TAMUG Moulton BIOL 112 Module 3 Final Review
True or False. Cnidarians form true epithelial tissue.
True
True or False. Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by an organism, and thus must be ingested via its diet.
True
True or False. Most land mammals possess the same tooth types but in different proportions based on diet.
True
Select all that apply. Traits used to group animals in a simple phylogenetic tree include: A. presence of collagen B. body symmetry C. photosynthetic capabilities D. complex organs
A, B, and D
Name one defining trait shared by all animals.
- multicellular, digestive heterotrophs - sexually reproducing - motile - no cell walls (collagen) - gene regulation (Hox genes)
Early scientists used morphological characteristics to create a phylogeny of animals, but recently, Dna sequence data have helped in the revision of phylogenies of taxa within the larger groups (i.e., bilaterians, sponges, cnidarians). Why are morphological characteristics like "fate of the blastopore" or "body symmetry" relatively good at predicting larger-scale branching patterns on phylogenies? A. the development of these characteristics is controlled genetically, therefore similarities in DNA sequence would be expected in more closely related taxa B. characteristics like those described are necessary for living, therefore all organisms must have those traits C. all animals are descended from a common ancestor that had the traits described above D. these features reflect adaptations to life on land
A
One of the earliest-evolving groups of organisms was the placozoans. Placozoans have some similar characteristcs to fungi. Which of the following is not a characteristic that is shared by fungi and placazoans? A. upper and lower epithelial layers B. high surface area to volume ratio C. gas exchange via diffusion D. extracellular digestion
A
The first reefs on earth were built by: A. bacteria B. calcified sponges C. proteinaceous sponges D. algae E. corals
A
If continuing analyses confirm that ctenophores are the sister group to sponges plus eumetazoans, which of the following conclusions would be supported? Select all that apply. A. nervous systems evolved convergently in ctenophores and eumetazoans B. flow-through guts evolved convergently in eumetazoans C. nematocysts evolved convergently in ctenophores and eumetazoans D. sexual reproduction evolved convergently in ctenophores and eumetazoans
A and B
Which of the following is not a characterisitc exclusively found in animals? Select all that apply. A. multicellularity B. chitin C. collagen D. gastrula
A and B
Which of the following is not a characterisitc exlusively found in animals? Select all that apply. A. multicellularity B. chitin C. collagen D. gastrula
A and B
Insects are likely so seccessful because of which adaptation that allow them to live in a wide range og habitats? Select all that apply. A. desiccation-resistant eggs B. wings C. metamorphosis D. diverse feeding appendages E. unique respiratory system of spiracles and tracheae
A, B, C, and D
Bilaterians develop specialized organs because they have: A. radial symmetry B. bilateral symmetry C. two germ layers D. three germ layers
D
Which of the following relationships between groups is correct? Select all that apply. A. Gastropods are a group of mollusks B. myriapods are a group of insects C. Chelicerates are a group of arthropods D. sea urchins are a group of echinoderms E. Hemichordates are a group of chordates
A, C, and D
In the past, species of sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores were referred to as "lower" or "primitive" animals because of their relatively simple body plans and lack of any sophisticated organ differentiation. Which of the following suggest that the terms "lower" or "primitive" are not useful as descriptors for these organisms? A. many members of these groups are active predators and feed on other organisms B. these groups have been around for millions of years, therefore their evolutionary path has been successful in spite of limited complexity C. these group are not primary producers, therefore should not be classified as "lower" because they occur higher on the trophic pyramid D. these groups harbor a lot of generic variation, "lower" groups would have less evolved genomes
B
Mass extinctions have occurred five times in Earth's history. The end of Permian and Cretaceous extinctions were responsible for removing a large percentage of organisms from the planet. How do these extinctions contribue to the biodiversity we see today? A. Species that have gone extinct are able to re-evolve from the ancestors that survived the extinction. B. Species that remain after the extinction are able to radiate, new adaptations arise, and these produce the diversity seen today. C. Species that remain after the extinction are unable to speciate, therefore the number of species on Earth today is lower than just before either extinction. D. Species that remain after the extinction represent all of the lineages that were present before the extinction event, therefore diversity of lineages is not changed by extinction.
B
Sponges move huge volumes of water through their bodies every day. Although this serves the function of filter feeding for the organism, how might this also provide and "ecosystem" service (something that affects and/or benefits other organisms in their environment)? A. they can filter small poisonous fish out of the water that may harm other organisms B. they create small currents in their microenvironment that help to circulate and clean water locally for other organisms C. they produce large numbers of gametes that will become food for other sponges D. their body chambers serve as places where smaller organisms can live and be protected from certain predators
B
To which phylum and class does a frog belong? A. mollusca, amphibia B. chordata, amphibia C. chordata, chondrichthyes D. mollusca, gastropoda E. chordta, reptilia
B
Unlike Cnidarians, a comb-jelly's anterior-posterior axis allows for: A. directed gas exchange B. more efficient nutrient digeston C. differentiated muscle cells D. tentacles
B
What happened during the Cambrian Explosion? A. the first animal species survived on land B. the diversity of animal species increased rapidly C. the first truly living organism evolved from a protobiont D. level of oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere rose dramatically E. there was a mass extinction due to a huge meteorite striking the Earth
B
What phylum and class does a lobster belong to? A. arthopoda, crustacea B. arthropoda, malacostraca C. arthropoda, isopoda D. annelida, crustacea E. mollusca, malacostraca
B
Where would you expect plants to encounter highest salinity stress in the salt marsh environment? A. Lower intertidal zone, where soil is nearly constantly inundated with brackish water. B. Upper intertidal zone, where soil is only periodically inundated with brackish water.
B
Which of the following correctly defines an oligotrophic aquatic environment? A. nutrient-rich B. nutrient-poor C. high salinity D. low salinity E. many predators
B
Following fertilization, what is the correct order of structures in the early development of animals? A. zygote, blastula, 8-cell stage, gastrula B. 8-cell stage, blastula, gastrula, zygote C. zygote, 8-cell stage, brastula, gastrula D. gastrula, blastula, 8-cell stage, zygote
C
Multicellularity allows sponges to: A. reproduce B. access nutrients C. form a protective skin D. non of the other answer options is correct
C
One characteristic found only in chardates is the presence of pharyngeal slits. Early in chordate history what was the function of this structure? A. respiratory surface (gills) B. jaw support C. feeding D. part of the jaw
C
What is one of the primary reasons given for why there are very few fossils from the earliest (pre-Ediacaran fauna) animals? A. The area covered by land, where early animals lived, was small, therefore there were fewer opportunities for sedimentary rocks to form fossils. B. The area covered with water was much smaller than present day, thereofre there were fewer places for fossilization to occur on the ocean floor. C. The earliest animals were small and soft-bodied and did not have body parts that could be fossilized easily. D. The easliest animals were distributed in high oxygen environments and decomposition occurred too rapidly for fossilization to occur.
C
Which of the following is a stomach enzyme with a role in breaking down protein? A. amylase B. gastrin C. pepsin D. lipase E. hydrochloric acid
C
Which one of the following is a characteristic of nearly all animals but is nearly absent from other groups? A. multicellularity B. sexual reproduction C. symmetry D. heterotrophy E. eukaryotic
C
Which of the following correctly describes the main impact of invasive foxes on Aleutian Islands plants? A. Direct Positive: plants benefit directly from fox behavior B. Direct negative: plants are directly harmed by fox behavior C. indirect positive: plants benefit indirectly from fox behavior D. indirect negative: plants are indirectly harmed by fox behavior
D
Which of the following correctly describes the term coelom? A. a head structure, where sensory organs are concentrated B. an organ involved in locomotion C. a developmental stage D. a fluid-filld body cavity
D
Which of the following reaction is an example of catabolism? A. the synthesis of a phospholipid from glycerol and fatty acids B. the assembly of replicated DNA from free nucleotides C. the formation of cellulose from individual glucose subunits D. the digestion of protein into amino acid subunits E. the phosphorylation of ATP from ADP
D
Which of the following statements accurately describes mangrove's adaptive strategy that allows reproduction in a habitat that is inhospitable to seedlings? A. rhizomatous growth B. facultative mutualism with sponges C. secretion of salt at leaf surfaces D. viviparity E. dispersal via seed-eating birds
D
Many scientists argue that arthropods are the most successful animals on the planet. On what evidence could this be based? A. they were the first animal to evolve B. they are the only animals with hemolymph C. they have the largest bodies of any animal D. they have segmented bodies E. they have the greatest number of species of any animal
E
Which of the following accurately describes the role of Hox genes in animals? A. highly conserved genes across most animal species B. expression of these genes leads to different body shapes but same body plan C. erros in hox genes can lead to a leg projecting from the top of the head D. nearly all animals share unique family of hox genes, suggesting a common ancestor of animals E. all of the above
E
Which of the following traits does NOT describe members of Arthropoda? A. jointed chitonous exoskeleton (often calcified) B. molts to grow, and morphology can change radically with molt C. segmented, highly differentiated body regions D. well-developed sensory system E. conspicuous calcium carbonate shell secreted by fleshy mantle
E
Within insects, the main evolutionary dividing line is between those that A. fly and those that do not fly B. have lost wings that were present in their common ancestor and those that still fly C. shed their wings as they molt and those that do not D. undergo metamorphosis and thos that don't E. have eggshells and those that don't
E
True or False. Active swimming is the most common method of food capture among animals.
False
True or False. All animals have a coelom.
False
True or False. Echinoderms, which are classified as bilaterians, demonstrate bilateral symmetry as both larvae and as adults.
False
True or False. Homo sapiens evolved from chimpanzees.
False
True or False. In most animals, digestion occurs within cells.
False
True or False. Many members of phylum Mollusca have a conspicuous external shell made of chiton.
False
True or False. Metabolic rate increases both lineraly and proportionally with animal body mass.
False
True or False. Some biologists suggest that human activities may result in the loss of reef ecosystems. This would be unprecedented, as reef ecosystems have an unbroken history streching over hundred of millions of years.
False
True or False. The heaviest land animals that has ever existed (a terrestrial, herbivourous dinosaur) was probably heavier than the heaviest extant animal (blue whale).
False
True or False. There are more phyla and classes described in the terrestrial environment than in the marine environment, and most of them are invertebrates.
False
True or False. Ectotherms maintain a core temperature that is higher than the environmental temperature by generating heat via metabolic reactions.
False
Place these groups in order from the largest (containing the most species) to the smallest (containing the fewest species). amniote animal chordate mammal tetrapod
animal chordate tetrapod amniote mammal