Stutzman AP Euro Midterm (all review materials from folder)
anticlericalism
Opposition to the clergy.
Glorious Revolution
Parliament decided a Catholic lineage of kings was too much for Anglican England; William and Mary declared as new monarchs
God gave humans free will so that they could choose to be earthly or spiritual creatures.
Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that?:
viceroyalties
The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.
Protestant
The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
Holy Office
The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy
Reign of Terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed
d. Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?
The 14th Century.
In what century did the Renaissance begin?
Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly would not disband until a constitution was drafted for France
Columbian exchange
The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New worlds
Great Fear
The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.
Wet nursing
Name the widespread and flourishing "business" in the 18th century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies.
in their focus on the textual reexamination of the Bible and the writings of the early Church Fathers.
Northern humanists differed from their Italian predecessors?:
a. The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
Putting out system, or domestic system
This system involved the agents of textile merchants arranging for peasants to spin wool into thread, another family of peasants weaving it into a finished product, and the merchant selling the finishing product.
War of Austrian Succession
This war was the opening encounter to the series of colonial and trade wars that occurred throughout the 18th century.
presented a revolutionary social order based on communal living and property.
Thomas More's Utopia?:
False - parents practiced rather harsh discipline and the new discourse that emerged was to treat children with more love and tenderness
True or False. The discipline of children in the 17th and early 18th centuries was lacking, whereas the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s called for harsher treatment and discipline.
d. Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
c. Islands off the coast of Japan
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?
d. A lengthy civil war
What did the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre lead to?
Treaty of Westphalia
This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War (1648), allowed each German ruler to determine the religion of his land, and gave legal recognition to the Calvinists.
c. Indian Ocean trade.
The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the
Seven Years' War
The French and Indian War in North America was a continuation of this war in Europe.
d. declared all men and women to be equal.
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
the prince's highest obligation was the preservation of his state.
The Prince argued that?:
a. the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of
Union of Utrecht
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Great Britain
What country assumed the status as a world power after the Seven Years' War (and French and Indian War)?
Henry VIII's reasons for reform
wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn, pope was prisoner of Charles V
Dutch Republic
wealthiest country in Europe in 17th century, religious tolerance, trade and prosperity, highest standard of living in Europe
witch panic
women were suspected of making pacts with the devil and practicing witchcraft; massive witch trials: women were tortured until they confessed and were then executed
Rise of Napoleon
overthrew the directory in a coup d'état in 1799
Goals of peter the great
- Increase military power, - establish a navy, - secure warm water ports, - tame the boyars, streltsy, and nobility, - Westernize Russia
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Men are born and remain free and equal in rights
Petrarch
Father of Humanism
proving the Donation of Constantine a fraud.
Lorenzo Valla gained fame for?:
Huguenots
French Calvinists
14th century
When did the Renaissance begin?
Boccaccio
Wrote the Decameron
Quadruple Alliance
Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia
Fourth Coalition
Height of Napoleon's empire
the Mountain
. Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793.
Renaissance
A French word meaning "rebirth", used to describe the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries
continental system
A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military
Edict of Nantes
A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
indulgence
A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sin
Estates Genera
A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614
Girondists
A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793
Jacobin Club
A political club in Revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans
Thermidorean reaction
A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.
Ptolemy's Geography
A second-century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps
caravel
A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade.
encomienda system
A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slaver
a distinct break from the Middle Ages.
According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance represented?:
d. Black Africans
After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?
Mexica Empire
Also known as the Aztec Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology
Napoleon's Grand Empire
An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
skepticism concerning known or revealed truth.
Art and sciences are not cast in a mold, but are perfected by degrees, by often handling and polishing, as bears leisurely lick their cubs into form. (Michel de Montaigne, Works II. xii, 1533-1592)
c. became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
At Henry of Navarre's marriage to Margaret of Valois, in Paris, 3000 Huguenots killed, 20000 killed throughout France over next three days
d. It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
suggested the proper social graces for a young Renaissance noble.
Castiglione, in his work, The Courtier?
politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse
politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.
Background of the Seven Years War
Caused by Prussian Frederick the Great invading Saxony in a preemptive strike against conspiracy
Outcome of English civil war
Charles I captured, put on trial for treason, and executed
maintained that the true source of authority within the Church was scripture.
Construed as an intellectual threat to the Church, Humanism?:
Locke believed in a limited government (social contract theory), while Hobbes believed in a tightly ruled government by an absolute ruler
Contrast the views of Locke and Hobbes
conquest of Smallpox
Edward Jenner used matter taken from a milkmaid with cowpox to perform his first successful vaccination on a young boy
John Calvin
Followers of this man believed that society required a complete moral transformation and only the "elect" go to heaven.
Napoleonic Code
French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as the restriction of rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws
Politiques
French rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, and worked for a strong government. They helped restore order in France after the religious wars and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
second revolution
From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics
Factors that contributed to criticism of the church
Great Schism (damaged prestige of the Church) and plague (survivors questioned their Faith)
a. They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure.
How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?
d. Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
a. The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
b. He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
a. They traded for slaves with local leaders.
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
Negatively; felt that it promoted intolerance, bigotry, suffering, and war; Practiced Deism
How did many of the philosophes view Christianity? What alternative enlightenment religion did many of them follow?
d. Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
b. The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
Renaissance came later in the North; northern humanists came from more diverse backgrounds and were more devoted to religious reforms; different patronage of the arts (tapestries and furnishings in the North, more Greek and Roman inspired art in Italy - more religious art)
How did the Northern Renaissance differ from the Italian Renaissance?
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith
d. The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?
c. The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.
How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
d. They were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs.
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?
b. The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
How did the encomienda system function?
d. Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.
How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?
c. Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
c. The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.
How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition?
d. Securing reconciliation with the Protestants
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
a. The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch
In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?
a. was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
a. The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy
In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?
d. Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.
In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?
d. took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.
In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company
c. abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.
In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by
Great Britain and the Low Countries
In what two locations did the Agricultural Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries begin?
High infant mortality rate
It has been argued that preindustrial European families had neglectful or uncaring attitudes toward children. According to historians, why did they have this attitude?
NeoClassicism in which the traditional characteristics of harmony and symmetry were valued.
Italian Renaissance art can be most appropriately described as?:
b. detract from the sovereignty of God.
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believe it would
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism
a stress on physical education.the mastery of Greek and Latin.the study of music.the ability to write poetry and appreciate good works of art.
Liberal education in the Renaissance included?
Luther's 95 Theses
List of complaints about the Catholic Church, sent to archbishop Albert and posted on door of Wittenburg church
d. a spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers.
Luther believed that the church consisted of
c. appealed to the national sentiment of German princes
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
distorted human figures and unnatural lighting effects.
Mannerist art was characterized by?:
95 Theses
Martin Luther's "list" of challenges to the Catholic Church, specifically the practice of selling indulgences.
Tennis Court Oath; Storming of the Bastille; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; France declares war on Austria.
Place the following events in order from earliest to latest: Storming of the Bastille; Tennis Court Oath; France declares war on Austria; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
c. Prince Henry.
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by
people who served a prince in multiple political and administrative ways.
Renaissance courtiers were?:
emphasis on developing the "complete individual".
Renaissance education was characterized by?:
Congress of Vienna
Representatives of the major powers in Europe (including France) met to restore order based on three principles: o Legitimacy - return ruling families to power o Stability - ensure peace with strong governments o Restoration of balance of power - map of Europe redrawn to reduce risk of war
Spanish Armada
Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it
Causes of the French Revolution
Social changes (estate disparity), political crisis (Louis XVI), the enlightenment (ideas), the American revolution (enlightenment in action), financial crisis (bad taxation, war debts, poor harvests)
conquistador
Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier explorers, such as Hernando Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown
Goals of Peter the Great
Tame the Streltsy (military guardsmen) and Boyars (Russian nobility), Increase power of military and navy, westernization
Industrious revolution
Term applied to the shift that occurred among northwestern European families in which they focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east
Putting Out System - Cottage Industry
The 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to workers, who processed them in their own homes and returned the finished products to the merchant
b. the true strength of the French nation.
The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate
c. confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.
The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
d. equality before the law.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
d. resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.
The dissolution of the English monasteries
republicanism to despotism.
The dominant trend of government in Renaissance city-states in Italy was from?:
finding an old Greek manuscript.finding an old Greek manuscript.
The early Renaissance humanists in Italy would have been MOST interested in?:
Grand Empire
The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
Cicero.
The favorite classical author of Renaissance scholars was?:
National Assembly
The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791
"liberty, equality, fraternity"
The ideals of the French Revolution were encapsulated in what phrase or motto?
sans-culottes
The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the cit
a. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
Cervantes.
The literary masterpiece that satirized the ideals of knighthood and chivalry was written by?:
Land dispute in France; dispute over succession to the French throne.
The most important cause of the Hundred Years' War.
The Gold and the Spices.
The phase of European discovery and exploration that occurred during the Renaissance was prompted by the quest for these two items.
c. patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft.
The string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-94 owed largely to
predestination
The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works
estates
The three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else
the spoken language of an area.
The word vernacular is used to describe?:
Constitution of the Year VIII
This document established the Consulate and the rule of Napoleon as the First Consul.
Enclosure method
This method improved the outdated open-field system and transformed a large number of peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
Louis XIV
This monarch revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685.
Voltaire
This philosophe was known for his great wit, including the saying: 'To stop criticism they say one must die.'
c. It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
c. The middle class
What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?
Small pox vaccination
What is considered the greatest achievement of 18th century medical science?
b. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
Roundheads (Parliament); Oliver Cromwell
What side was victorious in the English Civil War? Under the direction of what man?
Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia
What started the War of Austrian Succession?
Treaty of Paris
What treaty ended the French and Indian War?
a. The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
To cut off all British trade to the continent (all areas under French rule) Economic warfare with Britain
What was Napoleon's Continental System and what was its aim?
d. To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
a. The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?
To supervise labor and birth, treat female difficulties (venereal disease, breast-feeding problems, etc.)
What was the role of midwives?
Outcome of the Seven Years' War
When Russian Tsar Peter III, who admired Frederick, came to power he made peace with Prussia Treaty of Hubertusburg - ended continental conflict with no significant changes
Low Countries (Netherlands) and Great Britain
Where (2 countries) did the Agricultural Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries begin?
Portugal
Which European nation—with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators—initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper?
a. Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?
d. Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?
the townhouse of an Italian merchant.
Which of the following locations had the greatest influence on shaping the values of the Italian Renaissance?:
d. Desire for material profit
Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?
b. Several thousand Parisian women
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
b. Edmund Burke
Who predicted in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny?
a. Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
b. They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
a. They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
a. The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
d. France lacked a central bank and paper currency.
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
They needed economic independence in order to start their own households
Why were Europeans getting married at a later age throughout the 18th century?
James II
William and Mary replaced this English monarch during the Glorious Revolution.
Castiglione
Wrote The Courtier (qualities of ideal renaissance man and woman, influenced social patterns, important work on renaissance education)
Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince (modern political guide, debated by scholars, ruler's moral code, governments judged by how well they provide security and order)
Estates General
a legislative body made up of representatives of each of the three classes/estates
putting-out system
a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant
Enlightenment
a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly; people began to believe that natural science and reason could explain all aspects of life; reason, rationalism, progress
humanism
a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature
Thermidorian Reaction
a reaction to the violence of the reign of terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
Civic humanists
advocated active service to the city-state.
Thomas Hobbes
advocated for absolute and unlimited rule; citizens should agree to be ruled by a sovereign ruler through political contract; in order to compel compliance, a sovereign ruler could use coercive force
John Locke
advocated for limited government in which the state would exist to preserve the natural rights of the citizens; if the state did not do this, the people could rebel and replace rulers
Italy (Italian city-states)
birthplace of the renaissance (thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome)
Napoleonic Code
civil code of 1804, equality of all male citizens before the law and absolute security of wealth and private property; restricted rights previously gained by women
Edict of Nantes
created by Henry IV, granted liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, helped restore peace in France, later revoked by Louis XIV
Napoleon's demise
defeated by the quadruple Alliance at the battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena, where he died in 1821
reactions to the plague.
determination to lead a moderate life; determination to lead a promiscuous life; flee; flagellation; isolating oneself.
Peace of Augsburg
ended early conflict between German Lutherans and Catholics and allowed Princes to choose religion for the area they ruled over
Treaty of Utrecht
ended war of Spanish succession, GB received thirty-year control of west African slave trade, GB was allowed to send one ship a year to Spanish colonies
Constitution of 1791
established constitutional monarchy and formed new Legislative Assembly
Causes of the second, more radical phase, of the Revolution
fall of the monarchy, war against Austria/Prussia, suppression of counterrevolutionary activity
Shift from medieval government to centralized government
feudal system of the Middle Ages was exchanged for a more stable centralized republic/monarchy system that gave the people more freedom and input
Medieval Europe
fragmented feudal society, agricultural economy, dominated by church
Renaissance Europe
growing national consciousness and political centralization, urban economy, secular thought and culture
Problems with the Catholic church
indulgences, clerical privileges, mass conducted in only Latin
Oliver Cromwell
leader of new model army, leader of the commonwealth, established a military dictatorship as lord protector, became hated like Charles I
Where did the agricultural revolution start?
low countries and Great Britain (Dutch taught English how to acquire maximum yields from the land)
English bill of rights
made parliament superior to monarchy; law must be made in parliament; parliament had to be called every three years; no standing army in peacetime; no Catholics could inherit throne (only Anglicans); no Dutch lineage of William, Mary's children would inherit throne
Revival of the monarchy
marked the return of Charles II as king (1660-85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. The bishops were restored to Parliament, which established a strict Anglican orthodoxy.
Versailles
originally Louis XIV's hunting lodge, later became permanent residence, reinforced powerful absolutist image
Enclosure movement
people started to enclose their fields with fencing to use it more rationally and for commercial profit; this method increased food production, lead to proletarianization, commercialized agriculture, and allowed large landowners to prosper
Late marriage trends in the 18th century
people waited until they were economically stable to marry and raise a family
Hundred Days
period after Napoleon escaped Elba and briefly returned to power
Reign of Terror
period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed
Elizabeth I
politique: allowed Catholic beliefs as long as they weren't openly practiced in Anglican churches; added some Catholic practices back to the Anglican mass
Calvin's beliefs
predestination, Christ's spirit is among the faithful; taking communion allows you to connect with God
National Assembly
revolutionary legislature made up of mostly third estate representatives
Council of Trent reforms
sale of indulgences prohibited
Zwingli's beliefs
salvation attained through faith, good works, and the sacraments; Christ is not present in the bread and wine, but rather in spirit among the faithful
Martin Luther's beliefs and views
salvation through faith alone, two sacraments: baptism and Lord's supper, Eucharist: Christ's presence in bread and wine was a mystery of God, no celibacy
Peace of Westphalia
series of treaties that concluded the thirty years' war in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe
illegitimacy explosion
sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and breakdown of community controls
Cavaliers
supporters of Charles I in the English civil war
Roundheads
supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War
Mercantilism
system aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation's power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver
Industrious Revolution
the shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods
