a. the reluctance of other countries to support the effort b. the inefficiency of the East German economy c. feelings of inferiority on the part of East Germans d. West German resentment of the burdens of unification e. all of the above
E
Government policy in all but which of the following areas was an important part of early industrialization? a. railroad building b. the reduction of trade barriers c. the stabilization of the currency d. laws benefiting business organization e. social welfare programs for workers
E
Imperialism in China a. was initiated by western missionaries and traders b. brought competition among the European powers c. stimulated anti-foreign rebellions d. allowed the Chinese to obtain loans from western powers e. all of the above
E
Lenin a. agreed with Hobson about the economic basis of imperialism b. disagreed with the idea that all colonialism was exploitative c. argued that imperialism stemmed from capitalism itself d. a and b e. a and c
E
Natural history a. was one of the most popular scientific pursuits during the Enlightenment b. did not necessarily attack or counter religious beliefs c. was neglected in the eighteenth centuries d. all of the above e. a and b
E
Opposition to the Revolution and the National Assembly came from a. a large segment of the clergy b. émigré nobles c. the monarchy d. other European monarchs e. all of the above
E
The French Revolution became violent because a. the king brought troops into Paris to suppress the National Assembly b. unemployment was high and there were bread shortages c. Parisians feared an aristocratic plot against the Third Estate d. the king dismissed Necker, who was considered an ally of reform e. all of the above
E
The July Monarchy in France a. was as unreformed as the Bourbon government which preceded it b. relied on the old aristocracy to fill offices of state c. openly courted the lower classes d. reduced the role of the Catholic church e. none of the above
E
The Revolution granted women a. the right to vote, if they met tax requirements b. equal access to political office c. an equal share of their family's estate d. primary education for girls e. c and d
E
The Second Republic a. was established when Louis Philippe abdicated b. was founded when Louis Philippe's grandson ascended to the throne c. was led by Alphonse de Lamartine d. all of the above e. a and c
E
The goals of the Directory were to a. confine suffrage to the property-owning class b. eliminate devices to allow popular participation, such as referendums c. eliminate the right to subsistence and free education d. a and c e. all of the above
E
The legend that grew up around Napoleon's life a. blamed selfish and reactionary adversaries for opposing his progressive ideas b. failed to mention how Napoleon had underestimated the historic force of nationalism c. acknowledged Napoleon's dictatorship and military aggression, but argued they were necessary to preserve the gains of the French Revolution d. a and b e. all of the above
E
The major factors that led to German surrender were a. exhaustion of German resources and manpower b. stiffened allied resistance following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk c. British/Arab victory in the Middle East and the surrender of the Ottoman empire d. the collapse of Austria-Hungary e. all of the above
E
The principal barrier to Italian unification was a. Austria b. Guiseppe Garibaldi c. Napoleon III d. the papacy e. a and d
E
The widespread nature of anti-Semitism was due to which of the following factors? a. it was part of a wider attack on liberalism b. Jews appeared to symbolize liberal, capitalist society c. nationalists viewed Jews as a threat to national traditions d. social Darwinism encouraged it e. all of the above
E
Trade unions a. flourished in Germany and France b. were banned except in England c. met in secret d. were preceded by friendly societies e. b and d
E
Which of the following changes did the National Convention make in the military? a. it introduced a draft of all unmarried men between 18 and 25 b. it exempted the middle class from the draft c. it provided for the election of all officers by the troops d. it established civilian control over the military e. a and d
E
Which of the following is true of changes in the standard of living in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. there is not complete agreement on this question among historians b. the middle and upper classes made spectacular advances c. while real wages were higher than before, few workers were permanently employed d. some skilled workers were noticeably better off e. all of the above
E
Which of the following was not included in the Treaty of Versailles? a. a clause that placed blame for the war on Germany b. a clause that demanded reparations from Germany c. a Polish corridor through German territory d. a requirement that Germany disarm e. permission for Germany to retain her colonies in Africa
E
Which was not among the principal developments of the eighteenth century novel? a. the appearance of female protagonists b. realistic social contexts c. new opportunities for female authors d. all of the above e. none of the above
E
Which of the following is not true of the protoindustrial period?
It led to significant technological improvements
French and British colonial policies were similar in all but which of the following ways? a. both ran their colonies with tight supervision from the home country b. both regulated trade in accordance with the principals of mercantilism Incorrect c. both increased naval power to protect their colonial trade d. both were heavily dependent on slavery e. both regulated trade in accordance with the principals of mercantilism and both increased naval power to protect their colonial trade
a.
Mortality rates of slaves during the Middle Passage ranged from a. ten to fifty percent b. one to five percent c. fifty percent or higher d. twenty to seventy-five percent Incorrect e. one to two percent
a.
The factory system was first introduced in which industry? Select one: a. cotton spinning b. wool textiles c. ironworks d. cotton weaving e. coal mining
a.
Which numbers best describe Europe's population growth from 1730 to 1800? Select one: a. 120 million to 180 million Correct b. 100 million to 150 million c. 175 million to 250 million d. 50 million to 125 million e. 7.5 million to 11 million
a.
Mary Wollstonecraft argued that
all answers are correct
Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War because Select one: a. Britain had the support of the native Indian population b. Britain was superior at sea c. Britain had superior military forces d. all answers are correct e. the French were spread thinly in North America
b.
Which of the following did not contribute to England's advantage over France in the advance of industrialization? a. an efficient transportation system b. the equal division of land among the heirs to noble families c. religious toleration d. better financial institutions Incorrect e. the custom of primogeniture
b.
Which of the following did not contribute to England's advantage over France in the advance of industrialization?
b. the equal division of land among the heirs to noble families
French and British colonial policies were similar in all but which of the following ways?
both ran their colonies with tight supervision from the home country
In most parts of eighteenth-century Europe except England, birth rates Select one: a. rose rapidly because of earlier marriages b. fell because of a desire to protect property c. probably remained stable Correct d. rose rapidly because of better hygiene e. no answers are correct
c.
The competition for overseas commercial empires in the eighteenth century was primarily between Select one: a. France and Spain b. Britain and Spain c. Britain and France d. Russia and Britain e. West Africa and Portugal
c.
The putting-out system proved inadequate to mass production because Select one: a. the quality of the work was invariably poor b. laborers refused to travel to the city with their products c. merchants could not adequately control the laborers Correct d. laborers could not adequately control their wages e. all answers are correct
c.
Which of the following was the most important factor in increasing agricultural productivity in eighteenth-century England? Select one: a. the development of artificial fertilizer b. the development of a new breed of sheep c. enclosure d. the extension of the open field system e. all answers are correct
c.
In Eastern Europe, agricultural production was carried out by Select one: a. landless peasants who worked as a migrant labor force b. free peasants farming their own land c. serfs who paid rent to a lord in exchange for land d. serfs whose freedoms were severely circumscribed by their lord e. displaced urban workers
d.
Which of the following was not true of the protoindustrial period? a. it was heavily dependent on the agrarian sector for labor b. it contributed to rural incomes c. it strengthened connections between cities and countryside d. it led to significant technological improvements and advances in productivity e. it increased rural families' demands for products and services Incorrect
d.
Mary Wollstonecraft argued that a. women were kept in a weak state by society b. the answer to women's condition was education c. Rousseau's vision of women was incorrect d. Rousseau's theories be extended to women e. all of the above
e.
The most important outcome(s) of the Treaty of Paris was/were the
loss of french canada to britain and exclusion of french troops from the indian subcontinent
The putting-out system proved inadequate to mass production because
merchants could not adequately control the laborers
In most parts of eighteenth-century Europe except England, birth rates
probably remained stable
In Eastern Europe, agricultural production was carried out by
serfs whose freedoms were severely circumscribed by their lord
Mortality rates of slaves in the Middle Passage ranged from
ten to fifty percent