Summer Test #1
Emily is 2 years old. In which of Freud's psychosexual stages of development is she most likely immersed? a. anal b. oral c. latency d. phallic
A. Anal
The main ideas that define the evolutionary perspective can be traced most directly to the writings of which of the following people? a. Charles Darwin b. Lev Vygotsky c Carl Rogers d. Urie Bronfenbrenner
A. Charles Darwin
A "discrete period of the lifespan during which predictable changes occur" is referred to as a: a. developmental stage b. transitional phase c. developmental epoch d. critical period
A. Developmental stage
Which of the following statements comes closest to describing the principle central to Darwin's idea of natural selection? a. Individuals within a species vary, and those with the best adapted characteristics survive to reproduce, thereby passing their genes to future generations. b. Nature selects the particular individuals that have the best characteristics and these individuals are allowed to interbreed with each other, thereby creating the strongest offspring. c. People prefer to mate with the most attractive members of the opposite sex, selecting their mates according to natural factors related to physical attractiveness. d. Humans evolved from the apes.
A. Individuals within a species vary, and those with the best adapted characteristics survive to reproduce, thereby passing their genes to future generations.
If Jason states that "human development is the result of genetic instructions that influence development in combination with the many environmental experiences an individual has throughout the lifespan," you should conclude that his answer emphasizes the role of which of the following ideas? a. interaction b. sociocultural c. evolution d. maturation
A. Interaction
Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest" is also referred to as the theory of: a. natural selection b. social learning c. social success d. biological change
A. Natural Selection
Which of the following theorists placed the greatest emphasis on developmental events that occur early in life, especially during the first five years? a. Sigmund Freud b. Erik Erikson c. Jean Piaget d. B. F. Skinner
A. Sigmund Freud
The term used to describe the entire arrangement of all human genes is: a. the human genome b. the chromosome complex c. the natural selection of genetics d. the DNA code
A. The human genome
Erik Erikson proposed that a person who was focused on resolving the conflict between developing trust versus mistrust would likely be about how old? a. birth to age 1 year b. age 6-12 years c. age 3-6 years d. age 12-18 years
A. birth to age 1 year
William recalls a time when he was a child when he nearly drowned in a public swimming pool. It was a very frightening experience. Since that time, the smell of chlorine leaves him with feelings of dread. William's situation can be most easily explained by which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. guided participation c. superego d. social learning theory
A. classical conditioning
Dr. Johnson corrects a student who talks about "genetic racial differences" and suggests that a better term to use when talking about genetic differences among defined groups of people would be: a. ethnicity b. genetic physical differences c. nucleotide disparities among individuals d. shared genes
A. ethnicity
If a researcher wanted to extract the DNA from a cell, she should look for it in the cell's: a. nucleus b. mitochondria c. cytoplasm d. cell membrane
A. nucleus
According to Piaget, a mental category or structure is called a(n): a. scheme b. model c. system d. theory
A. scheme
Margaret argues that understanding human development is most like understanding botany, since in botany you need to learn about various systems, such as respiration, photosynthesis, energy production, and so forth. She states: "It is only by understanding how each system works that it is possible to understand the entire process." Margaret's view is most like that described in which theory of human development? a. the bioecological model b. operant conditioning c. Piaget's theory of cognitive development d. Vygotsky's view of social-cognitive development
A. the bioecological model
Freud viewed this part of the mind as involving a person's impulsive tendencies, particularly the search for pleasure and the avoidance of pain. a. id b. ego c. superego d. pleasure center
A.ID
Which of the following statements about DNA is true? a. The DNA molecule is circular, with the nucleotide bases located in the center of the circle. b. The DNA molecule contains only four different types of bases, regardless of what species is involved. c. The DNA molecule is identical for every known species, and species differences are coded on molecules that lay alongside the DNA. d. The pairing of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine follows a random sequence, with all four base pairs combining with each other an equal percentage of times.
B. The DNA molecule contains only four different types of bases, regardless of what species is involved.
Dr. Walton is interested specifically in how the brain changes during the period of infancy and early childhood. As such, his interest falls most clearly into which of the following domains of human development? a. the sociocultural domain b. the physical domain c. the cognitive domain d. the personality domain
B. The Physical Domain
Current estimates note that the human genome contains about how many genes? a. about 5,000 b. about 25,000 c. about 85,000 d. over a million
B. about 25,000
The process by which organisms change to become more successful in their environment is: a. enculturation b. adaptation c. maturation d. socialization
B. adaptation
Which of the following is NOT contained in a nucleotide? a. a base molecule b. an enzyme c. a phosphate molecule d. a sugar molecule
B. an enzyme
Protecting the body from disease is the primary function of this type of protein: a. collagen b. antibody c. enzyme d. insulin
B. antibody
According to the text, the most significant thing that genes do is: a. determine how the brain will be constructed b. build proteins c. keep the organism alive by regulating physiological processes d. produce sperm and ova so organisms can reproduce
B. build proteins
Jimmy notices that the time is twelve o'clock noon. After looking at his watch, he begins to feel hungry. His hunger response is best thought of as an example of: a. shaping b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. counter conditioning
B. classical conditioning
The text suggests that, from a genetic point of view, the concept of race is: a. very important, since there are many genes in the human genome that determine specific race-related traits (such as hair color and eyelid shape) b. largely meaningless, and a better way of thinking about race differences is to consider them as cultural or ethnic differences c. very important, since in humans there are only a handful of genes that code for "race" in our DNA (each corresponding to a difference racial group) d. of some importance, since genes that code for racial characteristics also code for intelligence
B. largely meaningless, and a better way of thinking about race differences is to consider them as cultural or ethnic differences
What is the correct developmental sequence of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages? a. oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital c. genital, phallic, latency, anal, oral d. oral, latency, phallic, anal, genital
B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
A child attempts to carry out a stunt involving a skateboard and a ramp that he has seen on television. The child's knowledge about how to do this stunt was most likely acquired through which of the following processes? a. accommodation b. social learning c. assimilation d. apprenticeship
B. social learning
If you were to compare the DNA of any two unrelated people, about what percent of their DNA would be identical? a. 25% b. 50% c. 99.9% d. 100%
C. 99.9%
Freud's genital stage begins during: a. infancy b. childhood c. adolescence d. adulthood
C. Adolescene
When developmental researchers consider periods of development arranged according to age, they are taking which type of approach? a. traditional b. scientific c. chronological d. transitional
C. Chronological
The results of scientific investigation are referred to as: a. platforms b. hypotheses c. data d. scientific text
C. Data
This field of study attempts to understand how brain function is related to human development: a. sociology b. behaviorism c. developmental neuroscience d. evolutionary psychology
C. Developmental neuroscience
This researcher proposed that children between the ages of 3 and 6 years might develop feelings of guilt if they are severely criticized or punished for their own actions. a. Sigmund Freud b. Jean Piaget c. Erik Erikson d. Urie Bronfenbrenner
C. Erik Erikson
Which of the following best describes the difference in Freud's and Erikson's views about human development? a. Erikson emphasized the role of unconscious processes; Freud emphasized conscious processes. b. Erikson emphasized the role of conditioning and social learning; Freud emphasized unconscious processes. c. Erikson emphasized the role of conscious processes; Freud emphasized unconscious processes. d. None of the answers are correct because Freud and Erikson emphasized very similar processes as guiding human development.
C. Erikson emphasized the role of conscious processes; Freud emphasized unconscious processes.
During the phallic stage, pleasure is focused on what body part? a. anus b. mouth c. genitals d. hands
C. Genitals
According to Freud, the part of the human mind that is concerned with following the rules of society and that may experience feelings of guilt when one violates social norms is called the: a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido
C. Superego
Sam was going to steal candy from a store but feelings of guilt kept him from doing so. According to Freud, Sam's internalized sense of right and wrong and his feelings of guilt comes from his: a. id b. ego c. superego d. psychic censor
C. Superego
Dr. Ledder conducts research on intelligence and problem-solving skills of fourth-grade children. His research area best fits into which of the following domains of learning? a. the sociocultural domain b. the physical domain c. the cognitive domain d. the personality domain
C. The cognitive domain
"An organized, coherent set of ideas that helps us to understand, to explain, and to make predictions" is known as a: a. scientific law b. domain c. theory d. phenomenon
C. Theory
A gene is best defined as: a. a nucleotide b. a nucleotide base pair c. a specific segment of DNA d. all of the DNA contained on a specific chromosome
C. a specific segment of DNA
Sixteen-year-old Dave was an exchange student in Europe for a year. When he returned, he had altered many of his ways of thinking about people, because his new experiences did not fit his old concepts. What Piagetian process was at work? a. fixation b. assimilation c. accommodation d. maturation
C. accommodation
The period of development referred to as infancy refers to which of the following? a. conception to 12 months b. birth to 12 months c. birth to 24 months d. 12 to 24 months
C. birth to 24 months
Suppose that Peggy once became ill after eating pizza. Now anytime that she smells pizza she starts to feel queasy. Peggy's situation has most likely developed as the result of: a. adaptation b. assimilation c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning
C. classical conditioning
DNA refers to: a. di-nucleic antibody b. duonucleic acid c. deoxyribonucleic acid d. dynonucleic antigen
C. deoxyribonucleic acid
Four-year-old Sasha watches carefully how her older brother unlocks the chest where her mother hides special toys. After her brother locks the chest and leaves, Sasha is able to remember the steps he used and she now unlocks the chest. Sasha's method of learning is best thought of as an example of: a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. social learning d. fixation
C. social learning
The text describes a study by Albert Bandura in which children watched an adult "beat up" a Bobo doll. The conclusions from this theory are best considered as supporting which of the following theoretical perspectives? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social learning d. psychosexual processing
C. social learning
The structure of DNA consists of a long molecule that looks somewhat like a ladder that has been "twisted." The shape of the DNA molecule is referred to as: a. the double rope b. the twisted rope c. the double helix d. the Golgi apparatus
C. the double helix
Erik Erikson believed that human development proceeds through a series of planned, biologically programmed stages. He referred to this idea as: a. maturational selection b. evolution c. the epigenetic principle d. natural selection
C. the epigenetic principle
About how many different proteins have been identified in the human body? a. 200 b. 2,000 c. 20,000 d. 200,000
D. 200,000
Which chromosomal pair determines the sex of an individual? a. 19th b. 20th c. 22nd d. 23rd
D. 23rd
According to Erik Erikson, there are ____ stages of human development. a. 2 b. 3 c. 6 d. 8
D. 8
Suppose you get into an argument about how similar humans and chimpanzees are. One point to consider is that these species share about ___ % of their genes. a. 50 b. 65 c. 85 d. 98
D. 98
Generalizing from the text, you would expect that culture would have the greatest impact on development during which of the following developmental periods? a. infancy b. toddlerhood c. early childhood d. adolescence
D. Adolescence
The research method used most frequently by Sigmund Freud was: a. the experiment b. sequential-cohort study c. cross-sectional study d. case study
D. Case Study
A researcher who is most interested in understanding how children develop reasoning and problem-solving skills would be described as having a focus on the: a. physical domain b. sociocultural domain c. personality domain d. cognitive domain
D. Cognitive Domain
A high school student who sucks his or her thumb when stressed is an example of: a. Piaget's notion of accommodation b. Bandura's notion of social learning c. Darwin's notion of natural selection d. Freud's notion of a fixation
D. Freud's notion of a fixation
Which of the following is a correct matching of theorist and theoretical perspective? a. Vygotsky - Psychodynamic view b. Erikson - Behavioral view c. Bronfenbrenner - Psychodynamic view d. Piaget - Cognitive view
D. Piaget - Cognitive view
Which of the following is NOT a term typically used to describe one of the stages in Freud's psychosexual theory? a. oral b. phallic c. latency d. puberty
D. Puberty
Which of the following terms would be most closely associated with the field of operant conditioning? a. fixation b. assimilation c. systems d. reward
D. Reward
A guiding principle of understanding human development is that it is best studied using the methods of: a. philosophy b. introspection c. culture d. science
D. Science
Dr. Muchmore studies how shy children differ from bold children in their adjustment to kindergarten by investigating how differences in their basic dispositions and temperament shape their later behavior. Her research interest falls most clearly into which of the following domains of human development? a. the sociocultural domain b. the physical domain c. the cognitive domain d. the personality domain
D. The personality domain
Freud's genital stage extends from: a. birth to age 18 months b. age 3 to 6 years c. age 6 years to adolescence d. adolescence through adulthood
D. adolescence through adulthood
A single human gene is composed of about how many base pairs? a. anywhere from one to several dozen b. anywhere from several dozen to 100 c. anywhere from 100 to 1000 d. anywhere from several hundred to several million
D. anywhere from several hundred to several million
According to research presented in the text, the genetic locations that are responsible for determining a person's race: a. are located on chromosome number 18 b. are located on the X chromosome c. are located on many genes, including those in chromosomes 18, 19, and 20 d. are probably unique to each individual, and therefore "race" is not a meaningful concept in a genetic sense
D. are probably unique to each individual, and therefore "race" is not a meaningful concept in a genetic sense
Two-year-old Katherine sees a goat for the first time, and calls it a cow because it has four legs and horns. According to Piaget, Katherine's response is best considered an example of: a. fixation b. re-classification c. accommodation d. assimilation
D. assimilation
Which model emphasizes that human development is a dynamic, interactive process that begins with an individual's genetic endowment and unfolds over time as a result of interactions with various levels of the environment? a. natural selection b. psychosexual model c. guided participation approach d. bioecological model
D. bioecological model
Three-year-old Kayla has been seeing her pediatrician for checkups every six months and fears the shots she receives each time. Now, even though he does not administer the shots, Kayla cries when the pediatrician enters the room because she associates him with receiving shots. Her behavior is a result of: a. habituation b. social learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning
D. classical conditioning
According to Erik Erikson, it is typical for individuals to consider their lives and to judge themselves. If they are satisfied with their lives, they have a sense of integrity. If they are not satisfied with their lives, they may have a sense of despair. At what age are adults most likely to experience this developmental conflict? a. in their 20s b. in their 40s c. in their 50s d. in their 60s or later
D. in their 60s or later
A child who is just beginning first grade most likely would be entering which of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? a. ego identity vs. ego diffusion b. initiative vs. guilt c. intimacy vs. isolation d. industry vs. inferiority
D. industry vs. inferiority
What is the positive outcome of Erikson's stage of "autonomy versus shame and doubt"? a. feelings of trust b. development of a sense of competence c. development of a sense of initiative d. self-sufficiency
D. self-sufficiency
Compared to earlier estimates about the total number of genes in the human genome, it now appears that there are: a. about 10 times more genes than previously thought b. about twice as many genes as previously thought c. about the same number of genes as was predicted by Watson and Crick in 1954 d. somewhat fewer genes than previously thought
D. somewhat fewer genes than previously thought
In building a house, carpenters look for instructions on a blueprint, which includes all of the information needed to construct the house. Comparing a house to a human cell, the part of the cell that contains the "blueprint" would be: a. the Golgi bodies b. the cell membrane c. the mitochondria d. the nucleus
D. the nucleus
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways by which nucleotide bases determine the specific traits contained in the genetic code? a. which side of the ladder the base is on b. the order in which the base pairs are arranged on the ladder c. the total number of base pairs on the ladder d. whether adenine combines with thymine, cytosine, or guanine in the particular DNA strand
D. whether adenine combines with thymine, cytosine, or guanine in the particular DNA strand
A researcher plans to investigate how toddlers interact with each other, starting from the first time they meet. In the planned study, toddlers that do not know one another will be placed in a room with many interesting toys. Parents will be nearby. Researchers will record the toddlers' interaction and examine the videotapes at a later time. This type of research is best described as which of the following? a. experiment b. laboratory observation c. naturalistic observation d. cross-sectional design
b. laboratory
Bob and Tim are 16-year-old twins who are contacted every three years and asked to complete a series of psychological tests. The type of research study they most likely are part of is called: a. cross-sectional study b. longitudinal study c. age cohort study d. sequential-cohort study
b. longitudinal study
A researcher investigating the effect of peer tutoring on reading skills studies two groups of children in remedial reading classes. One group receives peer tutoring three times a week for three months, the other group does not. At the end of the three months, the two groups are tested in reading skills. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? a. peer tutoring versus no tutoring b. reading skills level at the beginning of the experiment c. reading skills level at the end of the experiment d. the number of children in each group
c. reading skills level at the end of the
In Dr. Arnold's developmental psychology class, she chooses to organize the course chronologically. This means that: a. the easiest concepts are presented first, followed by harder concepts b. students are given as much time as they need to master the basic concepts covered in the course c. the course begins with prenatal development, then proceeds to cover each age-related developmental period as it unfolds through the lifespan d. she intends to cover the major topics in development one at a time, for example, brain development, cognitive development, social development, and so forth
c. the course begins with prenatal development, then proceeds to cover each age-related developmental period as it unfolds through the lifespan
A researcher investigating the effect of peer tutoring on reading skills studies two groups of children in remedial reading classes. One group receives peer tutoring three times a week for three months, the other group does not. At the end of the three months, the two groups are tested in reading skills. What is the independent variable in this experiment? a. peer tutoring versus no tutoring b. reading skills level at the beginning of the experiment c. reading skills level at the end of the experiment d. reading skills test itself
a. peer tutoring versus no tutoring
Freud viewed this part of the mind as the mediator, resolving conflicts between one's impulses and one's ideas about right and wrong. a. id b. ego c. superego d. mediating region
B. Ego
Although no one has ever taught Kenna how to behave in church, when she goes there she seems to understand that it is a place to be quiet, to sit calmly, and to do what other people do. Kenna's church behavior is best thought of as developing through: a. maturation b. enculturation c. socialization d. individualist cultural immersion
B. Enculturation
Whenever Judy gets nervous, she starts biting her nails. A Freudian psychologist would most likely view Judy's nail biting as an example of: a. superego stress b. fixation c. psychosexual development d. psychodynamic anxiety
B. Fixation
According to Freud, children at this stage of development repress sexual interests and instead focus on developing cognitive and interpersonal skills: a. genital b. latency c. phallic d. anal
B. Latency
In order to explain how human ancestors moved from living in trees to walking upright, Mary talks about "the survival of the fittest." Another term of this same idea is: a. generational drift b. natural selection c. neuroscience d. the origin of species
B. Natural selection
Which of the following theorists placed the greatest emphasis on unconscious experience as an important influence in development? a. Sigmund Freud b. Erik Erikson c. Jean Piaget d. Lev Vygotsky
a. Sigmund Freud
A researcher conducts extensive, in-depth interviews with a small group of highly gifted children with genius IQs. What type of study is he conducting? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. experiment d. laboratory observation
a. case study
A researcher conducts in-depth interviews and observations of an individual survivor of the war in Afghanistan. What data collection method has she used? a. case study b. correlation c. survey d. naturalistic observation
a. case study
Which research design tests groups of subjects of different ages, all at the same time? a. cross-sectional design b. longitudinal design c. sequential design d. age cohort design
a. cross-sectional
Human development is studied from a scientific perspective, meaning that its methods of study are: a. objective b. important c. based on cases of individuals d. based on random samples of individuals
a. objective
Dr. Martinez is interested in how thinking changes in adolescence and early adulthood. She identifies two hundred 18-year-olds and has them respond to a written set of questions. She then waits four years, contacts them all again, and has them respond to a similar set of questions. Finally, she waits another four years, contacts the people again (who are now 26 years old), and asks them one last time to respond to her questions. The study Dr. Martinez has conducted is best considered an example of: a. a longitudinal study b. a cross-sectional study c. a sequential-cohort study d. an age-cohort experiment
a. a longitudinal study
Which of the following statements best describes the role of a dependent variable? a. It is the variable that the researchers manipulate. b. It is the variable that the researchers measure. c. It is the variable also known as the treatment. d. It is a type of variable used in laboratory research, but not applied research.
b. It is the variable that the researchers measure.
A researcher interested in studying how friendship changes with age asks students in first-, third-, fifth-, seventh-, ninth-, and eleventh-grades to complete a questionnaire. What type of research design is this researcher using? a. sequential-cohort b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. age cohort
c. cross-sectional
Dr. Albert is interested in how thinking changes in adolescence and early adulthood. She indentifies a group of people who are 18 years old, a second group who are 22 years old, and a third group who are 26 years old. She asks participants in all three groups to answer some questions testing their moral reasoning skills. Her research study is best considered an example of: a. a longitudinal study b. a cross-sectional study c. a sequential-cohort study d. an age-cohort experiment
b. a cross-sectional
A researcher studies a group of 1-year-olds, 4-year-olds, and 7-year-olds for one day, and compares the different age groups in terms of their independence. What research design is the researcher using? a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. sequential-cohort d. age cohort
b. cross-sectional
In an experiment testing the effects of a drug on behavior, whether or not a subject receives a drug represents the: a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. control variable d. random variable
b. independent variable
In an experiment, the variable that the researcher manipulates is called the: a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. controlled variable d. uncontrolled variables
b. independent variable
Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development focus on: a. pleasurable erogenous zones b. a hierarchy of needs c. predictable conflicts throughout the lifespan d. the interactions of the id, ego, and superego
c. predictable conflicts throughout the lifespan
Which of the following methods of assigning participants to groups in an experiment is the best example of random sampling? a. putting the girls in one group and the boys in another b. making sure that children are able to select the group to which they want to belong c. putting all children's names in a hat and drawing names to form the groups, even if this results in having unequal numbers of boys and girls in the groups d. having the teacher assign children to groups in order to best separate friends from each other
c. putting all children's names in a hat and drawing names to form the groups, even if this results in having unequal numbers of boys and girls in the groups
Which of the following statements best captures the sense of the term interaction, as it is used in the context of a course focusing on human lifespan development? a. Genes determine most of the important physical characteristics about an individual. b. The environment determines to a large degree how children are treated by their parents and genetic forces are seldom involved. c. Genetic and environmental forces both contribute to how development unfolds and their influences are intertwined. d. Genetic and environmental forces are both important forces that affect human development.
c. Genetic and environmental forces both contribute to how development unfolds and their influences are intertwined.
The fact that people do not always remember their own behavior correctly poses the most significant problem for which of the following research methods? a. an experiment b. a psychological test c. a survey d. a correlational study
c. a survey
Which of the following theorists viewed development as proceeding continuously, without dramatic shifts from one stage of development into another dissimilar stage? a. Jean Piaget b. Sigmund Freud c. Erik Erikson d. Lev Vygotsky
d. Lev Vygotsky
A "baby biography" is best considered to be an example of which of the following research methods? a. experiment b. cross-sectional study c. survey d. case study
d. case study
