Stress, Physiology, and Health Mid term

Studies investigating the associations between stress and memory show that effects depend on when stress occurs during the memory formation process. One study by Schwabe and Wolf (2009) focused on examining how memory is affected when people learn while they are stressed. Their findings show that learning under stress impairs memory formation. The researchers suggest that their findings: Select one: emphasise the role of material having to be relevant for coping with the stressful situation. the stressor used in this study resulted in divided attention, which then had adverse effect on memory performance. suggest an extension of the model by Joels et al. (2006). All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

By which mechanism does stress affect the immune system? Select one: Norepinephrine binds to receptor and activates many immune functions. Immune cells have receptors for stress hormones. Cortisol binds to receptor and inhibits many immune cell functions. All of them.

All of them.

The hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is a system which releases the following substances in this order: Select one: norepinephrine (local), epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla) cortisol, adrenalin, noradrenalin CRH, ACTH, cortisol first wave hormones, second wave hormones

CRH, ACTH, cortisol

The shortest form of communication during the biological stress response is: Select one: Paracrine Neuronal Cell to cell Endocrine

Cell to cell

Which of the following stress researchers is NOT correctly matched with their respective theory of stress? Select one: Cannon: the body seeks to maintain homeostasis, a balance between fight and flight Selye: heat, cold, and infection can all lead to the same stress response Mason: psychological stress can induce a more robust stress response than physical stress None of them (they are all correctly matched)

None of them (they are all correctly matched)

Which structure is INCORRECTLY matched with its respective catecholamine or glucocorticoid production? Select one: Adrenal medulla: norepinephrine Adrenal cortex: Cortisol Pituitary: CRH Adrenal medulla: epinephrine

Pituitary: CRH

In the biological stress response, which axis is activated in the "1stwave?" Select one: Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal Pituitary kidney adrenal Sympathetic adrenal medullary Cortisol pituitary adrenal

Sympathetic adrenal medullary

One of the stress theories we talked about tries to explain why women show "atypical" stress responses. Please name this theory.

Tend and Befriend

Which interpretation of an event will most likely result in a stress response: Select one: The event is a threat. The event has positive effects, is goal congruent. The event is a challenge. All of these.

The event is a threat.

Heim et al., 2000, investigated the role of childhood abuse (ELS) on the HPA axis responsivity. Which statement correctly reflects their findings? Select one: a. Exaggerated ACTH and cortisol stress responses in ELS are linked to an elevated risk for depression in adulthood. b. Controls showed the strongest responses in all assessed systems. c. Adulthood depression following ELS is a risk factor for exaggerated HPA responses. d. ELS and risk for adulthood depression are not linked by stress responsive systems.

a. Exaggerated ACTH and cortisol stress responses in ELS are linked to an elevated risk for depression in adulthood.

Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by Select one: biochemical and physiological changes. cognitive changes. behavioral changes. all of these.

all of these

Epel and colleagues studied telomerase activity in response to acute psychological stress in elderly women reporting either low stress or being dementia caregivers. They found that Select one: at baseline, caregivers had lower telomerase activity levels than low stress women. caregivers showed attenuated telomerase activity responses to acute stress exposure. caregivers showed exaggerated telomerase activity responses to acute stress exposure. caregivers did not perceive the acute stress protocol as a threat.

at baseline, caregivers had lower telomerase activity levels than low stress women.

The _______________ nervous system connects the central nervous system with all internal organs. Select one: peripheral automatic autonomic somatic

autonomic

The autonomic nervous system Select one: is part of the HPA axis. is part of the somatic nervous system consist of the peripheral nervous system and the somatic nervous system. consist of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

consist of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's Select one: current emotional state perception of the event coping ability and resources all of these

coping ability and resources

According to its critics, Selye's model Select one: fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time. fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship. places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

The nervous system is chiefly responsible for _______________ responses to changes in the body; whereas the endocrine system governs mainly _______________ responses Select one: fast-acting, short-duration; slow-acting, long-duration slow-acting, long-duration; fast-acting, short-duration fast-acting, long-duration; slow-acting, short-duration complementary; antagonistic

fast-acting, short-duration; slow-acting, long-duration

Which of the following is not considered to be one of the Mason factors? Select one: uncertainty ego-involvement goal-incongruence novelty

goal-incongruence

________ act as chemical messengers within the brain's central nervous system; ______ act as chemical messengers within the body's endocrine system. Select one: feeders; receivers receivers; feeders hormones; neurotransmitters neurotransmitters; hormones

neurotransmitters; hormones

Endocrine communication works through protein hormone action and steroid hormone action. And example for a protein hormone would be _______________, an example for a steroid hormone would be _______________ Select one: progesterone; testosterone estrogens; norepinephrine cortisol; epinephrine norepinephrine; cortisol

norepinephrine; cortisol

In the review articles by Dickerson et al, 2004 and Taylor et al, 2000, which emotion and which hormone are put in the center of their stress theories, respectively? Select one: a. shame; oxytocin b. aggression; tend and befriend c. fear; ACTH d. anxiety; vasopressin

shame; oxytocin

The transactional stress model proposes that Select one: stress is a threat to homeostasis stress is a non-specific response of the body to physical stimuli stress is a non-specific response to psychological demands stress response depends on individual cognitive processing

stress response depends on individual cognitive processing

The study by Steptoe et al. (2001) on acute mental stress effects on inflammatory cytokine levels is a great example for how Select one: the timing of when samples are taken is crucial. chronic stress is not health-relevant. blood pressure does not respond to stress. cytokine responses precede endocrine responses.

the timing of when samples are taken is crucial.

In the paper by Danese eta l, 2009, a specific set of childhood risk factors were studied. Which factor besides SES and childhood maltreatment played a role in terms of adult health outcomes (depression , inflammation / CRP, metabolic risk factors)? Select one: a. very high childhood social isolation b. physical exercise c. maltnutrition d. attachment style

very high childhood social isolation