StudyMate Questions: Nervous Tissue & CNS
Which neuron has two or more dendrites and a single axon?
Multipolar
________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons.
Multipolar
________ neurons are the most common neuron in the CNS.
Multipolar
________ increase(s) the speed at which action potential travels along the axon of an oligodendrocyte.
Myelin
________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.
Neuroglia
_______ are the basic units of the nervous system.
Neurons
Aggregations of fixed and free ribosomes in neurons are referred to as
Nissl bodies.
Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron's resting potential?
Only electrical forces are involved in the movement of sodium ions into the cell.
All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord makes up which nervous system?
Peripheral
The hypothalamus is connected to what gland, which is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Pituitary
________ ions leave the cytoplasm rapidly.
Potassium
Which receptors of the somatic sensory system monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints?
Proprioceptors
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by
Schwann cells.
________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS.
Sensory
________ are learned motor behaviors that with repetition become incorporated at the unconscious level.
Skill memories
Deteriorating changes at the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.
Wallerian
Each pair of spinal nerves monitors a specific region of the body surface known as:
a dermatome.
In which of the following would the rate of impulse conduction be the greater?
a myelinated fiber
In which of the following would the rate of impulse conduction be the greatest?
a myelinated fiber 20 microns in diameter
The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called:
a neurotransmitter
In which of the following would the rate of impulse conduction be the greatest?
a type A fiber
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
During saltatory conduction,
action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon.
Synapses that release norepinephrine are called:
adrenergic
Neurons normally derive ATP solely through
aerobic glycolysis.
The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is
afferent
Information is carried to the CNS by the ________ division, and motor commands are carried to muscles and glands via the ________ division.
afferent, efferent
The all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
Neurons that are small and offer no anatomical clues to distinguish axons from dendrites are called
anaxonic
Interneurons
are found only in the central nervous system.
The largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS are the
astrocytes
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
astrocytes
Which nervous system subdivision is a chain of two motor neurons consisting of a preganglion and a postganglionic neuron:
autonomic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the:
autonomic nervous system
The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the:
axon
The actual site of information processing in the nervous system is the
axonal hillock.
Masses of gray matter that lie beneath the lateral ventricles and direct activities outside of our conscious awareness are the:
basal nuclei
In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused.
bipolar
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite are called
bipolar
________ open or close in response to specific stimuli.
both Active channels and Gated channels
The cytoskeleton of the perikaryon contains which of the following?
both neurofilaments and neurotubules
Which of the nerve plexuses serves the shoulder and arm:
brachial
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves connect to the _______.
brain
The term central nervous system refers to the:
brain and spinal cord
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the:
brain stem
The ion needed to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is
calcium
Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next :
calcium
Presynaptic facilitation occurs when
calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remain open longer.
Changes in transmembrane potentials
can open voltage-regulated channels.
The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the _______ _______.
cauda equina
The brain and spinal cord comprise the ________ nervous system.
central
Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the:
cerebellum
Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke:
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior:
cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves
Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function?
change the type of neurotransmitter found in the synaptic vesicle
Which type of synapse dominates the nervous system?
chemical
Ependymal lining is freely permeable except at the _______ _______ where CSF fluid is produced.
choroid plexus
The usual cause of nervous system deterioration as we age is ____________ system problems.
circulatory
Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called
collaterals
The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body resulting from a combination of which two nerves:
common fibular and tibial nerves
The major role of the interneuron is to:
connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways
Complex protein assemblies traversing the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane are termed
connexons
The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?
controlling the interstitial environment, guiding neuron development, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, repairing damaged neural tissue
In ________ several neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron, making possible both voluntary and involuntary control of some body processes.
convergence
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except:
corpus callosum
The nerve that contains sensory fibers that are involved in hearing is:
cranial nerve VIII
Damage to large numbers of oligodendrocytes in the CNS would result in
decreased speed of action potential conduction.
Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system:
decreases heart rate
The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called:
dendrites
Opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in
depolarization
Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate:
despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life
Each of the following is a function of the nervous system, except
directing activities that continue for extended periods, such as growth and pregnancy.
Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of ________ that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
dorsal root ganglia
Organs that receive instructions from both autonomic divisions are said to receive:
dual innervation.
Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges:
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Muscles and glands are:
effectors
Which of the following are types of neuroglia?
ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
The type of glial cell that is found lining the ventricles and spinal canal are the
ependymal cells.
Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer:
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
Damage to ependymal cells would affect the
formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by
forming a cellular tube that can direct the growth of new axons.
Bipolar neurons are commonly:
found in the eye and nose
A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged:
frontal lobe
Which lobe contains the primary motor area and enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements:
frontal lobe
Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except
functioning in action potential transmission.
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always located in _______ lying outside the central nervous system.
ganglia
Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS are called:
ganglia
Any stimulus that opens a(n) ________ channel will produce a graded potential.
gated
Following a motor vehicle accident, your patient has a suspected head injury. The patient is placed in the semi-Fowler's position. You notice a clear fluid running out of the patient's nose. You should test the fluid for a presence of what?
glucose
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as __________ while the shallow grooves are termed __________.
gyri; sulci
In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system:
has two motor neurons
The axon is connected to the soma by the
hillock
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the:
hypothalamus
The ___________ regulates the endocrine functions of the pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
The area of the diencephalon whose functions include the subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions associated with rage, pleasure, pain, and sexual arousal is the:
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the:
hypothalamus
Voltage-regulated channels can be found
in the membrane that covers axons.
Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
information processing
The dorsal and ventral roots from each segment of the spinal cord leave the vertebral column between adjacent vertebrae at the ___________ _________.
intervertebral foramen
The two major functional properties of neurons are:
irritability and conductivity
The cerebrospinal fluid:
is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses
If the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ion,
it will take a stimulus of larger magnitude to initiate an action potential.
The ________ system establishes emotional states and related behavioral drives.
limbic
During continuous conduction,
local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane.
Graded potentials
may involve either depolarization or hyperpolarization.
The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the:
medulla oblongata
Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?
membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the:
meninges
The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of:
metabolic waste such as urea
The least numerous neuroglia of the CNS are the
microglia
Small phagocytic cells that are especially obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS are the
microglia.
Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called
multipolar
Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons, are structurally classified as:
multipolar
The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and ________ receptors.
muscarinic
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are:
myelinated
The white matter of the peripheral nervous system contains axons bundled together in:
nerves
The brain contains almost 98 percent of the _______ _______ in the body.
neural tissue
Each of the following is an example of a neuroeffector junction, except the junction between a neuron and a(n)
neuron
Cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the
neurons
Which of the following is not a glial cell of the nervous system?
neurons
The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?
neurotubules, mitochondria, lysosomes, neurofibrils
Which of the following is usually an excitatory neurotransmitter?
noradrenaline
Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by
oligodendrocytes
Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system:
oligodendrocytes
The _____________ system constricts the pupils, stimulates defecation, and reduces the heart rate.
parasympathetic
The _______________ division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.
parasympathetic
The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the:
parasympathetic nervous system
Both the ________________ and _______________ nervous systems operate with a chain of two motor neurons.
parasympathetic; sympathetic
Membrane channels that are always open are called ________ channels.
passive
Channels that are always open are known as
passive channels.
The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of a neuron is called the
perikaryon
Complex networks of spinal nerves are termed nerve _______.
plexuses
A ____________ neuron has fewer positive ions inside in comparison to the outside of the neuron.
polarized
During the resting state, a neuron is:
polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell
Sympathetic ____________ fibers release norepinephrine and the _____________ axon releases acetylcholine.
postganglionic; preganglionic
Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid:
potassium
Supporting cells, or neuroglia, provide all of the following, except
produce cerebral spinal fluid.
Damage to this nerve results in "wristdrop," the inability to extend the hand at the wrist:
radial
Each spinal nerve branches into a ventral and dorsal:
ramus
Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc:
receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
The effect of a particular neurotransmitter is dependent upon the properties of the ________, not the ________.
receptor; neurotransmitter
The diffusion of potassium ions out of a neuron causes it to experience:
repolarization
The sodium-potassium exchange pump
requires ATP to function.
Any stimulus that alters the activity of the exchange pump will disturb the ______ _______ of a cell.
resting potential
IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
result in local hyperpolarizations.
The area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the:
reticular activating system (RAS)
The rabies virus can travel to the CNS via
retrograde flow.
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the:
sacral plexus
Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called:
saltatory conduction
Each of the following is a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system, except
satellite cells.
Glial cells found surrounding the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are
satellite cells.
Which of the following activities or sensations are not monitored by interoceptors?
sight
Which one of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system:
skeletal muscle
The function of the olfactory nerve concerns:
smell
An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell:
sodium
EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when
sodium channels are opened.
When cholinergic receptors are stimulated,
sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron.
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the ________ nervous system.
somatic
Which type of reflex involves skeletal muscles:
somatic
Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are:
somatic sensory
The gray matter of the spinal cord:
surrounds the central canal
The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.
sympathetic
Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system operates using the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine:
sympathetic
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the:
sympathetic nervous system
The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the
synapse
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed:
synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters are released from the
synaptic knobs.
Active neurons require large amounts of ATP for all of the following, except
synthesis and recycling of neurotransmitters, axoplasmic flow, the activity of the sodium-potassium pump, all of these, synthesis and recycling of neurotransmitters and the activity of the sodium-potassium pump only
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
telodendria
When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?
temporal summation
The dura mater located in the fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum is:
tentorium cerebelli
The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on
the characteristics of the receptors.
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in:
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because
the lining of the capillaries in the CNS forms a blood-brain barrier.
When pressure is applied to neural tissue,
the membrane becomes inexcitable.
If the presynaptic membrane of a motor neuron suddenly became permeable to calcium ion,
the motor end plate would be stimulated.
Active neurons need ATP to support all of the following, except
the movement of materials to and from the axon via somatic flow.
If the sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except
the neuron will lose its ability to regenerate.
The resistance across the cell membrane is determined by
the number and type of channels in the membrane.
There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the ________ ________ __________.
third lumbar vertebra
Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the:
thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine
Bundles of axons in the spinal cord are called
tracts
All of the following are functions of cerebral spinal fluid, except that it
transports oxygen.
Sensory information concerning position and balance and motor information concerning skeletal muscles travel over ________ fibers.
type A
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse: 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell
2, 1, 4, 3
At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its ion exchange pump transports
3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
Type ________ fibers have the longest axons.
A
________ breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline at the synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane.
Acetylcholinesterase
Which of the following comparisons between neurons and muscle tissue is incorrect?
Action potentials are completed more quickly in muscle fibers.
________ is the loss of memory from disease or trauma.
Amnesia
The stimulation of Beta 1 receptors causes which of the following?
An increase in heart rate, An increase in cardiac contractility, An increase in cardiac conduction
_______ neurons are rare in adults.
Bipolar
________ neurons are rare, but occur in special sense organs.
Bipolar
The ________ is the association area responsible for coordinating learned movements.
Both premotor cortex and somatic motor association area
Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the:
Broca's area
True or False: One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary.
False
True or False: Stimulation of alpha 1 receptors causes vasodilation.
False
True or False: The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
False
True or False: The entire spinal cord consists of 42 segments.
False
True or False: The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve pair that contains sensory fibers.
False
True or False: The sensory division of the nervous system is further subdivided into the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
False
True or False: The spinal cord extends into the coccyx area of the vertebral column.
False
True or False: The withdrawal, or flexor, reflex is one of the only voluntary reflexes.
False
True or False: There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves and 12 pairs of spinal nerves.
False
True or False: There are 32 pairs of spinal nerves grouped according to the region of the vertebral column from which they originate.
False
what is a withdrawal reflex affecting the muscles of a limb?
Flexor reflex
White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the:
CNS
Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the _______ .
CNS (central nervous system)
______________ ______ circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Which region of the brain controls conscious thoughts, sensations, memory storage, and complex movements?
Cerebrum
Which type of headache is characterized by very severe, unilateral pain in the orbit, forehead, or temple?
Cluster
Which motor pathway is responsible for conscious, voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Corticospinal
Olfactory nerves
Cranial Nerve I; responsible for smell
Optic nerves
Cranial Nerve II; responsible for carrying visual information
Oculomotor nerve
Cranial Nerve III; responsible for four of the six muscles that move the eyeball
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Cranial Nerve IX; monitors blood pressure and dissolved gas concentrations in major blood vessels
Trigeminal nerve
Cranial Nerve V; responsible for motor control over chewing
Facial nerve
Cranial Nerve VII; control tear and salivary glands
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Cranial Nerve VIII; monitors the sensory receptors of the inner ear
Vagus nerve
Cranial Nerve X; provides sensory information vital to autonomic control of visceral function
accessory nerve
Cranial Nerve XI; controls the laryngeal muscles that control the vocal cords
Hypoglossal nerve
Cranial Nerve XII; provides voluntary control over the skeletal muscles of the tongue
What is a shift of membrane potential toward 0 mv called? An example is the entry of sodium into the cell.
Depolarization
_____________ of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell.
Depolarization
Which nervous system component provides automatic involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions?
Autonomic
Which neuroglia produces cerebrospinal fluid in some regions of the brain?
Ependymal cells
Which of the following is the dural space containing loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue?
Epidural space
True or False: A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector.
False
True or False: Aphasia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words.
False
True or False: Ataxia is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behavior.
False
True or False: Cranial nerve XI is the accessory nerve; it controls tongue movement.
False
True or False: Dendrites release neurotransmitters into the extracellular space during nerve impulse transmissions.
False
True or False: Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum.
False
True or False: Oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths in the PNS.
False
The elevated ridges of the cerebral hemispheres that increase the surface area of the cerebrum, and thus the number of neurons in the cortex, are called what?
Gyri
Which of the following is an example of a demyelination disorder?
Heavy metal poisoning, Multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Which of the following is caused by an imbalance in the amount of CSF fluid produced and the rate at which it is absorbed?
Hydrocephalus
Which of the following is not an effect of a rise in pH?
Inhibitory neurotransmitters are produced in excess.
________ are the most numerous type of neuron.
Interneurons
How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to become inactivated?
It would be longer.
________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.
Mechanically regulated
Which region of the brain is responsible for control of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive activities?
Medulla oblongota
________ is when a cell membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulation.
The refractory period
How does blocking the ability for retrograde flow in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?
The soma is unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.
True or False: A polarized neuron has fewer positive ions inside in comparison to the outside of the neuron.
True
True or False: Amnesia is the loss of memory from disease or trauma.
True
True or False: Any stimulus that alters the activity of the exchange pump will disturb the resting potential of a cell.
True
True or False: Bipolar neurons are rare in adults.
True
True or False: Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems operate with a chain of two motor neurons.
True
True or False: Cell bodies of sensory neurons are always located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.
True
True or False: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.
True
True or False: Complex networks of spinal nerves are termed nerve plexuses.
True
True or False: Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell.
True
True or False: Ependymal lining is freely permeable except at the choroid plexus where CSF fluid is produced.
True
True or False: Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system.
True
True or False: Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system.
True
True or False: Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine.
True
True or False: The brain contains almost 98 percent of the neural tissue in the body.
True
True or False: The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina.
True
True or False: The dorsal and ventral roots from each segment of the spinal cord leave the vertebral column between adjacent vertebrae at the intervertebral foramen.
True
True or False: The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine functions of the pituitary gland.
True
True or False: The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems.
True
True or False: The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division since the preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.
True
True or False: The parasympathetic system constricts the pupils, stimulates defecation, and reduces the heart rate.
True
True or False: The usual cause of nervous system deterioration as we age is circulatory system problems.
True
True or False: There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the third lumbar vertebra.
True
True or False: Twelve pairs of cranial nerves connect to the brain.
True
Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called
unipolar
Sensory neurons of the PNS are
unipolar
The nervous system coordinates __________ and __________ responses of many other organ systems.
voluntary and involuntary
Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?
whether the axon is sensory or motor
Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains
why neurons cannot regenerate.
