TEAS English

Appositives phrases

used to explain or remain nouns or pronouns. example: Terriers, hunters at heart, have been dressed up to look like lap dogs. hunters at heart renames terriers. they can be essential ( if the person place or thing is too general) or nonessential.

proper nouns

used to name a specific person, place, or thing. These begin with a capital letter. Examples: Sarah, Los Angelas, Mars, Cafe Río. when talking about the planet with live on refer to as Earth. when talking about dirt, rocks, or land, you lowercase earth.

-ly

usually changes adj into adverbs

-ise, -ize

usually changes nouns into verbs

-able, -ible

usually changes verbs into adj

lofty

very high, overly proud or arrogant

mind mapping

visually diagramming ideas around a central concept

belli-

war, warlike. bellicose

correct pronoun determination

we or us boys played football last year. correct answer: we. we played football last year. changing forms: subjective case: HE is coming to the show. objective case: jack drove HIM to the airport. possessive case: the flowers are MINE.

bene-

well, good

interrogative

what, which, who, whom, whose

drop the final E

when adding a suffix to a root that ends in E, drop the E if the suffix begins with a vowel but not before a suffix beginning with a consonant. exceptions: duly, peaceable, truly

Double the final consonant

when adding a suffix to a root that ends in a single consonant, double the consonant if a single vowel precedes the consonant and the consonant ends an accented syllable or one-syllable word.

brackets

when placing parentheses inside parenthesis: example: Paul revere (a silversmith and industrialist [see Ch. 4]), rode through the towns. OR use when adding explanation or details that are not part of a quote: the father explained, "My children are planning to attend my alma mater[State University]."

auxiliary

(adj.) giving assistance or support; (n.) a helper, aid. a helping verb is needed to show the change in form. am, are, is (have, had, has) was, were, will (or shall) present: I talk. past: I talked. further: I will talk present perfect: I have talked. past perfect: I had talked. further perfect: I will have talked

germane

(adj.) relevant, appropriate, apropos, fitting

erudite

(adj.) scholarly, learned, bookish, pedantic

nonconformist

(n.) a person who refuses to follow established ideas or ways of doing things; (adj.) of or relating to the unconventional

collective nouns

(nouns of multitude) name a group of persons, places, or objects gathered together into a unit. class, company, dozen, herd, team

cleave

(v.) To cut or split open; to cling to

who or whom

1. Isolate the relative pronoun in its own clause 2. Ask yourself: who or whom... ? 3. Answer with ordinary personal pronoun such as "he did" or "I'll invite him" 4. He- use who, him- use whom.

comma splice

A comma splice is a sentence error involving the use of a comma to connect two sentences instead of using a coordinating conjunction. The sentence listed here contains two separate ideas joined by only a comma. Both incomplete sentence and sentence fragment are terms denoting a sentence that lacks a complete thought or idea. A compound sentence is not a sentence error, but a type of sentence.

formal writing

A fancy writing. Formal writing is used in public speaking, written reports, academic papers and tests: formal requests including letters, opinion pieces, etc.

dependent clause

A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and does not contain a complete thought

independent clause

A group of words that includes a subject and predicate and can stand alone as a complete sentence

phrase

A group of words that work together as a unit. not a complete sentence. prepositional phrases describes where or the location.

second person

A narrative mode that addresses the reader as "you"

compound noun

A noun made up of two or more words. mother-in law and court-martial. plural : mothers-in-law and courts-martial.

mnemonic

A pattern or other device to help remember something

noun

A person, place, thing, or idea

dashes

A punctuation mark (—) used to indicate a sudden break in thought, to set off parenthetical material. use to set off parenthetical statements or an appositive with internal punctuation (the three trees-- oak, pine, and magnolia--are coming on a truck tomorrow). to show a break or change in tone or thought. (the first question--how silly of me-- does not have a correct answer.)

simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause

run-on sentence

A sentence with extra parts not joined properly

complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clause

emphasis paragraph

A short paragraph that highlights a key point

abbreviation

A shortened form of a word or phrase. 3 P.M. , Mr. Jones, Bill Jr. , Pennsylvania Ave.

formal

A style that follows conventional rules

action verb

A verb that expresses either physical or mental activity, a sentence can be complete with one word: action word.

object

A word or group of words that receives the action of a verb. N.= a lifeless item that can be held and observed. V= disagree.

adjective

A word or phrase that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.

pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun. a pronoun may be grouped as personal, intensive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite, and reciprocal

root

A word to which an affix can be attached

imperative sentence

An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request, and usually contains no subject. Here the subject is understood to be "you."

conjugating the verb

when you need to change the form of a verb, you are conjugating the verb. the key parts of a verb, are first person singular, present tense, (dream), first person singular, past tense (dreamed), and the past participle (dreamed.) present tense: active voice singular plural first person: I dream we dream second person: you dream you dream third person: he, she, it dreams they dream

relative

which, who, whom, whose

absolute phrase

with a participle that comes after a noun. this is never the subject. they are used independently from the rest of the sentence. example: the alarm ringing, he pushed the snooze button.

com-

with, together, very. commotion, complicate

sym-

with, together. sympathy, symphony

intra-

within. intramural, intrastate

an-

without

a-

without, lacking. atheist, agnostic

interjection

words or phrases that represent short bursts of emotion. a word for escalation. hey! oh,... Ouch ! Please! Wow!

transition

words or sentences that lead from one idea to another

homophone

words pronounced alike but with different meaning.

homograph

words spelled the same with different meanings

verbals

words that appear to be verbs, but are acting as some other part of speech. three types: participle: used as an adj. present ends in -ing and past ends in -ed, -d, -n, or -t. participle phrases are made of a participle and all of its modifiers. they come right after the noun or pronoun they modify. gerunds: verb that is used as a noun. -ing ending verbs. infinitives: is a verbal that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. infinitive phrases are made of an infinitive and all complements and modifiers. they are used as adj, or adverbs.

synonyms

words with identical or similar meanings

verbose

wordy

linking verbs

are intransitive verbs that show a condition (the subject being described but does no action). they link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun, or they link a subject with an adjective. common linking verbs: appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, seem, smell, sound, and taste.

common nouns

are the class or group of people, places, and things. (don't capitalize)

-ist

worker, follower. monopolist, socialist

double negatives

are used to emphasize negation are not part of standard English. negative modifiers should not be paired with other negative modifiers or negative words. (none, nobody, nothing, neither). the modifiers hardly, barely, and scarcely, are also considered negatives.

circum-

around. circumference, circumspect

peri-

around. periscope, perimeter

bear

as in to bear arms

dis-

away, from, down, not. dissent, disappear

for-

away, off, from. forget, forswear

-ous

marked by, given to. religious, riotous

Rebelliousness

means defiance.

suppressed

means put down by authority or force

metr

measure

adjetive

modifies a noun or pronoun (third, four)

spelling

necessary, embarrass, business

neo-

new. neolithic, neoconservative

personal

nominative: is the case for nouns and pronouns that are the subject of a sentence. object is the case for nouns and pronouns that are an object in a sentence. possessive is the case for nouns and pronouns that show possession and ownership. singular: nominative objective possessive first person. I. me my, mine second you you your, yours third he, she, it him, her, it his, her, hers, its plural: first we us ours, our second you you your, yours third. they them their, theirs

rhino-

nose

insensitive

not caring; slow to feel or notice

Inconspicuous

not easily seen; subtle; not noticeable

un-

not, reverse of. unhappy, unlock

non-

not. nonentity, nonsense

predicate nouns

nouns that modify the subject and finish linking verbs. (my father is a lawyer)= father is subject lawyer is predicate noun.

split infinitive

occurs when modifying word comes between the word TO and the verb that pairs with TO. (to clearly explain vs to explain clearly)

substantial

of considerable importance, size, or worth

-er (-or)

office, action. teacher, elevator, honor

mono-

one monologue, monogamy, monograph

-ard

one that does excessively drunkard, wizard

uni-

one. uniform, unity

ex-

out. extract, excerpt

servile

overly submissive

plural ox

oxen

parallelism

pairs parts of speech, or clauses together with a matching piece.

-ed

past tense

tense

past, present, future

indelible

permanent

cliches

phrases that are used over and over again and do not really mean anything

apothegms

pithy, compact saying

blunt

plain spoken

-s, -es, -ies

plural

mal-

poor, bad, not. malfunction, malpractice

-ship

position. internship, statesmanship

fore-

previous. foretell, forefathers

colon

punctuation mark used in introduction of a quote or list, ratio, and time. after an independent clause to make a list. use a colon for elaboration( there is one thing that stands out in your resume: responsibility.) or to a give a quote. (the man started with an idea: "we are able to do this") , use in a formal letter (Dear Sir:), time (it its 3:14 P.M.), to separate a title and subtitle (the essay is titled "America: a short introduction to a modern country)

comma

punctuation mark used to separate parts of sentences. can help understand connections. an absent comma is a comma in the wrong place. rule #1, use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joint independent clauses. ex: Bob caught three fish, and I caught two fish. #2: use a comma after an introductory phrase or adverbial clause. #3, between items in a series. #4, between coordinate adjectives not joined with and. ex: the kind, loyal dog followed me home. #5, between yes and no responses or interjections. #6, use to separate nonessential modifiers (John, who is coaching the team, was promoted today) and nonessential appositives (Thomas, an American inventor, was born in Ohio). #7, use to set off nouns of direct address(you, John, are my only hope), interrogative tags (this is the last time, correct?), and contrast (you are my friend, not my enemy) #8, with dates(July, 4, 1776, is an important date), addresses (465 Delaware ave, Washington, D.C., tomorrow) , geographical names( Paris, France, is my favorite city), and titles (John smith, Ph.D., will be visiting your class today) #9: use to separate expressions like he said, and she said, if they come between a sentence of a quote

quotation marks

punctuation marks that denote spoken or other quoted text. newspaper and magazine articles, poems, short stories, songs, television episodes, radio programs, and subdivisions of books or websites. also used to highlight irony and to show how words are being used to set off other words in a different way from dictionary definition. colons and semicolons are put outside quotation marks. when the question or exclamation mark goes with the whole sentence, the mark is left outside of the quotation marks.

Parentheses

punctuation marks that set off explanatory material within text

constructed

put together; fitted together; built

-tude

quality, state, result magnitude, fortitude

-ness

quality, state. greatness, tallness

which words indicates contrast

regardless, nonetheless, even so, and however

ad-

to, toward. advance, adventure

bi-

two. bisect, biennial

bare

uncovered

hypo-

under, below. hypodermic, hypothesis

sub-

under, subjugate, substitute

Inadvertently

unintentionally

who

used for people only (Mozart was the one who wrote those papers)

that

used for people or things (is Luis glamour the author that wrote western novels

which

used for things only ( johns dog, which was called Max, is large.

precarious

Dangerous; risky; lacking in security or stability

adverbs

Describe actions (verbs); often end in -ly. the negatives NOT and NEVER are known as adverbs. they come aright after the verb. **rules for comparing adverbs are the same as the rules for adjectives** (positive, comparative, and superlative)

fastidious

Difficult to please

brainstorming

Discussing as a group to create an idea or solve a problem. this can be accomplished through free-association with a topic

using the word "doctor"

Doctor should be capitalized when it is used as a title, or when it is being used to address someone directly. It should not be capitalized when it is used as a noun or descriptor. I saw doctor Ingalls is incorrect, as Doctor Ingalls should be capitalized. Is it serious, Doctor? is incorrect because although the first use of doctor is correct, the second use of the word should not be capitalized. The Doctor wore a pristine white coat is also incorrect, as the doctor in this sentence is not a title or name, but a noun. Names are always capitalized, while noun words which indicate family relations should be in lowercase unless used as a title.

effect vs. affect

Effected means "executed, produced, or brought about." Effect can be used as a noun that means result. Effect as a verb= bring about. Affect as a verb means to influence. Affect can be used as a noun for feeling emotion or mood. Affected means "made an impact on."

independent clause conjunctions

FANBOYS

intensive

I myself, you yourself, he himself, her herself, the (thing) itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves

magn-

Iarge, magnitude, magnify

scared vs. scarred

If you are scared, you are fearful of something. If you are scarred, you have a mark left by a healed wound. Scarred can also refer to a psychological trauma. The words "at first" assure us that this is not the case with Joey

emigrate vs immigrate

Immigrate means to come into a country. The word emigrate means to leave a country.

irrepressible

Incapable of being controlled or held back; unrestrainable

slang

Informal language usually tied to a specific group of people

frivolous

Lacking in seriousness or importance

pronoun-antecedent agreement

Matching like numbers of pronouns and their antecedents: singular with singular, plural with plural

subject-verb agreement

Matching like numbers of subjects and verbs: singular with singular, plural with plural. when one subject is singular and one is plural, you make the verb agree with the closer subject. collective nouns: example: the team are leaving for their homes after the game.

affixes

Morphemes that are added to words to create related but different words(happy and happiness). derivational affixes from new words based on and related to the original words. inflectional affix form different grammatical versions of words. (adding -s and -ed).

refuse

N= garbage or debris that has not been thrown away. V= to not allow.

general nouns

Names of ideas or conditions such as beauty, strength, truth or peace

specific nouns

Names people, places and things, such as baby, friend, town, rainbow

transitive verb

a verb whose action (drive, run, jumped) points to a receiver (car, dog, kangaroo). comes. in active (doing the action) or passive voice (receives the action)

perimeters vs parameters

Parameters are rules or limits that control what something is or how something should be done. Perimeters are measurements of the distance around something.

passive vs. active voice

Passive voice uses the object of an action as the subject. We made many mistakes is active voice because it uses the perpetrator of the action as the subject. Though the Many mistakes answer has changed some of the sentence structure, it does not use the acting person or entity as the subject. The Though mistakes were made option is an example of using both passive and active voice in a single sentence, rather than changing a passive sentence to an active sentence. This answer choice also adds previously unstated information, for which the question does not call. The If mistakes were made option combines passive and active voice in addition to changing the original sentence's meaning.

article and complements

Remember that articles show you whether nouns are specific or not. Elephant is a noun, and the article the shows that the author is talking about a specific elephant. The complement always follows a linking verb. In this case, the linking verb is was, so the complement following it is entertaining.

simple predicate

Sentences are composed of subjects and predicates. The subject is the "doer" in a sentence, or what the sentence is about. A simple predicate is simply the main verb. Each sentence must have a main verb, and the easiest way to find it is to look for a word that shows action. If there is no action verb in the sentence, then the simple predicate will be a "state of being" verb. By memorizing the short list above, you can easily find this type of verb.

NESW

South and Southwest should be capitalized when they are used to describe a geographical location, rather than a city or region descriptor. Senators and congressman are incorrectly capitalized, as these titles only require capitalization when used directly before a name or as a means of addressing someone. Dr. Cornish is correctly capitalized, but Doctor of Science should not be capitalized. Finally, seasons such as autumn do not require capitalization.

prescriptive grammar

Specific rules for using language and grammar

complete predicates

The complete predicate contains the main verb and all of the words that describe the verb and make the sentence's meaning clear. The predicate is usually in the second half of the sentence.

Complete Pedicate

The complete predicate includes the entire verb and all of its modifiers.

tone

The implied attitude toward the topic

modifier

a word or group of words that provides description for another word

dangling modifier

a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. it can also be a dependent clause that have a clear connection to the word. they need to be placed in the right sequence to make sense

adverb

a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then, there ).

verb

a word that describes an action or state of being

preposition

a word that describes relationships between other words that show the relationship between an object and another word in the sentence. common prepositions

irregular plural

The plural form of the word crisis is crises, which is irregular. The other words form plurals in a regular fashion. The plural form of horse requires adding s. Since baby ends with a consonant followed by a *y*, it requires dropping the y and adding ies for plural formation. This is not done with monkey because it ends with a vowel followed by a *y*, so we just add s.

constituents

The residents of a congressional district or state.

topic sentence

The sentence that summarizes the main idea of a paragraph

juxtaposition

The term juxtaposition is used to describe the effect of placing two images or ideas side by side to create a contrast or comparison. While a word used to suggest two items that are similar in nature is close, it fails to denote the placement of the two items in question. The other options do not accurately describe juxtaposition.

who vs whom

The word "who" is used as a subject in a sentence. The word "whom" is used as an object. whom is the receiver of the action. if you can replace who with he or she then use who. if you can replace with he or she use who. if you can replace with him or her use whom

plural form of crisis

The words analysis and thesis are two other words for which the i changes to e in the plural form. crises.

article

Words (a and an) that refer to nouns

transition word

Words that link or introduce ideas

conjunction

a connecting word

charlatan

a fraud; a quack or imposter

stream of consciousness writing

a narrative device that mimics interior monologue

semi colon

a punctuation mark (';') used to connect independent clauses linked with a transitional word, use a semicolon between closely connected independent clauses that are not connected with a coordinating conjunction, use a semi colon between items in a series that has internal punctuation.

Apostrophe

a punctuation mark used to indicate either possession or the omission of letters or numbers

informal

a relaxed, unofficial style

compound-complex

a sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

declarative sentence

a sentence that makes a statement. This sentence makes a declarative statement of fact, so can be classified as a declarative sentence.

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions. A compound sentence contains two complete, stand-alone sentences, which are connected by a coordinating conjunction, in this case,and. There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet.

simple sentenece

a simple sentence contains one subject and one single verb

Artifice

a skillful or ingenious device; a clever trick; a clever skill; trickery. false or insincere behavior.

coherent paragraphs

a smooth flow of sentences: linking ideas clearly, repetition of key words, parallel structures, and consistent verb tense

citation

a strictly formatted line of text that provides a source reference

perfective

a verb for an item that has been completed

progressive

a verb that shows something is currently happening

articles

are adjectives used to mark nouns. the definite (limited or fixed amount) article the, the indefinite (no limit) articles a and an. I lose THE bottle that belongs to me. does anyone have A bottle to share

agile

able to move quickly and easily

supra

above

super-

above, extra. supersede. supernumerary

epi-

above, upon, on. epilogue

over-

above. overbearing, oversight

trans-

across, beyond, over. transact, transport.

-ance

act, condition, fact. acceptance, vigilance

-ism

act, manner, doctrine. barbarism, socialism

-th

act, state, quality. warmth, width

-ion

action, result, state. union, fusion

-ation

action, state, result. occupation, starvation

when a noun ends in the letter ch,sh, s,x,or z

add an es

circumfixes

add parts both before and after words. how light becomes enlighten

plural numbers and letter

add s

predicate adjectives

adj that modify the subject and finish linking verbs. example; your mother is patient. mother = subject and patient is predicate aj

types of dependent clauses

adjective( modifies nouns or pronouns. they being with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, and that) or a relative adverb (where, when, and why). they come after the noun that the clause needs to explain or rename. it can be essential or nonessential. if you can read the sentence without it its nonessential.) adverb(modifies verbs, adj, and other adverbs. put adverb immediately after or before the independent clause. example: after, although, as, as if, before, because, if, since, so, so that, unless, when, where, or while.), noun( can be used as a subject, object, or complement. noun clauses can begin with how, that, what, whether, which, who, or why.

subordinating conjunctions

after, although, as, because, before, even though, if since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas wherever, while examples: I am hungry BECAUSE I did not eat. he went home WHEN everyone left

post-

after, following. postpone. postscript

anti-

against

contra-

against, opposing. contradict, contravene

ob-

against, opposing. objection

indefinte

all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several

pan-

all, entire. panorama, pandemonium

omni-

all, everywhere. omniscient, omnivore

inter-

among, between. intercede, interrupt

prefix

an affix that added in front of the word

suffix

an affix that appears at the end of a word

fragment

an incomplete sentence

colloquialism

an informal word or phrase

draft

an unfinished version of a text

equi-

equal. equivalent, equilibrium

audacity

excessive boldness, rashness, daring

hyper-

excessive, over. hypercritical, hypertension

obsequious

excessively submissive or overly attentive

retro-

back, backward. retrospect, retrograde.

re-

backward, again. revoke, recur

dys-

bad, painful, difficult, not functioning well

mis-

bad, poorly, not. misspelled, misfire

ante-

before, previous. antecedent, antedate

pre-

before, previous. prevent. preclude

para-

beside, beyond. parallel, paradox

ultra-

beyond, excessively. ultramodern, ultrasonic, ultraviolet

italics

books, movies, plays, newspapers, magazines, and long musical pieces are put in italics.

stem "pnea"

breathing

authentic

external guarantee of correctness

Prefix: tachy-

fast

-ess

feminine. waitress, duchess

phrasal verbs

call off, look up, drop off. verbs that look like they have propositions at the end of them but they are a part of the verb

-able

capable of being. tolerable, edible

- ful

filled with, marked by. thankful, zestful

direct object

receive the action of the verb.

capitalization

capitalize proper nouns and adj that come from proper nouns: my parents are from Europe. My father is British, and my mother is Italian. capitalize directional names (NESW) when they refer to specific areas(James from the West), but not when they refer to the direction(after three miles turn south onto the highway). capitalize all important words in a title: short prepositions are not included unless at beginning or end of title. capitalize kinship names only if they are used as a part of a whole proper noun(Uncle Mark is coming over tonight. OR Did you ask Mom if you can have a cookie). when using kinship name descriptively, do not capitalize it (Sally's uncle Jimbo is a ship captain).

Since, whether, and accordingly are examples of which type of signal words?

cause and effect

-en

cause to be, become. deepen, strengthen

-ize

cause to be, treat with. sterilize, mechanize, criticize

demeaning

causing someone to lose their dignity and the respect of others

-ive

causing, making

philanthropic

charitable, giving

Commonly Misspelled Words

chauffeur, committee, conscious, deferred, disappoint, ecstasy, embarrass, foreign, harass, hygiene, innocence, acknowledgment, aisle, appearance, campaign, changeable, colonel, conceive, coolly, develop, dissatisfied, extraordinary, foreigner, hypocrisy, intelligible, irresistible, arctic, auxiliary, beggar, business, candidate, congratulations, correspondent, deceive, diphtheria, dissipate, discipline, eighth, exhilaration, grievous, imminent, indigestible, judgment, likelihood, awkward, beneficiary, ceiling, commit, competent, conqueror, courtesy, deference, disappear, discussion, drudgery, eligible, exaggerate, existence, fascinate, forehead, forfeit, handkerchief, hurriedly, incidentally, inevitable, intercede, legitimate, maintenance, mattress, momentous, niece, obedience, omitted, parliament, propeller, receive, referred, restaurant, sacrilegious, sheriff, tournament, twelfth, usage, vengeance, weird, maneuver, miniature, mortgage, ninety, obstacle, pageant, permissible, prairie, questionnaire, relieve, sentinel, shriek, supersede, temperament, tragedy, vacuum, vigilance, wholly, mischievous, neither, occasion, perseverance, possess, preceding, pronunciation, psychiatrist, rally, recommend, religious, rhythm, scarcely, strenuous, transferred, unanimous, villain, misspell, notoriety, occurrence, parallel, pronouncement, psychology, recede, referral, resistance, ridiculous, severely, soliloquy, surprise, vein

-logy, -ology

class-maintaining, retained into a noun

crass

coarse, unfeeling; stupid

Menagerie

collection of animals

subordination

combining a dependent clause with an independent clause by using conjunctions such as after, although, before, unless, whenever and many others.

uttered

communicated in words

-er

comparative

analogies

comparison between two things that appear to have nothing in common

interfixes

compound words via central affixes. ex: speed + meter = speedOmeter

decisive

conclusive; beyond doubt; showing determination. making choices rapidly

-ing

continuous, progressive

editing

correct errors

curtail

cut short

unrestrainable

death or dark side

mor-

death. mortality, mortuary

bereaved

deprived or left desolate, especially through death

inflection

details of how a word is expressed to modify its tone or meaning

derivation

determining the origin of a word

ignoble

dishonorable; shameful

intransitive verb

do not point to a receiver of a direct object

cata-

down, away, thoroughly. catastrophe, cataclysm

reciprocal

each other, another

geo

earth

question mark

end mark that denotes a query. can also be a polite request followed by a period. will you please walk with me.

exclamation mark

end mark that denotes strong feeling and used for exclamatory interjections.

prim-

first, early. primitive, primary

point of view

first- I second- written to the reader. third- most common: know plot

swashbuckler

flamboyant soldier or adventurer

vehemently

forcefully

pro-

forward, in place of. propel. pronoun

ab-

from, away off. abdicate, abjure

de-

from. depart

replete

full

manipulative

good at influencing other people do what they want

gluttonous

greedy for food and drink

semi-

half. semicircle, semicolon

peaked

having a sickly appearance

ic

having to do with

-ate

having, showing. separate, desolate

-cephalus

head

Hyphenate

hyphenate prefixes before proper nouns or proper adj. hyphenate all words beginning with self-, ex-, and all-. hyphenate when it adds clarity. numbers between 21-99 need hyphen. twenty-five, one hundred fifty-one. use for fractions if they are used as adjectives: the recipe says that we need a three-fourths cup of butter. compound words used a adjectives that come before a noun need a hyphen. the well-fed dog took a nap. to avoid confusion: semi-irresponsible

to add suffix to words ending in e

if the e is silent, the e will be kept if the added suffix begins with a constant. if the suffix begins with a vowel, the e is dropped.

abysmally

in a terrible manner

-esque

in the style of, like picturesque, grotesque

in-

in, into. intrude, invade

(time and space) a-

in, on, of, up, to. abed, afoot

moods

indicative (fact, opinion, question), imperative (orders and requests), subjunctive (wishes and statements that go against facts: if I were you, I would do this. (I am not you, so it goes against fact)

supporting detail

info that supports the main idea by answering who, what, where, when, or why

Colloquialism

informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing(y'all)

extraneous

irrelevant

a process paragraph

is related to time order. describes a process or teaches the reader something

antecedent

is the noun that has been replaced by a pronoun. a pronoun and the antecedent agree when they have matching number and gender. example: John came into town, and HE played for us. the word he replaces john

conjugation

join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the joined pieces. coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS( and, but, yet, or, nor, for, and so) that connect equal parts of sentences. correlative conjunctions TWO WORDS ( either.....or (neither....nor) not only.... but also) show the connection between pairs. subordinating conjunctions join subordinate (dependent clauses) with independent clauses.

words ending in y

keep y if preceded by vowel. if ends in a consonant and y, the y is changed to an i before the suffix is added

obtuse

lacking sharpness of intellect; not clear or precise in thought or expression

-less

lacking, without. hopeless, countless

affix

letters placed at the beginning or end of a word or word part to change its meaning

informal writing

like may be used as a preposition and in what kind of writing, as a conjunction. personal emails (I, my) (readers like you)

Phil-

love, like. philosophy. philanthropic

-mania

madness

revising

make the writing more effective

-fy

make, cause to have. glorify, fortify

-ic

make, cause. terrific, beautific

The prefix poly- means

many

poly-

many. polymorphous, polygamous

relative and absolute adjectives

relative: can show the comparison between things. will show different degree of something or someone to something else or someone else. the three degree: positive(the work is DIFFICULT, she is SMART), comparative(the work is MORE DIFFICULT than your work. she is SMARTER than me), and superlative(this is the MOST DIFFICULT work of my life. she is the SMARTEST lady in school). absolute: can show comparison- they just show in a different way.

habitually

repeatedly or continuously

-oid

resembling

-ment

result, action. refreshment, disappointment

ortho-

right, straight. orthogonal, orthodox

plural roof

roofs

homo-

same, equal. homogenized, homonym

complement

sentence part that gives more information about a subject or object.

present, present perfect, past, past perfect, future, future perfect

she looks, she has looked, she looked, she had looked, she will look, she will have looked

Incriminating

showing guilt

prefix Brady-

slow

gregarious

sociable

jargon

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand. (blast, epic fail)

-hood

state, condition manhood, statehood

-acy

state, condition. accuracy, privacy

y

state, quality, act

-ity (-ty)

state, quality, condition. acidity, civility, royalty

-dom

state, rank, condition. serfdom, wisdom

-sion (-tion)

state, result. revision, expedition

piqued

stimulate (interest or curiosity)

ortho

straight

Dogmatic

stubbornly opinionated. arrogant or insistent

modes of sentence patterns

subject + linking verb + subject complement subject + transitive verb + direct object subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct subject + transitive verb + direct object + object complement subject + transitive verb

complete sentece

subject and verb or predicate. a fragment is an incomplete sentence. declarative states a fact and ends with period. imperative tells someone to do something and ends with a period. interrogative asks a question with a question mark. exclamatory shows strong emotion and ends with exclamation point.

-ish

suggesting, like. churlish, childish

-est

superlative

one, next, finally, another, first

supporting detail transition words

context

surrounding words that lend meaning to an idea

plural of tempo

tempi

subject

the main noun of a sentence that is doing or being. the complete subject is the simple subject and all of its modifiers. in imperative sentences the verbs subject is understood, but not actually present in the sentence. although the subject ordinarily comes before the verb, in sentences that begin with There are or There was, the subject follows the verb. the ability to recognize the subject of a sentence helps in editing a variety of problems, such as sentence fragments and subject-verb agreement, as well as the using the correct pronouns. implied: go to the post office for me (You are subject).

predicate

the part of a sentence that explains what the subject does or is like. what remains when you have found the subject. the predicate describes the subject.

indirect object

the person or thing to whom or which something is done. to show how an action had an influence on someone or something. if there is an indirect object in the sentence, then you always have a direct object in the sentence. when you are looking for the indirect object, find the verb and ask to/for whom or what.

morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit in grammar

diction

the style of writing determined by word choice

recursive process

the writing process in which the writer moves through the stages of writing in a unique sequence; non-linear. revisiting steps after completing other steps.

demonstrative

this, that, these, those

ellipsis marks

three periods (...) to show when words have been removed from a quotation. if a full sentence or more is removed from a quoted passage then use four periods. (then he picked up the groceries ... paid for them ... later he went home)

dia-

through, across, apart. diameter, diagnose

per-

through. perceive, permit

bank

to collect or pile up (v)

conceived

to imagine or develop as an idea; to understand or grasp; to become pregnant with

incense

to make very angry (V). a material that is burned in religious settings and makes a pleasant aroma (n).

vis-

to see. vissage, visible

progressive present tense

to show something is happening right now. I am walking.

peeked

to take a quick look

graph

to write