Structure/Gross Anatomy/Markings/Cells and Tissue of Bones

osteon

(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

perforating canal

(also, Volkmann's canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

spongy bone

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

epiphyseal plate

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

canaliculi

(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

lacunae

(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

trabeculae

(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

Sinus

Air-filled space in bone lined by a mucosa

Process

Prominence feature

Head

Prominent rounded surface

Crest

Ridge

Tuberosity

Rough Surface

Condyle

Rounded Surface

Spine

Sharp process

Sulcus Example

Sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones, Intertubercular sulcus/groove of the proximal humerus

Line

Slight, enlongated ridge

Fissure

Slit through bone

Fovea

Small pit

Tubercle

Small,rounded process

Line Example

Temporal lines of the parietal bones

projection

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

osteoblast

cell responsible for forming new bone

osteoclast

cell responsible for resorbing bone

The diaphysis contains ________.

fat stores

periosteum

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

hematopoiesis

medullary cavity

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?

lamellae

diploë

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

Crest Example

lliac crest

central canal

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

osteoprogenitor cells

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.

periosteum

osteocyte

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

Protuberance

protruding

Projections

raised markings

nutrient foramen

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

Projection Example

spinous process of the vertebrae

articular cartilage

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?

trabeculae

diaphysis

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

osteogenic cell

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

articulation

where two bone surfaces meet

epiphysis

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

Canal Example

Auditory canal

Fissure Example

Auricular fissure, Superior and inferior orbital fissures

Osteoblasts Function

Bone formation

Osteoclasts Function

Bone resorption

Osteoclasts Location

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

Protuberance Example

Chin

Osteogenic cells Location

Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow

Tuberosity Example

Deltoid tuberosity

Osteogenic cells Function

Develop into osteoblasts

Fossa

Elongated basin

Osteocytes Location

Entrapped in matrix

Meatus Example

External auditory meatus

Facet

Flat surface

Holes Example

Foramen (holes through which blood vessels can pass through)

Fovea Example

Fovea capitis on the head of the femur

Meatus

Opening into canal

Sulcus

Groove

Osteoblasts Location

Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

Head Example

Head of femur

Holes

Holes and depressions

Spine Example

Ischial Spine

Articulations Example

Knee joint

Osteocytes Function

Maintain mineral concentration of matrix

Fossa Example

Mandibular fossa

Sinus Example

Nasal sinus

Canal

Passage in bone

Process Example

Transverse process of vertebra

Tubercle Example

Tubercle of the humerus

Facet Example

Vertebrae

Articulations

Where two bones meet

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

a hole

endosteum

delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity

compact bone

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

Condyle Example

occipital condyles

hole

opening or depression in a bone

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

osteoblasts and osteocytes