Supervision 11

Maslow's Hierarchy

1. Self-Actualization 2. Esteem Needs 3. Social Needs 4. Security Needs 5. Physiological Needs

Motivation

Giving people incentives that cause them to act in desired ways

According to Maslow's theory, which of the following needs can be met by acceptance and praise?

Esteem Needs

According to McClelland's achievement-power-affiliation theory, a person with a strong need for affiliation is highly ambitious and more motivated by success than money.

False

In private (nongovernment) organizations, supervisors are unaware of their subordinates' earnings.

False

Pygmalion Effect

The direct relationship between expectations and performance; high expectations lead to high performance

Behavior Modification

The use of reinforcement theory to motivate people to behave a certain way

Commissions refer to payment linked to the amount of sales completed.

True

Praise is an important kind of feedback that supervisors can use to motivate their employees.

True

The formula, Performance = Motivation + Ability, represents the effects of motivation on performance.

True

Job enrichment

the incorporation of motivating factors into a job - in particular, giving employee more responsibility and recognition

B.F. Skinner

theory that maintains that people's behavior is influenced largely by the consequences of their past behaviors.

Cross-training

training in the skills required to perform more than one job

People such as independent contractors, seamsters, farm workers, and so on are often paid by:

piecework

In order to implement behavior modification programs in organizational settings, a supervisor should consider:

providing rewards and punishments that are substantial.

Extrinsic Reward

recognition or compensation that is extraneous to the task accomplished

Frederick Herzberg

research leg to the conclusion that employees satisfaction and dissatisfaction stem from different sources. Two theories: hygiene and motivating factors

Vroom's Expectancy-Theory says that the strength of motivation equals the perceived value of the outcome times that perceived probability that the behavior will result in the outcome.

1. Valence - the value a person places on the outcome of a particular behavior. 2. Expectancy - the perceived likelihood that the behavior will lead to the outcome. 3. Instrumentality - the perceived probability that the promised reward will actually be received.

Reinforcement

A desired consequence or the ending of a negative consequence, either of which is given in response to a desirable behavior

Group incentive plan

A financial incentive plan that rewards a team of workers for meeting or exceeding an objective

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

A manager giving an 'Employee of the month' award with a certificate and gift vouchers

Flextime

A policy that grants employees some leeway in choosing which 8 hours a day or which 40 hours a week to work

Theory X

A set of management attitudes based on the view that people dislike work and must be coerced to perform

Theory Y

A set of management attitudes based on the view that work is a natural activity and that people will work hard and creatively to achieve objectives to which they are committed

Theory Z

A set of management attitudes that emphasizes employee participation in all aspects of decision making

Job Sharing

An arrangement in which two part-tie employees share the duties of one full-time job

Punishment

An unpleasant consequence given in response to undesirable behavior

_____ involves having the duties of a single position split between two employees.

Job Sharing

Randall's position at work has been revised. It now involves onsite opportunities and advanced training that would help him learn more and specialize further in what he does. This is an example of which of the following?

Job enrichment

Which of the following is true about Maslow's theory?

Maslow argues that needs are organized into a hierarchy and the most basic needs are at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Giving people incentives that cause them to act in desired ways is known as:

Motivation

Job Rotation

Moving employees from job to job to give them variety

Commisions

Payment linked to the amount of sales completed

Intrinsic reward

Personal satisfaction that comes directly from performing a task

A pay plan that pays people according to how much they produce is called a(n):

Piece work system

gainsharing

a group incentive plan in which the organization encourages employees to participate in making suggestions and decisions, then rewards the group with a share of improved earnings

Profit-sharing plan

a group incentive plan under which the company sets aside a share of its profits and divides it among employees

Job enlargement

an effort to make a job more interesting by adding more duties to it

Abraham Maslow

assumed that people are motivated by unmet needs. 1. Physiological needs are required for survival: food, water, sex, and shelter. 2. Security needs keep you free from harm. In modern society, these might include insurance, medical checkups, and a home in a safe neighborhood. 3. Social needs include the desire for love, friendship, and companionship. people seek to satisfy these needs through the time they spend with family, friends, and co-workers. 4. Esteem needs are the needs for self-esteem and the respect of others. Acceptance and praise are two ways these needs are met 5. Self-actualization needs describe the desire to live up to your full potential. People on the path of meeting these needs will not only be doing their best at work and at home but also be developing mentally, spirtually, and physically.

Motivating Factors

include opportunities offered by the job

Hygiene Factors

include salary and relationships with others

David McClelland

developed a theory of motivation based on the assumption that through their life experiences, people develop various needs. 1. The need of achievement - the desire to do something better than it has been done before 2. The need for power - the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people 3. The need for affiliation - the desire to maintain close and friendly personal relationships

A policy that grants employees some leeway in choosing which 8 hours a day or which 40 hours a week to work is called:

flextime

A Theory Y manager:

focuses on developing the potential of employees.

A financial incentive plan that rewards a team of workers for meeting or exceeding an objective is called a:

group incentive plan

Courtney is the sales manager of a company manufacturing office equipment. She believes that it is possible to increase sales by using reinforcement theory. If Courtney wants to use positive reinforcement to increase sales, she should:

increase sales commission

_____ in Vroom's expectancy-valence theory refers to the perceived probability that a promised reward will actually be received.

instrumentality

Financial System

payment according to the quantity produced

Whatever rewards the supervisor uses, they should be linked to the employee's:

performance