Study Guide Quiz 7 (BIOL 101 LUO)

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"Natural selection is cybernetically blind." It does not ____________ the structural hierarchies it is required to construct.

Leonardo da Vinci

"O you who look o this our machine, do not be sad that with others you are fated to die, but rejoice that our Creator has endowed us with such an excellent instrument as the intellect." These words were first spoken by what great scientist/philosopher?

Species, environment

Charles Darwin believed that whole new species originated from populations of the same species as a result of populations reproducing in two distinct, separate _____________ and responding to those _____________ in different ways. Soon they could no longer interbreed.

Population, changes, genes, fittest?

Charles Darwin's view of species: With time, the ___________ selects among new _________ available to it; this alters the ________ of the population, leaving it with whatever structures or processes are the ________.

Mycoplasma genitalium: 580,000 E. coli: 4,600,000

Compare Mycoplasma genitalium's genome size (number of genes) with that of E. coli.

Mycoplasma genitalium: 0.4 µm E. coli: 2-3 µm

Compare Mycoplasma genitalium's physical size with that of E. coli.

Compete, resources, survive

Complete the following sentence describing how Darwin interpreted his observations of nature: Individuals within populations _______ with each other for limited _______; some of these individuals will _______ better than others. (Taken from the Table: "The Darwinian Model of Evolution".)

Any force within the environment that reduces the reproductive potential of one variety of individuals in a species over another variety.

Define the phrase, "selection pressure."

Climbed, trees

Describe one popular evolutionary model for the origin of flight in vertebrates: Fliers must have evolved from non-fliers that ____________ and then glided down from _______.

Direction

Directional selection moves a population phenotypically in a new ____________.

Natural selection, mutation

Distinguish the roles of mutation and natural selection in developing a better organism. Which process produces a better adapted individual and which process finds and favors survival of that individual?

Lots of variation was within the same species

During his reading and voyaging, Charles Darwin made some great observations regarding species in nature. What did he observe about the individual traits possessed by members of the same species?

follicle

During the formation of a feather a tube-like __________ appears as a result of early induction events within the dermal layer of the wing surface?

A repeatedly attaching mesh-work.

Given its precise shape in cross-section, what is the structural role of the barbule in the primary flight feather?

Uses oils to clean and protect its feathers' structure.

How does preening behavior enable a bird to continue to fly successfully? What does preening help to periodically repair?

Most additions/changes to an elegantly designed organism would be much more likely to be harmful to the original design, rather than improving it. It deteriorates the design.

How does the Design theorist arrive at the conclusion that most mutations occurring today are harmful? What does he assume to be true of the living thing in which the mutations are occurring?

Earth is cursed because of man's sin.

How might the third stage of life history implied in the early pages of the Genesis record best be described?

Discovered in 1981, in the inflamed urethras of two male patients. Causes genital tract and lung infections in humans.

How was Mycoplasma genitalium discovered and what sorts of infection does it cause in humans?

Improves the organism's design.

How would a design theorist define a beneficial mutation?

Very good, rest, curse

In the early pages of the Genesis record, how might the first of three stages of life history best be described? (Note the three vertical red arrows in Figure 13.63).

Small population scattered over large area.

In what sort of environmental situation is natural selection particularly limited in its effectiveness in preserving new favorable mutations? In an environment whose conditions ____________________

*1.* Human reason is the primary source of authority. *2.* Traditions are to be questioned in light of human reason. *3.* Science and experimental methods flourish. *4.* Strong spirit of individualism. *5.* Strong desire to accumulate and systematize knowledge. *6.* Natural causation is sought for every effect. *7.* Society progresses towards utopia if individuals are free to follow reason.

List seven features of Enlightenment thinking.

Beetles, finches, fossils

List some organisms observed by Charles Darwin while reading and voyaging the world?

Barbule, barb, shaft

List the names of some component structures of a primary flight feather.

Harmful, neutral, helpful

List three broad classes of mutations, each of which affects the evolutionary process differently.

Die

Natural selection is an "expensive" process. Many population members must ________ in order for a new favorable mutation to replace older forms of the gene.

No, random mutation?

Natural selection is unable to "see" a new useful biological function while protecting a different existing function. Is this a fair statement evaluating the Naturalistic Hypothesis? If not, what is a better one?

Cursed

Of the three stages of life history implied in the early pages of the Genesis record, which one appears least likely to involve any biological change in populations with time?

It can't make a mycoplasma

Some have speculated that the origin of life occurred at geothermal vents. Amino acids can form there. Compared to the amino acids used in living things, what is the problem with the amino acids formed near these vents?

Evolution

The naturalist also comes to the conclusion that most mutations occurring today are harmful because he and the theist both assume that by now, the living thing is a collection of highly inter-related, well "crafted" systems. So most mutations occurring today would not contribute to the process of ___________.

Microevolution, Macroevolution

The term _________ represents a predictive theory of how a species might change with time. The term ________ assumes that nature can create whole new structures and organisms simply be environmental constraint.

formations, between rate

What are some new mutations needed to generate appropriate structures for flight feathers? (See the Figure "Mutations Needed to Generate Flight Feathers.") - a gene sequence mutation that matches barbule ______ to the space ______ feather barbs) - a gene sequence mutation that controls ________ of barbule growth; this is necessary for both sides of the barb.

Eliminates individuals with extreme traits or phenotypes from the population.

What does stabilizing selection do among individuals of a population?

Enables bearer to provide better offspring.

What is a Darwinist's definition of a beneficial mutation?

Kachis (who knows if I spelled that right), lengthened

What is one basic evolutionary advance needed to convert a down-like feather into a primary flight feather? The feather's _______ must be greatly __________ and reshaped to help support the bird's weight.

"In bondage to decay."

What phrase does Romans 8 use to describe modern living organisms?

Means a bad change somewhere else.

What problem arises when we desire to see if directional selection could move a population of modern, internally-integrated organisms toward long-term change? A seemingly good change in one direction, _____________________________________.

There are no simple, primitive organisms to test the idea on.

What problem arises when we desire to see if directional selection could move a population of primitive organisms toward long-term change?

Neutral

Which class of mutations accumulate silently in the DNA having no obvious effect on one's ability to reproduce?

Disruptive selection

Which sort of selection can eliminate rare individuals whose sexuality is intermediate between male and female?

Directional selection

Which sort of selection has been used to generate a small increase in the number of bristles on the thorax of flies?