Tech FINAL - IDS 390 (ch. 8-13)

Define Renewable Energy.

Sources of energy that are always available because, in reality, they cannot run out, and they can be replenished.

List three examples of military projects that were funded by the "black budget".

Stealth Bomber, Military Strategic Tactical and Relay System (MILSTAR), Advanced Cruise Missile

Define counter-force targeting.

Strategy which weapons are aimed at the military forces of opponent at strategic or nuclear forces.

List two materials that are considered Low Impact Materials.

Straw bales and rammed earth.

What unique property do semiconductors have?

They have the unique property of being able to turn sunlight directly into electric current.

List three dual-use chemicals and their dual purposes.

Thiodiglycol-Plastics, Phosphorus Oxychloride-Insecticides, Sodium Cyanide-Dyes and pigments

Give two specific occurrences of mid-intensity conflicts.

Operation Desert Storm & Afghanistan

What is the name of the U.S.'s new version of the ABM, "Patriot Missile System" ?

PAC-3

Which country has the highest percentage of power generated from geothermal sources?

Philippines

What was developed in an attempt to standardize air pollution reporting?

Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)

What is the "smartest" U.S. City, in terms of development?

Portland, Oregon

What is another name for swaggering?

Posturing

Describe what a cluster bomb unit consists of.

They contain thousands of bomblets called bomb live units.

What is the problem with using an animal to determine the toxicity of a chemical to humans?

(1) Laboratory animals are commonly exposed to high concentrations of chemicals to ensure that is there are any toxic effects, they will be evident at statistically significant levels. (2) The initial use of high doses of toxic substances may actually interrupt the recipient's internal metabolic reaction toward the initiation of carcinogenesis. (3) Animals and humans metabolize substances differently.

Identify the three phases of cause & effect relationship that the book explains.

(1) Risk assessors must be able to determine how potential threats are released into and move through the ever changing environment. (2) They have to figure out how much of the substance people might eat, breathe, or swallow and the estimate how much of it they could ultimately absorb. (3) Phase thee entails a determination of how much of a hazard the absorbed substance poses (whether it will cause symptoms such as acute nausea or chromic loss of hearing).

According to 2000 census data, nuclear families make up what percentage of households in the U.S.?

25 percent

Currently, what percentage of the electricity produced in the U.S. is produced by hydropower?

7 percent

The Earth is made up of what percentage of water and what percentage is fresh water?

71 percent water with only 3 percent of it as fresh water.

What are the main considerations of a green building?

A building constructed in a way that minimizes wastes and includes recycled, renewable, and reused resources to the maximum extent possible. Construction of green buildings include: energy efficiency, renewable resources, water conservation, and waste minimization.

Define "risk assessment".

A method of studying the risk of a new technology, material, or device so they may be better avoided, reduced, or otherwise managed.

Define modern environmentalism.

A term used to describe an information-based perspective supporting the need for harmony between industrial objectives and environmental goals.

Define biological weapon.

A weapon using a living organism, usually a pathogenic microorganism, for hostile purposes. Biological agents can be bacterial, fungal, viral, rickettsial, or protozoan.

Define chemical weapon.

A weapon using poisonous, asphyxiating, or other gases affecting humans when they are either inhales or absorbed through the skin.

Define terrorism.

Ability and determination to use available technologies as tools of mass destruction.

_______________________________ is how most of us would like to respond to change, with agreement and harmony.

Accord

Define counter-value targeting.

Aim weapons at "softer" targets like urban population centers, industrial facilities and economic enterprises

What was PSI renamed in 2000 by the EPA?

Air Quality Index (AQI).

Describe "data mining".

Also called knowledge discovery in databases (KDD), is based on elaborate pattern recognition algorithms. Exciting applications are projected in many fields, including automobile maintenance, astronomy, geology, medicine, quality assurance, and military intelligence.

Based on an average from the 2000's do Americans work more or less than their Western European counterparts?

Americans work more than Western European counterparts.

Define agroecology.

An approach to agriculture promoting sustainability and linking ecology, socioeconomics, and culture to the design of agricultural systems.

Define information overload.

An individual's inability to think clearly due to an excessive amount of cognitive stimulation.

Define ethnobotany.

An initiative that emerged from the scientific field studying how people from a particular culture use indigenous plants.

Define Appropriate Technology.

An intermediate level of technology development, as opposed to one too sophisticated or complex for the problem in question. A.T. is also an attitude regarding an overrelliance on high technology. It refers to technology that fits the cultural situation for which it is proposed without causing more problem than it solves.

Define technology equity.

An issue implying that all technologies are available to and used by all socioeconomic segments in a society.

______________________________is where people don't want to be bothered with the boring or gory details.

Apathy

The Vatican document "Instruction on Respect for Human life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation - Replies to Certain Questions of the Day" instructed governments around the world to ban what certain things?

Artificial procreation including sperm banks, embryo banks, postmortem insemination, and surrogate motherhood

Where is most fresh water located?

As ice and snow at the two poles.

Define a risk-benefit analysis.

Attempts to and must ultimately answer the question, How safe is safe enough? Experts use historical accident and fatality records to reveal patterns of acceptable risk-benefit ratios. Generally, an acceptable risk for a new technology equates to the level of safety associated with ongoing activities providing similar benefits to society.

______________________________ is an example where people will go to extremes to avoid change.

Avoidance

List six agents that have been identified by the CDC as posing a risk to our nation's security.

Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Versinia pestis, Variola major, Francisella tularensis, and Viral hemorrhagic fevers

List seven forms of Renewable Energy.

Biomass, Hydropower, Geothermal, Wind, Ocean, PV Cells, and Thermal Solar Power.

List five general examples of low-intensity conflicts.

Border skirmishes, internal battles, police work, civil uprisings, and regional conflicts

What is the actual name of "mad cow disease"?

Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE)

What is the name of a concept suggesting it is almost a status symbol in our society to be constantly busy?

Busyness Syndrome

What gas is the cause of global warming?

CO2

List five indoor air pollutants.

Carbon monoxide, radon, formaldehyde, asbestos, and passive tobacco smoke.

What technology can be used to improve the performance of duffers, hackers, & tournament players alike?

Computers, high-speed video cameras, and heart monitors

What type of military activity does the U.S. spend a higher percentage of its total research money on?

Defense Related Research

What type of study uses a group of experts and an intermediary to make long-range forecasts of technological and societal developments?

Delphi Study.

Discuss compellance.

Deployment of military power in order to get another nation to change its behavior to make it more satisfactory to aggressor.

Define smart growth.

Development accommodating the needs of a community without sacrificing the environment. It aims to balance development and environmental protection by creating new developments that are centered more in the towns and cities, include alternative transit options, and have mixed use development.

Which of the three types of research is most likely to utilize findings of previous research and is directed toward the full-scale production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods?

Development.

Define cyberterrorism.

Disruption of military information, as well as to the disruption of information in our homeland.

When a child learns the meaning of "in a few minutes" as opposed to "in a day or two" he/she has reached the ability to determine a length of time Toffler calls what?

Durational expectancies

What agency is responsible for the regulation of pesticides in the U.S.?

EPA

What can replace subsistence farming as a source of income for dwellers of the rain forest?

Eco-tourism

List seven words that are less offensive referring to the process of change.

Education, training, modification, orientation, guidance, indoctrination, and therapy

Define Biomass Energy.

Energy supplied from the organic materials.

What name is given to a computer program that reduces a large amount of information into a form of question-and-answer routines that would lead a learner through a logical progression to the correct response?

Expert system

What is different between a "family" and a "household"?

Family is two or more people living together who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Household is one or more people who occupy a house, apartment, or other residential unit that is not group quarters.

List four examples of "social institutions".

Family, colleges, churches, health clubs

What are the three broad goals of sustainable agriculture?

Farm profitability, improvement of the environment, and increased quality of life for farmers and their communities.

List an example of how a "labor-saving" device can actually make tasks more difficult rather than easier.

Food processors; since all of the individual components must be cleaned separately, its laborsaving profile is best observed when large quantities of ingredients must be prepared.

Define Tropical Forest.

Forests in humid, semiarid, and arid regions of the world. Forests ranging from moist (or closed) tropical forests to dry (or open) woodlands are generally included.

Who leads the world in wind power?

Germany

List three directed energy weapons.

Hydrogen-Fluoride Chemical Laser, Space-based Free-Electron Laser, and the NPB

_______________________ is an aspect of "blind faith" where an individual verbalizes implicit faith in the experts.

Immediate acquiescence

Where was the thermal solar power project, called Solar One, constructed?

In the Mojave Desert, by SCE.

What is meant by "industrial recreation"?

Industrial recreation services can cement employee loyalty to the company, reduce tensions, lower absenteeism, and promote employee camaraderie and morale. Many companies offer some type of recreation activities as a component of their employee benefits package. Some of the industrial activities are basketball, racquetball tennis, weight lifting equipment, stationary bicycles, and fitness classes etc.

List four examples of engineering ethics.

Integrity, Honesty, Candor, Civic-mindedness.

What are the main differences of integrated pest management as opposed to traditional pest control?

It attempts to use ecologically sound, non-pesticide methods to reduce and manage pests. Does not attempt to eliminate all pests; rather it manages them to keep pests at an acceptable level. Although some farmers use pesticides with this, but the goal is to use pesticides targeting a specific pest instead of generic pesticides that commonly kill a range of pests. Farmers using this method also rely on biological controls, such as using other insects that feed on the unwanted pests.

What is the problem of making a house too air tight?

It can lead to increase air pollution inside the structure.

Define "biometrics".

It involves technologies allowing us to be identified by specific biological traits. It's used for face recognition, iris recognition, fingerprint recognition, voice recognition, and dynamic signature recognition.

In what countries is acid rain a serious environmental problem?

It is a serious environmental problem in Canada, Scandinavia, Japan, and Northeastern United States.

Define acid rain.

It is a serious environmental problem resulting from the presence of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. When these compounds react with moisture they form dilute sulfuric and nitric acids, which are then carried back to Earth.

Define what a future wheel projection technique is.

It is a small-group brainstorming session in which the participants examine the consequences of a particular social trend or a technological event.

What are NBC munitions?

Nuclear, biological, and chemical

Describe what is meant by a "global technology community".

It is characterized by a concept labeled universalism. The world is an open system heavily reliant on international network of technology transfer.

Define greenhouse effect.

It is energy from the Sun heating the Earth's surface. The surface then radiates the heat back into space, but some of the heat is trapped in our atmosphere and warms the planet.

Define environmental release.

It is the accidental or deliberate release of a contained substance into the natural ecosystem (air, land, or water).

Explain what is meant by "family dinner" and indicate if you have or do experience them.

It is the gathering of children and parents to eat an evening family meal and is one of the primary ways in which growing children learn about conventional behaviors they need to be in touch with as adults." As a growing child I have had many unforgettable family diners, however in recent years family diners have been reduced to almost none because of the busy life that we all live.

What must almost every new construction project in the U.S. include?

It must include an environmental impact analysis.

Why is it important to be a "lifelong learner"?

It's important because technology, job market, political environment, etc are changing and constantly evolving.

What is NATO's main purpose?

Keep peace

List the five elements of Technological Literacy.

Knowledge, Awareness, Confidence and skill, Control, Insight

Social lag is usually brought on by a lack of what?

Lack of readiness

Define SIOP.

List of targets that U.S. long range nuclear forces would attack and assign weapons to target based on established damage, criteria, routing, and timing.

What is the focus of ISO 14000?

Managing environmental issues through appropriate business strategies.

According to the book, has childhood become more or less complicated?

More complicated

According to Figure 11-11, which activity or technology was rated as the most risky by experts?

Motor vehicles

What is it called when both sides of a conflict has the capability to absorb a first strike and deliver a retaliatory second strike which will inflict an unacceptable level of damage?

Mutual Assured Destruction

What is the main concept of a First Strike?

Nuclear attack so powerful to leave one's country with forces inadequate to inflict damage on the attacker.

What is the primary goal of the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program?

Prevent the widespread acquisition of NBC weapons.

Define the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).

Program to explore the possibilities of strategic defense military.

_____________________________is when people are willing to openly protest the technologies that they oppose.

Reactionist rejection

Science vs. Religion, What do religious leaders say according to the book?

Religious leaders are convinced science pursued from an agnostic or atheistic base will continue to feed the ever-growing materialism in society and contribute to the violence of the modern age.

_________________________is when people go along with changes for fear of what might happen to them if they resist.

Reluctant acceptance

Define what a content analysis is used for.

Reviewers keep track of events as they occur, in order to make an accurate projection of major trends one to two years down the road.

Define "heuristics".

Rules of thumb based on a compilation of personal experiences over time. They are used to help guide problem solving exercises. In the field of artificial intelligence, they are built into computer programs to enable machines to make educated guesses. unlike algorithms (mathematical computation), they do not guarantee a solution.

What is the name of the treaty that was signed in the early 1990's by President George Bush Sr. and President Boris Yeltsin which made provisions to further reduce intercontinental missiles?

START II

Why do schools exist?

Schools exist to educate and socialize the residents of a community, state, nation, or continent.

Science vs. Religion, What do scientists say according to the book?

Scientists believe religion skews objective reasoning, fuels repressive movements, and stifles freedom of thought

List three major potential costs of tropical deforestation as discussed by scientific and technical literature.

Severe changes in global weather patterns, loss of cultural and biotic diversity, and desertification of the forest lands.

What can a TV network do to counteract what is done in question 15?

Some companies have taken to embedding advertisements directly in network programs to counteract these consumer tendencies.

What is the common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and what is its purpose?

Superfund, and was enacted to provide cleanup at sites where hazardous wastes had been abandoned or previous hazardous waste disposal procedures had already contaminated the environment.

What are three ways of evaluating the appropriateness of technology?

Technical, Cultural, and Economic

What is the name of a concept referring to humankinds dependence on any technological system or device the either is not understood or cannot be controlled?

Technology trap

Define instant gratification.

The conscious expenditure of effort to make the time interval between wanting something and getting it as short as possible - the ability to "have it all" in a fast pace, high-tech society.

What is a simple explanation for "Quality of Life"?

The degree to which you enjoy life and the possibilities it holds for you.

Define new urbanism.

The movement of middle and upper class people living in the suburbs into town, where they typically purchase or rent space in what are called infill developments.

List three common spaces.

The open ocean outside territorial sea limits of a country, the extraterrestrial space surrounding Earth, and the continent of Antarctica.

What is the result of razing the tropical forests under the guise of farming or ranching?

The soil is thin in tropical forests and when the trees are removed the soil can wash away.

Why do people resist change?

The word change produces emotional reaction, since it is not a neutral word. To many people, change is threatening. Without any sort of modifier the word change promises no respect for present cultural values. Change may even disrupt the values.

What is the name of the DuPont fiber that has the feel of cotton with a wicking ability that pulls moisture away from the body?

Thermax

Define "technology accordance".

This social behavior or attitude refers to the extent to which a social group is able to recognize and take advantage of the patented benefits of a technological breakthrough and simultaneously control any of its negative side effects or risks.

What is the purpose of a technology assessment?

To make projections about the future state specific technologies, so we can assess and plan for their impacts on society.

Define evapotranspiration.

Water removed from the soil by evaporation from leaf and plant surfaces.

List three methods, which have been reviewed seriously, for extracting energy from the sea.

Wave power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and tidal power.

Do a majority of U.S. citizens feel that both science & technology have made their lives healthier & easier, YES or NO?

YES

What two terms, coined in the 1980's, refer to using the remote control of a television to keep from watching commercials, and are you guilty of doing this?

Zapping and Zipping

Essayists typically take opposite stances on the effects of the growth in technology, one side says that technology will cause our destruction while others say that technology_____________.

will cure all of society's illnesses