Structure and Function of Macro-molecules

Which of the following groups contains nitrogen? A - Amine B - Alcohol C - Hydroxyl D - Carboxylic acid E - Disulfide

A - Amine An AMINE is a nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms. They are found in amino acids and are very important to biological systems because they are basic and they can accept protons from more acid substances.

What are the monomer units in protein polymers? A - Amino acids B - Sugars C - Fats D - Nucleic acids

A - Amino acids

What is the functional group that is formed when glycerol reacts with carboxylic acids to form triglycerides? A - Ester B - Carboxylic acid C - Carbohydrate D - Ether

A - Ester

Lawrence wants to eat a food that is high in energy before she starts training for her tennis competition. Which of the following types of food will give her the most energy per pound? A - Fat B - Sugar C - Carbohydrates D - Protein

A - Fat Lipids are good for long-term fat storage. they are insoluble which makes them difficult to transport them throughout the body. They also have no effect on osmosis which prevents problems within cells in the body.

Carlos just finished an exhausting workout. Which of the following carbohydrates can be readily used by his body as a source of fuel? A - Glucose B - Any kind of polysaccharide C - Cellulose D - Dietary fiber

A - Glucose

Which set of functional groups is always found in sugars? A - Hydroxyl groups and ethers B - Amines and alcohols C - Ethers and Amines D - Ethers and Carboxylic acids

A - Hydroxyls and ethers Sugars can exist on their own or bond with other sugars and do even more.

Cellulose and proteins are types of... A - Natural polymers B - Monomers C - Dimers D - Man-made polymers

A - Natural polymers CELLULOSE is made up of glucose monomers and is responsible to holding plants upright. PROTEINS are made up of 20 different amino acids in various orders.

Why does soap remove grease from pans when we wash dishes? A - Part of the soap molecule is polar and dissolves in water, while part is non-polar and dissolves in the lipids B - The whole soap molecule is non-polar so it breaks apart fat blobs C - Soap sends a chemical message to fats to break up fat blobs in the pan D - Soap molecules react with fats to break up flat blobs

A - Part of the soap molecule is polar and dissolves in water, while part is non-polar and dissolves in the lipids

A long chain molecule formed by many smaller units is called a... A - Polymer B - Monomer C - Trimer D - Dimer

A - Polymer A POLYMER is a long chain molecule that is made up of many smaller units (monomers).

Choose the structure that represents the order of amino acids in a protein. A - Primary B - Quaternary C - Tertiary D - Secondary

A - Primary

Proteins in our skin, hair,a and and nails are... A - Structural proteins B - Transport proteins C - Regulatory proteins D - Storage proteins

A - Structural proteins

A peptide bond is the linkage between... A - The carbonyl carbon of an amino acid of a carboxylic acid and the nitrogen of the amine of another amino acid B - The carbonyl carbon of an amino acid of a carboxylic acid and the nitrogen of the amine of that amino acid C - The carbonyl carbon of an amino acid of a carboxylic acid and the carbon next to the amine of another amino acid D - The carboxylic acid oxygen of an amino acid and the carbon next to the amine of another amino acid

A - The carbonyl carbon of an amino acid of a carboxylic acid and the nitrogen of the amine of another amino acid This is a very strong bond, it will not even break when introduced to heat.

Which of the following reactions forms peptide bonds? A - Hydration B - Dehydration C - None of these answers D - Hydrogenation

B - Dehydration

The breakdown of protein secondary, tertiary, and quanternary structure is called _______. A - Carboylation B - Denaturation C - Dehydrogenation D - Deamination

B - Denaturation

What atoms are connected by a peptide bond? A - Amine nitrogen and another amine nitrogen B - Carbonyl carbon and amino group nitrogen C - Carbonyl carbon and carbonyl oxygen D - Side chain groups

B - Carbonyl carbon and amino group nitrogen

Identify the secondary structure that is NOT held together by hydrogen bonds. A - Random cell B - Alpha helix C - Beta sheet D - Super helix

B - Random coil The SECONDARY structure is a repetitive 3-D structure of a protein. The alpha helix is the secondary structure where the protein coils because there are hydrogen bonds between the backbones of their amino acids. The beta sheet form a flattened region on the protein because there are hydrogen bonds between the amine nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the behavior of the sickle cell hemoglobin? A - The sickle cell hemoglobin degenerates into individual amino acid molecules so that the cell is no longer circular. B - The sickle cell hemoglobin forms polymers of protein where all the subunits of many different hemoglobin molecules come together and form a very long strand. C - The the sickle cell hemoglobin coils further so that it becomes smaller and sickled shape. D - The sickle cell hemoglobin holds together the hydrogen bonds between the amine nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen which then forms a sickled region in the protein.

B - The sickle cell hemoglobin forms polymers of protein where all the subunits of many different hemoglobin molecules come together and form a very long strand.

how many kinds of amino acids can the human body use? A - 10 B - 4 C - 20 D - 38

C - 20

When a protein makes its easier for a biological reaction to happen, it is acting as... A - A messenger B - A structural protein C - An enzyme D - A transporter

C - An enzyme An example of a messenger is insulin, which signals certain cells to produce glucose. An example of a structural protein would be keratin which is found in hair, nails, and skin. An example of a transporter would be hemoglobin which transports oxygen in the blood.

What type of a reaction causes the formation of sugar molecules larger than monosaccharides? A - Hydration B - Deamination C - Dehydration D - Decarboxylation

C - Dehydration DEHYDRATION occurs when two hydroxyl groups come together, leaving a carbon bonded to an oxygen bonded to another carbon (or ether), and water is the by-product.

________ hold fats together in biological systems and bond fatty acids to glycerol. A - Amines B - Ethers C - Esters D - Hydroxyls E - Carbonyls

C - Esters ESTERS are important in biological systems because they hold fats together and bond fatty acids to glycerol to form mono, di, and triglycerides.

Which of the following is not a function performed by proteins? A - Transportation B - Structural support C - Respiration D - Regulation

C - Respiration

Proteins are biological molecules made of... A - Sugars B - Nucleotides C - Glycerol D - Amino acids

D - Amino acids Proteins are large biological molecules that are made of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds (bond between the carbonyl group and amino group N). The amino acids come together by dehydration.

A two unit molecule is a... A - Monomer B - Trimer C - None of the answers D - Dimer

D - Dimer

Galactose is composed of glucose molecule and a lactose molecule, therefore, galactose is classified as a __________. A - Monosaccharide B - Trisaccharide C - Polysaccharide D - Disaccharide

D - Disaccharide

Which of the following roles do lipids NOT play in our bodies? A - Store energy B - Make up part of our cell membranes C - Act as hormones D - Generate heat

D - Generate heat Triglycerides store energy. Phospholipids make up part of the cell membrane. Steroids act as hormones, mostly sex hormones

What holds high density polyethylene together? A - Carbon-carbon double bonds B - Addition of other atoms to the plastic C - Branching of carbon chains D - Intermolecular forces between polymer chains

D - Intermolecular forces between polymer chains POLYETHYLENE is made up of a smaller molecule called ethylene, which is four hydrogen atoms with two carbon atoms connected with a double bond. It is what makes up the plastic for milk jugs.

All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT ___________. A - Mammals store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen B - Starch is composed of amylopectin and amylose C - Pastas and cereals are good sources of carbohydrates D - Sugars are found in plants

D - Sugars are only found in plants

What does N-terminus refer to? A - A protein chain B - The first amino acid with the abbreviation "N" in the protein C - The end of a protein with a free carboxylic acid group D - The end of a protein with a free amine group

D - The end of a protein with a free amine group The c-terminus is the end of the protein with a free carboxylic acid group

If a single sugar is called a "monosaccharide," which word describes a three sugar polymer? A - Disaccharide B - Trimer C - Tripeptide D - Trisaccharide

D - Trisaccharide

The ________ has an oxygen atom single-bonded to hydrogen and single-bonded to a carbon-containing group. A - Ether B - Amine C - Carbonyl D - Ester E - Hydroxyl

E - Hydroxyl This is also known as the alcohol group.

What is the shorthand for carbon in organic chemistry? A - P B - C C - Ca D - O E - R

E - R

Which of the following is true about organic molecules? A - They can only be found in living organisms B - None of the above C - They contain only carbon D - They always have chains of carbon atoms E - They must contain carbon

E - They must contain carbon Organic chemistry is the study of molecules that contain carbon, not just the study of molecules that came from living things.

How is the tertiary structure of a protein different from that of a quaternary structure? A - The tertiary structure contains two beta protein subunits while the quaternary structure consists of two alpha protein subunits. B - The tertiary structure is a structure of a single protein or a peptide while a quaternary structure has multiple peptide or protein parts. C - The tertiary structure contains two alpha protein subunits while the quaternary structure consists of two beta protein subunits. D - The tertiary structure has a 2-D structure while the quaternary structure has a 3-D structure.

TERTIARY structure is the complete 3-D structure of a protein, or peptide, including all the of its atom arrangements. QUATERNARY structure is the complete 3=D structure of a protein that contains multiple peptides or proteins.

All of the following statements are true about lipids, EXCEPT that ________. A - Lipids are biological molecules that are insoluble in water B - Lipids are a good at storing energy C - All lipids are fats D - Steroid hormones like testosterone are lipids

There are two main types of lipids; triglycerides (dietary or storage fats) which can be either saturated, unsaturated, or trans and steroids which can act as chemical messengers. Steroids are not fats/