Study

Which of the following psychologists would most likely study gang behavior?

Social Psychologists

Which of the following statements is NOT true about a neuron that has reached its action potential?

Sodium and potassium ion channels are blocked to prevent polarization of the membrane.

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information from the brain to the muscles so they can walk across the room and pick something up?

Somatic nervous system.

One useful function of the fMRI diagnostic test is that the results

can determine exactly which part of the brain is handling critical functions.

Dr. Richards wants to discover whether his new medication is going to be effective for treating depression. In order to BEST eliminate his own biases as well as the biases of the participants he should

conduct a double-blind study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the control and experimental groups.

Beatrice is working on an advertising project with her team and everyone is fully engaged in the task, utilizing their strengths to contribute to the group effort, and reporting that they do not want to stop because they are "in the zone." Before they know it, the work day has ended and fantastic progress has been made. What industrial-organizational concept is illustrated in this example?

Flow

Which of the following is the BEST example of an absolute threshold?

From his own room, Eliseo can smell when his sister puts on two squirts of perfume in her bedroom half of the time, but he cannot notice one squirt.

Researchers are trying to identify the brain regions most active during depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar illness. Which of the following scans will reveal the MOST detailed information about both brain structure and brain activity?

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by recurring problems falling or staying asleep?

Insomnia

What hormone will the body produce in anticipation of breaking down the glucose found in food?

Insulin

Marnie is handed a teddy bear and begins to describe what she is experiencing. "This is brown. It is soft. It is wearing a red bow." What historic research technique is she using?

Introspection

Which of the following is the colored muscle that controls the amount of light that enters the eye?

Iris

Which of the following structures of the eye controls the size of the pupil?

Iris

Evolutionary psychologists are MOST likely to study

why so many more people have phobias of spiders and snakes than guns and electricity.

Which neural process is shown above?

Action potential.

In the ear, the process of transduction occurs in the

Cochlea

Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system leads to which of the following?

Increase in perspiration.

Which of the following is NOT a class of drugs used to treat psychological disorders?

Anticoagulants.

A researcher is studying the impact of sugar consumption on mood. Which of the following research methods would allow the researcher to conclude that there is a causal relationship between the two variables?

Experiment

A person is trying to quit smoking through the use of a prescribed drug that mimics some of the effects of nicotine in the brain. Through the use of the medication, dopamine is still released, but less so than with nicotine. In this instance which of the following BEST identifies the role of the prescribed drug?

Agonist

Clara suffered a traumatic brain injury less than a year ago. Prior to the injury, she would become anxious each time she was near a spider. However, since the injury, Clara, no longer becomes anxious when she encounters a spider. Which area of her brain was MOST likely affected by the injury?

Amygdala.

The mental ages of nine students are: 17, 13, 14, 16, 13, 12, 19, 13, 18 What is the mode?

13

8, 10, 3, 8, 3, 4, 7, 9, 7, 10, 7, 8, 4, 8, 10, 2, 10 The numbers above represent the in-class essay scores. Which of the following is the range?

2 to 10

On a recent in-class FRQ practice essay, the student score breakdown was the following: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10 What was the median score?

8

When Karen looks at an object, her sensory receptors detect its color, shape, and smell. Her brain is able to organize the information and she can recognize that the object is a flower. What is this process called?

A combination of sensation and perception.

If a high score on the Big Five trait of Openness has a strong positive correlation with job satisfaction, which of the following statements are true?

A pool of employees who score higher on the openness personality scale are more likely to enjoy their job than those with lower scores.

Research shows that generally, the higher an incoming college students high school GPA, the higher the student's college GPA. Which of the following describes this relationship?

A positive correlation.

How do research psychologists know their results are NOT likely due to chance?

A small p value and a large sample with a correlation coefficient close to 1 or -1.

Good health and wealth are positively correlated. Which of the following statements is a proper conclusion to draw from this fact?

A wealthier individual is likely to be in better health than someone who is not as wealthy.

In which of the following experiments would Gustav Fechner have been MOST likely to participate?

Asking subjects to report each time they notice the presence of a new smell.

Which of the following BEST reflects contemporary beliefs about extrasensory perception (ESP)?

Because research supporting ESP cannot be replicated or has design flaws, most psychologists do not believe it exists.

Trevor, a high school senior, has always been a great student. However, in the last few months, he has quit the soccer team, lost interest in hanging out with his friends, and has seen a severe drop in his grades. Even though he has always been very close to his parents, Trevor refuses to talk to them regarding his behavior change. As a result, his parents decide to take him to a doctor. His doctor feels Trevor is suffering from clinical depression as a result of a concussion he received earlier in the season. Which perspective BEST explains Trevor's behavior according to his doctor?

Biological

Located in the left cerebral hemisphere, damage to the what area of the brain causes a type of aphasia leaving one unable to produce coherent speech?

Broca's area.

A longitudinal study would be useful in assessing which of the following?

Changes in behavior over time

Which of the following would be of least interest to an evolutionary psychologist?

Classroom discipline procedures

Matthew is suffering from a drug addiction. His drug of choice is a stimulant that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. The chemicals remain in the synapse and act as agonists, which creates a dopamine dependency, increased self-confidence, and high levels of energy. When taking the drug, Matthew gets an immediate rush followed by an intense crash. Matthew quickly builds up a tolerance to the drug and requires more to get the same "high." Matthew is MOST likely addicted to which drug?

Cocaine

Tonya is accustomed to listening to her teacher talk about psychological terms and theories that seem to contradict each other. With spring break and the approaching psychology exam to think about, Tonya is not too focused on anything the teacher is saying. But she immediately notices when the teacher calls her name. Which of the following concepts best describes this situation?

Cocktail Party

Mrs. Gabriel was teaching a lesson on ethics and she had the students form groups of four to discuss their feelings about a controversial topic. Although the classroom got very loud, Mrs. Gabriel was able to hear her name from across the classroom when a student needed help. Which of the following BEST describes this phenomenon?

Cocktail party effect.

Joman has been asked to participate in a research study on his college campus. When he refuses, his psychology professor and director of the study inform him that his grade in the class will be affected. If he does not agree to participate, he will not be able to pass the course. Which ethical violation is his professor demonstrating by saying Joman must participate to pass the course?

Coercion

In the 1980s two psychologists, Kahneman and Tversky asked 600 people to imagine they were affected by a deadly disease. They told participants there was a treatment but it had serious side effects. Then, they randomly split the participants into two groups. The first group was told the drug had a 33% chance of saving all 600 people and a 66% possibility of saving no one. When told this, 72% of the participants thought they would want to take the drug. The second group was told that if they took the drug, there was a 33% chance that no one would die and a 66% probability that all 600 would die. When told this scenario, only 22% of the people thought they would want to take the drug. The statistics for the drug scenario were exactly the same. The only difference between the two groups was the framing of the statistics. In which subfield of psychology do Kahneman and Tversky conduct research?

Cognitive

Which of the following effects describes why a longitudinal design may be preferable to a cross-sectional design in developmental research?

Cohort Effect

Researchers are using inferential research methods to determine whether a new drug will decrease the number of hallucinations and delusions in all schizophrenia patients. Which of the following conclusions describes a Type I error?

Concluding that the drug decreases hallucinations and delusions in all schizophrenia patients even when it does not.

Jeremy was conducting research on young adult dating patterns for a social psychology experiment. While interviewing participants, he found out some unusual information about the daughter of a very prominent businessman in the community. Later that week, he shared the information about the daughter with his friends that were not involved in the study. Which ethical guideline did Jeremy violate by sharing the information with his friends?

Confidentiality.

A researcher wants to find out how well high school attendance predicts student academic performance. Which type of research method should he or she use to determine the answer to this question?

Correlational Study

Beatrice is having difficulty balancing school, work, and family obligations. Beatrice should seek help from which of the following psychologists?

Counseling

Why might a cross-sectional design be preferable to a longitudinal design when doing developmental research?

Cross-sectional designs require less time to complete and generally have much less participant attrition than longitudinal designs.

Examining an individuals life and their relationships over ten years represents which of the following perspectives?

Developmental

Oliver Sacks pioneered treatment of patients with movement disorders, similar to Parkinson's, by using a drug that closely resembles which neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

What is the difference between dopamine and endorphins?

Dopamine is related to rewards, while endorphins are related to pleasure.

Trisomy 21, a disorder that causes intellectual disability, is more commonly known as

Down Syndrome

Professor Goldsmith is interested in studying how feedback from teachers influences student achievement. Professor Goldsmith is MOST likely what type of psychologist?

Educational

Who emphasized that in order for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli it was the percentage change that mattered, not the amount?

Ernst Weber.

Sally loves her psychology class, but it is right before lunch. She is often so hungry during psychology that her stomach growls, so she sneaks cereal from her lunch bag into her mouth when the teacher is not looking. Which hormone is causing her hunger pangs?

Ghrelin

Julie's sister suffered a stroke. Brain imaging showed decreased activity in Wernicke's area and increased activity in the occipital lobe. Because of the brain's plasticity, what will Julie's sister be likely to do in the future?

Have enhanced vision because of a decrease in language comprehension.

Which of the following is TRUE about the work of Paul Broca?

He discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain is important for the production of speech.

Jason's brother returned from war suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brain imaging showed increased amygdala reactivity and smaller hippocampal volume. What will likely happen with Jason's brother due to the brain's plasticity?

He will recover with the help of antidepressants and cognitive therapy.

Which of the following choices is LEAST related to the endocrine system?

Heart

Selena was recently diagnosed with spinal meningitis. After days of having a high fever, Selena was left with complete deafness in her left ear. Her doctor explained that Selena was suffering from sensorineural hearing loss. Which part of her ear was MOST likely damaged and caused her sensorineural hearing loss?

Her cochlea.

A researcher installs a third brake light in 300 taxicabs and leaves 100 taxis without the extra brake light to create an experimental and control group. Drivers are randomly assigned to both groups and accident data is collected on all vehicles over a ten-month period. The researcher finds that accidents are greatly reduced when vehicles have a third brake light. The researcher MOST likely subscribes to which theoretical perspective?

Human Factors

Dreams are a popular discussion topic and have been studied for years by researchers. Which of the following dreams would BEST support the activation-synthesis theory of dreams?

Julianna had a very unusual dream last night. One minute she was on the beach in her swimsuit It was a balmy 90 degrees outside, and she was enjoying getting a tan and talking to friends. Without any warning, she remembers being transformed to a ski lift in Colorado where her youth group visited last winter. The very unusual thing about her dream was she was still in her swimsuit from the beach.

A real estate agent boasts: "The average household income in this neighborhood is $100,000/year so that means that you will live around only affluent people." What measure of central tendency is the real estate agent using to represent the set of household incomes?

Mean

A real estate agent boasts: "The average household income in this neighborhood is $ 100 , 000 $100,000/year so that means that you will live around only affluent people." The neighborhood data is listed below:

Median

Researchers have discovered a certain set of neurons that respond when watching an action. This neural activity while watching is similar to the activity in the brain when the observer is engaged in the particular activity. These neurons, which could be partially responsible for observational learning are called:

Mirror neurons.

The fatty substance that helps protect the neuron and increases the speed of neural transmission is known as the

Myelin

While training for a snowboard competition, Kevin suffered a traumatic brain injury. Kevin's injury affected his memory, attention, and personality, as well as his balance and coordination. However, after more practice and rehabilitation, Kevin is able to return to snowboarding within a few months, though he still isn't as adept as he was before the injury. What does Kevin's return to snowboarding illustrate?

Neuroplasticity.

Six-year-old Albert's parents are awakened suddenly by shrieking sounds coming from his room. Upon entering his room, they find Albert sitting up in his bed and appearing terrified. He is sweating and pale, yet appears to be still be sleeping. In just a few moments, Albert turns over and quickly resumes his sleep. The next morning he has no recollection of the event from the night before. Albert MOST likely has which of the following?

Night terrors in Stages 3-4.

Dr. Mitchem has created a new drug for treating attention deficit disorder. He believes that patients who take his drug are able to focus for longer periods of time. He knows the drug will go through several rounds of medical testing before it becomes available to purchase. What must Dr. Mitchem do to allow for a smooth replication of his study?

Operationally define the dosage that will be given as well what specific behaviors the researcher expects to see if patients are more focused.

Madison encounters a snake on her walk home. After her initial fright, her breathing and heart slow down and she begins to feel calm again. Which division of the nervous system helped calm Madison down?

Parasympathetic nervous system.

Timmy moved to a different school over the summer. At his last school, he had a very strict teacher that he was afraid of because she would yell at the class all of the time. When he came to his new school and sat in class on the first day, he perceived his new teacher as angry and strict as well, even though she was just going over the school rules that all teachers had to discuss on the first day. What influenced Timmy's mistaken perception?

Perceptual set.

Our sense of hearing is achieved as sound waves travel through several steps to become neural impulses. Which of the following is part of the outer ear?

Pinna.

Which gland is responsible for secreting hormones that stimulate other glands?

Pituitary

Marcus was in Tech Education, did not follow the safety protocols, and caught his hand inside the jigsaw. He was rushed to the hospital, where doctors determined that they would have to amputate the index and pinky fingers on his left hand. Since his accident, Marcus has noticed the other fingers on his left hand becoming more sensitive to sensory input. What is this an example of?

Plasticity

In order to identify which of Lucy's brain areas were most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and used which of the following neural measures?

Positron emission tomography (PET).

Researchers found that monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of rewards and punishments. Which type of neural measure was MOST likely used to gather this information?

Positron emission tomography (PET).

What brain imaging instrument would MOST likely be used to determine whether a patient's brain shows increased frontal lobe activity after taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Positron emission tomography (PET).

To see brain activity, researchers can insert a nontoxic radioactive substance into the brain of their subject. This is part of which procedure?

Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)

Angelique's psychology teacher, Mrs. Murphy, always makes students get out of their seats to participate in demonstrations. Today was Angelique's turn. Mrs. Murphy had Angelique face the class, close her eyes, and touch her fingers to her nose. Angelique was so nervous and embarrassed that she forgot to ask what the demonstration was supposed to show. What was Mrs. Murphy trying to show her class by using Angelique?

Proprioception.

For a child to be born with PKU, both parents must carry the gene for the trait. Therefore, susceptibility to PKU is BEST described as

Recessive

Because she was listening to the news on the television, Ms. Jones did not perceive a word her husband was saying. Which of the following is illustrated in this example?

Selective attention.

When Karen looks at an object, her sensory receptors detect the color and shape. What is this process called?

Sensation

Many antidepressant medications block the reuptake of which neurotransmitter associated with happiness?

Serotonin

Jared and Geness are parents to newborn baby Annie. Even in a crowded, noisy room, Geness can pick out Annie's faint cry. What term would psychologists use to explain Geness' ability to recognize Annie's cry?

Signal detection theory.

The major obstacle in conducting longitudinal research is that?

Some participants may drop out for reasons that affect the conclusion of the study.

Students with better school attendance show better grades in school. It is easy to assume that attendance leads to better performance in school, but just as likely, both factors are driven by a third factor. Which of the following statements support this idea?

Some students are more motivated to do well in school, leading to better attendance and better grades.

Which part of an individual's consciousness involves their habits and what some believe is the ability to multitask?

Subconscious

Jackson was preparing to study for his psychology exam when the fire alarm went off. His heart raced and his breathing sped up. Which part of the nervous system activated Jackson's stress response?

Sympathetic

Which of the following would indicate a user has built up a tolerance to a drug?

The user needs a larger amount than before in order to feel the drug's effect.

A team of psychiatrists is testing a new ADHD medication using human subjects. The team is least likely to be able to reduce the impact of which of the following when conducting an experiment that adheres to APA ethical guidelines?

The Hawthorne effect

Serenity wants to see whether students who take classes in the morning perform better on the same written exam than those who take the same class in the afternoon. To conduct her research, she asks several teachers who teach the same course with a similar number of students in both the morning and afternoon to provide data concerning their students' performance on the same unit test. After analyzing her data, she concludes that students who take courses in the morning do better than those that take courses in the afternoon. Which of the following might be a confounding variable affecting Serenity's research?

The intellectual abilities of the students in the particular classes.

Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis?

There will not be a significant difference in GPAs of students who were enrolled in single-gender courses compared to those enrolled in mixed-gender courses.

Which of the following studies was the catalyst for the 1974 National Research Act, requiring institutional review boards (IRBs) to review psychological research in order to protect the rights and welfare of human participants?

The study of the impact of syphilis on African-American males, which left many participants untreated even when a treatment was readily available.

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), who is responsible for ensuring ethical conduct during experimentation?

The supervising psychologist.

The process by which the senses collect energy from the environment and turn it into information the brain can interpret is called

Transduction

Alex can easily tell the difference between a 1-lb bag of flour and 5-lb bag, but he cannot tell the difference between lifting 200 lbs and 205 lbs in the weight room. Which of following explains Alex's inability to determine the heavier weight's differences?

Weber's law

Oscar Schmidlap was not very smart, but he was strong. His father recognized early where his son's talents lay. When Oscar was 15, his school offered him early morning classes to help him with his academics. His father said no. Instead, his father instructed Oscar to stay home and care for a just-born baby cow. The male calf weighed 85 pounds when born — not much for a strong farm kid like Oscar. His father told him every day that he was to lift up the baby bull 10 times. After only two years, Oscar became amazingly strong and could lift a full-grown​ bull. Which term below would account for this situation?

Weber's law

Which of the following is MOST true about human sensation?

Which of the following is MOST true about human sensation?

An industrial-organizational psychologist would be MOST likely to

Work with businesses to help train employees and create productive work environments

Bill is trying to understand the report from his recent tests. He is looking at a long piece of paper on which there are thin black lines, but no pictures or images. Bill is most likely looking at a report from his

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Animals that have excellent night vision are MOST likely to have

an abundance of rods.

A high school student wants to research how a new curriculum affects academic outcomes of students. After the first semester, she gathers data from twenty freshman and twenty seniors. What type of study is she conducting?

cross-sectional study

A drug that is an antagonist for the neurotransmitter serotonin is MOST likely to

depress mood.

A researcher conducts an experiment using the image above. The researcher instructs individuals to say the color that each word is written in, opposed to reading the word. Many individuals struggle to state the color of each word and instead read the word. This is an example of

how people's minds can get confused between conscious and unconscious processing.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding psychological research studies?

if you are under 18, you cannot sign an informed consent. A guardian must sign this form prior to the research for the minor.

Muzafer Sherif studied group dynamics and the role of conflict and cooperation with a group of campers. The counselors were all members of the research team, unbeknownst to the campers. If this experiment were to be repeated, in order to follow the ethical guidelines dictated by the American Psychological Association (APA), before the study commenced, each parent or guardian would need to need to know the nature of the research and express a willingness for their children to participate. This is known as

informed consent.

A school is considering a major change to its grading system. It recognizes that even though students work hard and do well for most of the grading period, sometimes students get overwhelmed and do poorly on one test, which affects their overall grades. Which measure of central tendency does the school likely already use that causes one low score to negatively affect a student's overall grade?

mean

Most experiments involve just a sample of an entire population. Researchers are able to generalize their findings by making use of

random selection

After exiting a spinning carnival ride, an individual has difficulty walking upright and feels as though they are going to fall over. This effect is caused by the disruption of the

semicircular canals.

The function of myelin in the nervous system is to

speed up the rate of transmission within a neuron.

Through the study of patients with brain damage, Paul Broca discovered Broca's area, which is an area of the brain that controls

the muscle movements necessary for speech.

The amount of neurotransmitter required to initiate an action potential in a neuron is referred to as

the threshold