TEAS 7 ENGLISH 3

types of dependent clauses

adjective, adverb, noun Adjective has essential and nonessential

compound-complex sentence

at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses

Has vs Have

has- singular have- plural

simple sentence structure

one independent clause and no dependent clause Can have compound elements like a compound subject or verb

Which word in the following sentence is a gerund? (Select all that apply) Kayante was typing at a much faster rate than his classmates, which meant he would likely finish his essay long before everyone else. Typing Meant Would finish There is no gerund

Remember, a gerund will always end with -ing, so the only answer choice that could be a gerund is choice A. However, since the verb typing is functioning as a verb, it is not a gerund.

What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence? Sean needs to work through the summer so he can save up some money. Noun Adjective Adverb There is no infinitive

The infinitive in this sentence is to work, which is functioning as a noun. Specifically, the infinitive has taken the role of the direct object, taking the action of the verb needs.

Noun clauses

A dependent clause that can be used as a subject, object, or a complement. Noun clauses begin with the word such as how, that, what, whether, which, who, and why. (these words can also come with adjective clauses)

adverb clause

A dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. Adverb clauses are usually placed immediately before or after the independent clause. An adverb clause is introduced with words such as after, although, as, before, because, if, sense, so, unless, when, where, and while

He continued forward, cautioned by the desolate streets Cautioned is what

Cautioned is the past participle in the sentence functioning as the beginning of an adverbial phrase describing the word continued.

Which of the following is always singular? Each, both, several, many

Each. Pronouns such as each, either, everybody, anybody, somebody, and nobody are always singular

What part of speech is the participle in the following sentence? The entire afternoon was spent shopping at the mall. Adjective Noun Adverb There is no participle

In this case, the participle is shopping, which is functioning as an adverb modifying the verb was spent.

What is the antecedent Lucy did her homework.

Lucy is the antecedent An antecedent is a noun that has been replaced by a pronoun

The real mystery is how you avoided serious injury. What type of dependent clause is the underlined

Noun clause

Single agreement

When a pronoun and its antecedent agree when they have the same number, singular, and gender

Infinitives

to + verb A type of verbal phrase that can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Noun: Josh wants to study as soon as he gets home from school. Adjective: Today, she wants to show Josh a new game to play. Adverb: Josh played the new game with his sister instead of studying, to make her happy.

Sentence fragment

A sentence that doesn't contain a independent clause

prepisitional phrase

A group of words beginning with preposition and ending with noun or pronoun. It can act as an adjective or adverb. Ex: I want a room *with a view*. His house is *on the lake*. Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition. Ex: The picnic is on the blanket. On the blanket is the prepositional phrase I am sick with a fever today. With a fever is the propositional phrase

Dependent or subordinate clause

A group of words that has a subject and a predicate, but they cannot stand alone It depends on some more information that is not expressed

appositive phrase

A noun that renames or clarifies another noun It is a word or phrase that is used to explain or rename nouns or pronouns. Noun phrases, Gerund phrases, and infinitive phrases can all be used as appositives. They can be essential or nonessential

Complements

A noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the subject or verb Ex; algebra is difficult. (algebra is the subject and difficult is the subject complement) Direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominative, predicate adjectives

Gerund

A verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun A type of verbal phrase Like present participles, they end in -ing, but can be distinguish from one another by the part of speech they represent. Participles always function as adjectives. Gerunds functions as a noun, and it can be used as the subject of a sentence a verb but functions as a noun, always ending in -ing. Being used as a noun, a gerund can function as a subject, a subject complement, a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition. It's important to note that though gerunds may look a lot like present participles, they are not the same thing. Gerunds are specifically placed in the noun position of a sentence whereas present participles are placed with the verb phrase, usually as modifiers. Gerund Examples Here is an example of a gerund in the subject position: Brushing your hair prevents it from tangling. In this sentence, the word brushing is the gerund functioning as the subject of the sentence. If a gerund were to be the complement of a subject in a sentence, it would look like this: Her number one priority is working. Working is functioning as a complement to the subject, priority. Gerunds can also function as the object of a sentence. Here's an example where the gerund is the object of a preposition: "There is no use in standing in line for three hours," grandma said. In this sentence, standing follows the preposition in, making it the object of the preposition.

Verbal phrase

A word or phrase that is formed from a verb but does not function as a verb. A verbal phrase does not replace a verb in the sentence Ex: Walk a mile daily. There are 3 types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives

Which of the following is not a word used by nouns to make a compound subject Or, nor, and, also

Also is not used A compound subject is formed when two are more nouns joined by and, or, or nor

What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence? After the argument, both James and Kadin apologized to each other. Noun Adjective Adverb There is no infinitive

Although the word to is used in the sentence, it is not followed by a verb, so there is no infinitive. In this case, the word to is being used as a preposition.

Ashley went to the gym where she takes karate lessons. What type of dependent clause is underlined

An adjective clause

I will go with you unless you want to stay. What type of dependent clause is the underlined

An adverb clause

When you walked outside, I called the manager. What type a dependent clause is the underlined

An adverb clause

Which sentence is written correctly? a. The student, who was caught cheating, was given detention. b. The student who was caught cheating was given detention. c. The student who was caught cheating, was given detention. d. The student; who was caught cheating; was given detention.

B A relative clause that modifies a subject is only set off by commas if it is considered non-essential. Because the term student is not specific without further clarification, the relative clause who was caught cheating is essential to the meaning of the sentence, so it should not be separated out by commas. Semicolons are not used for this purpose.

Is this sentence correct The drive to New York takes 10 hours, it makes me very tired.

Both clauses have the same subject, remove the subject from the second clause so you just have one clause with a compound verb. The drive to New York takes 10 hours and makes me very tired.

Both of the siblings were/was too tired to argue Which

Both of the siblings were too tired to argue Both, several, and many are always plural

Which of the following is an imperative statement A. John knows the way to the park. B. There are five letters on the table for him. C. Go to the post office for me. D. The cookies need 10 more minutes.

C Imperative statements or requests or commands ABD Are declarative sentences which state facts

What sentence structure After she took the time to clean her room, Sara could finally play with her new dollhouse

Complex The third type of sentence is a complex sentence, which consists of one independent clause with the addition of one or more dependent clauses. The first part of the sentence, "After she took the time to clean her room," is a dependent clause—more information is needed for it to serve as its own independent sentence. The second part of the sentence, "Sara could finally play with her new dollhouse," is an independent clause

What sentence structure is this With all the heavy traffic, Josh was able to get home in time for dinner, but Ariana was stuck on the busy freeway.

Compound The first independent clause is "Josh was able to get home in time for dinner" and the second is "Ariana was stuck on the busy freeway". The two clauses are joined by the conjunction but. The beginning of the sentence, "With all the heavy traffic," is a prepositional phrase and does not have any bearing on this type of sentence.

What sentence structure is this Max drove to the store, and Ben picked up the grills.

Compound. There are 2 independent clauses Note that there are two independent clauses here that could stand alone as sentences. You could just as easily write "Max drove to the store. Ben picked up the grills." But we've joined these two independent clauses together by using the conjunction and.

Each of the runners has/have a water. Which one

Each of the runners has a water Has Bc it has singular subjects. Each, either, everybody, anybody, somebody, and nobody is always considered singular

We like practicing our songs in the basement What phrase is underlined

Gerund phrase

Joan would have been reading all morning if her grandkids hadn't said they were coming over. What is underlined

Helping verb: would have been Participle: reading Past particpal

I spent the whole day studying math. Studying is what

In this sentence, studying is a present participle that is working as the beginning of an adverbial phrase in the sentence. The phrase studying math is modifying the verb spent. How did I spend the whole day? Studying math. Both of those examples were present participles, meaning the words ended in -ing to denote something happening in the current time

Which of the following sentences includes a gerund? Kayla and Jack ran several errands after school yesterday. Walking a little every morning can boost your productivity during the day. I noticed she was waiting for the bus to arrive. Can everyone please stop shouting and running around?

In this sentence, the word walking is a verb that functions as a noun, which means it is a gerund. Remember, a gerund always ends with -ing. The words waiting (answer choice C), shouting, and running (both answer choice D) are simply verbs that are functioning as verbs.

People lift weights to exercise their muscles. What phrase is underlined

Infinitive phrase to + verb

Is/are either of you ready for the game? Which

Is

The bag nor the cup is/are on the desk. Which one

Is Compound subjects joined by or or nor, the verb must agree with the part of the subject it is closest to the verb

Absolute phrases

It is a phrase that consists of a noun followed by a participle. An absolute phrase provides context to what is being described in the sentence, but does not modify or explain any particular word, it is independent

What is the predicate in this sentence John and Jane sing on Tuesday nights at the Dancehall

John and Jane are the subjects Sing on Tuesday nights at the Dancehall is the predicate

My father is a lawyer. What is the predicate nominative

Lawyer

Which of the following is the indirect object of the sentence " I gave my mother yellow roses "

Mother An indirect object is a word or group of words that show how an action had an influence on someone or something. It can be easy to mistake that mother is the direct object and that yellow roses is the indirect object. However the speaker isn't giving his mother, he's giving roses to his mother. To find the indirect object, identify the verb and ask to who or for what

What you learn from each other depends on your honesty with others. What type of dependent clause is the underlined

Noun clause

Adjective clauses examples

Ones with commas are nonessential

Predicates

Part of the sentence that tells us what the subject is or does and always contains a verb Ex: He sings He is the subject and the predicate is sings.

Praised for work, the group excepted the first place trophy. What phrase is the underlined

Participle phrase

Amount the many flowers, John found a 4 leaves clover. What type of phrase is the underlined

Prepositional phrase

The old car survived the drive across the country, despite the weather conditions. What sentence structure is this

Simple There is only one independent clause, with a subject (the old car) and a predicate (survived the drive across the country, despite the weather conditions).

Complete vs simple subject

The complete subject includes the simple subjext and all of its modifers To answer the complete subject, ask who or what and insert the verb to complete the question. To include any of the modifiers (adjectives, prepositional phrases) is tje complete subject To find a simple subject, remove all of the modifiers in the complete subject.

The sun gave my skin a sunburn What is the direct object and what is the indirect object

The direct object can't be my "skin", because the sun isn't giving my skin. The sun is giving a sunburn, so "sunburn" is the direct object. This indirect object here is "skin", so I'm going to write "I.O." The sun is giving a sunburn. You can ask the first question: What is the sun giving? The sun is giving a sunburn. That's the direct object.

The man gave his wife a necklace What is the direct and what is the indirect object

The direct object here is "necklace", because that's what's being given. "Man" is the subject. "Gave" is the verb. The man gave what? The man gave a necklace. That's the direct object. What about his wife? The man didn't give his wife, so "wife" can't be the direct object. Instead, "wife" is the indirect object. Why? Because the wife is receiving the necklace from her husband.

Imperative

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request. The imperative mood is used to demand or require that an action be performed. In imperative sentences, the verb subject is understood (you) run to the store. But it is not actually present in the sentence. Therefore there are two types of imperative sentences. Direct and implied Direct: The subject is defined Ex: by 5 o'clock Bill will need to leave. Indirect: Go to the post office. It is implied that you are the subject

What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence? I will be practicing for two hours every day to ensure I play my recital piece well. Noun Adjective Adverb There is no infinitive

The infinitive in this sentence, to ensure, is functioning as an adverb modifying the verb practicing.

What part of speech is the infinitive functioning as in the following sentence? She told us that George Orwell's 1984 is her favorite book to read during her free time. Noun Adjective Adverb There is no infinitive

The infinitive in this sentence, to read, is functioning as an adjective describing the noun book.

Which word in the following sentence is a gerund? (Select all that apply) Standing in this line at the donut shop is ruining my chances of getting to work on time. Ruining Standing Getting There is no gerund

The word standing is functioning as the subject of the sentence, while getting is functioning as the object of the preposition of. The word ruining is simply the verb in this case.

Pronoun such as each, either, everybody, anybody, somebody, and nobody are singular or plural

They are considered singular so the verb has to be singular so use is or has Ex:

Is this sentence correct I went on the trip, we visited lots of castles.

This is a run on sentence because it joins clauses inproperly. Corrected: I went on the trip, and we visited lots of castles.

Fix this sentence I finally made it to the store and I bought some eggs.

This is a run on sentence. The easiest way to correct this is making one of the clauses dependent When I finally made it to the store, I bought some eggs.

What part of speech is the participle in the following sentence? Ivan was talking very loudly to his friends during class yesterday. Adjective Adverb Verb There is no participle

Verb Talking

Parallelism

When multiple items are presented in a sentence and series, such as a list, the items or ideas must be stated in grammatically equivalent ways. If one idea is stated in gerund form, the second cannot be stated in infinitive form. For example to write I enjoy reading and to study would be incorrect. Instead you should write I enjoy reading and studying.

Subordination

When two related ideas are not as equal importance, the ideal way to come bind them is to make them more important idea an independent clause in the less important idea a dependent or subordinate clause Ex:

Is this sentence correct The drive to New York takes 10 hours. My uncle lives in Boston.

Yes it's correct. If you were to combine them: The drive to New York takes 10 hours, my uncle lives in Boston. This would be a run on sentence

Is or are is plural

You use are for plural

Adjective clause

a subordinate (dependent) clause that modifies a noun or pronoun Adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun (whose, Who, whom, which, and that) or a relative adverb (where, when, why) Adjective clauses come after the noun that The clause needs to explain or rename Ex: I learned the reason why I won the award. I learned the reason is the independent clause. Why I won the award is the adjective clause. An adjective clause can be in essential or nonessential clause. Essential closes are more important and explain or define a person or thing. Nonessential clauses give more information about the person or thing but is not necessary. Nonessential clauses are set off with commas while essential aren't.

Which sentence is punctuated correctly? a. We were uncertain about the terrain ahead; and had lost the map. b. These were the items on the shopping list: eggs, milk, bread, peanut butter, and jelly. c. Is there any way that we can meet later. d. Mary had an appointment at 3 p.m., George had one at 4 p.m.

b The colon in this sentence correctly introduces a list of items. Colons should be used to introduce a list or an example that directly relates to the sentence. In choice A, the semicolon should be a comma. Semicolons may be used to connect two independent clauses when a coordinating conjunction is unnecessary. Choice A works best with a comma and a conjunction. In choice C, there should be a question mark instead of a period because the sentence is clearly a question, also known as an interrogative sentence. In choice D, the comma should be changed to a semicolon because both clauses are independent and there is no other conjunction. Commas cannot connect two independent clauses on their own.

Which of the following sentences uses correct punctuation? a. The forest was dark and green, it also smelled like pine. b. I walked through the carnival quickly, and cautiously. c. Jase was older than Mark, but he was not older than Joe. d. The horse knows how the path follows the river; and can guide you to the camp.

c Choice C correctly uses a comma and conjunction to separate two independent clauses. The coordinating conjunction but is an appropriate conjunction, as it shows that the two clauses have contrasting ideas. Choice A does not use an appropriate method of connecting the two independent clauses. A semicolon or the conjunction and would be good methods of connecting the ideas. In choice B, the comma should be removed to show that quickly and cautiously act together as parts of the adverb phrase since they both modify the word walked. Choice D uses a semicolon incorrectly where the conjunction and is sufficient on its own, since it is combining two parts of a compound predicate that shares the same subject, the horse.

complex sentence structure

contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

Compound sentence structure

contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. Usually the independent clauses are joined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon

What are the four types of sentences

declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory Declarative: States and fact and ends with a period. The football games starts at 5. Imperative: tell someone to do something. Don't forget to buy your ticket. Interrogative: asks and question and ends with a question mark. "Are you going to the game?" Exclamatory: shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point. We won the game!

Indirect objects

include nouns and pronouns that indirectly receive the action of the predicate... answers 'to whom?' or 'from whom?' (I read the CLASS a book) Shows how an action had an influence on someone or something. When you were looking for the indirect object, find the verb and ask for whom or what Ex:

What sentence structure Before the treehouse is used for the first time, all the beams need to be checked and the ladder must be connected.

is a compound-complex sentence. This type of sentence contains two independent clauses, as well as a dependent clause. The two independent clauses are "all the beams need to be checked" and "the ladder must be connected". They are combined using the conjunction and. The start of the sentence, "Before the treehouse is used for the first time," is a dependent clause, since it has a subject (the treehouse) and a predicate (is used for the first time) but cannot stand independently as its own sentence

Which of the following sentences includes a gerund? Has anyone been making any progress in their English class? Kaylee was known for running long distances at rapid speeds. My absolute favorite pastime is swimming. I will probably be eating tacos for dinner tonight.

n this case, the word swimming is a gerund, which is functioning as a complement to the subject, pastime. The words ending with -ing found in the other answer choices are simply verbs.

Direct objects

nouns and pronouns that directly receive the action of the predicate... answers 'what?' or 'whom?' (young, preschool CHILDREN need to be read to daily) When looking for the direct object, find the verb and ask who or what Type of compliment Ex: I took the blanket. The blanket is the direct object.

Types of sentence structure

simple, compound, complex, compound-complex

Predicate nominatives predicate adjectives

the two types of subject complements A linking verb is named because it length the subject towards and the predicate that describe or defined the subject. These words are called predicate nominives if they are nouns or pronouns or predicate adjectives if they are adjectives

antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers Noun that has been replaced by a pronoun. A pronoun and its antecedent agree when they have the same number singular or plural and gender.

participle phrase

verb phrase that acts as a adjective. ex. The dogs running down the street are wild. Type of verb phrase. Always functions as an adjective the present participle always ends with -ing. Past particips end with -d, -ed, -n, or -t. Very similar to gerunds are participles. Participles are words created from verbs that are then used as adjectives to modify nouns in a sentence. They can also be used as introductions to adverbial phrases. There are present and past participles. Present participles always end in -ing and correlate to events taking place in the current tense. The past participle can be either regular or irregular and refers to events that have already happened. The browning fruit should be put outside for composting. Browning is a present participle (noted by the -ing ending) that is modifying the noun fruit. Past participles can have varied word endings (depending on the word being used). Most commonly, you will see -d or -ed added to the end of a word. Let's look at a couple of examples: The windows were cracked when the rainstorm came through Here, the word cracked is the past participle working as an adjective to modify the noun windows. participles can also appear as multi-part verbs. The multi- comes from attaching an auxiliary verb or helping verb to the main verb being used in the sentence. Joan was baking fresh cookies for her grandkids. Helping verb: was Participle: baking

3 types of verbal phrases

participle, gerund, infinitive