Term Sheet #3: The Reformation and Religious Wars

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

The 42 Articles

"The 42 Articles of Faith" are the radical statements of doctrine issued by Edward VI (but written by Archbishop Cranmer); the Churches within England will now be more aligned with radical Calvinism.

"The Six Articles of Faith"

"The Six Articles of Faith" are the statements of doctrine that Henry VIII issues in 1539; They are a re-affirmation of basic Catholic Doctrines and are issued by Henry to make it very clear that he is not aligning with Protestants; The only thing changing is that the King of England is the head of the Church inside England; Henry will consider himself Catholic until the day he dies, disagreed with by the pope

Great Schism

From around 1378-1417, a split occurred in the Catholic Church with two Popes, one in Avignon, France and the other in Rome, Italy; The Schism caused many to question the Church's authority.

Predestination

God determines in advance everything's fate; this principle is usually associated with Calvin; God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind).

Edict of Nantes

Grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants in 1598.

Lollards

Heavily persecuted follower's of Wycliff who spread his ideas of individual reading and interpretation of the Bible through Wycliff's first fully English Bible.

Act of Supremacy 1534

Henry VIII called on the people to take an oath to recognize the annulment/divorce and accept Henry, NOT the Pope, as the official head of the English Church.

Paul III

1534-49 Roman aristocrat, humanist and astrologer. First of reforming popes (called C of T). Appointed several reform-minded cardinals. Believed in Papal primacy but took office very seriously - moral & religious force. Authorised Ursuline order of nuns - girls education, & Jesuits.

Catholic Reformation

16th Century. Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, Roman Catholic authorities undertook an enormous reform effort within their own church. To some extent their efforts represented a reaction to Protestant success. Roman Catholic authorities sought to define points of doctrine so as to clarify the differences between the Roman and Protestant churches. They also attempted to persuade the Protestants to return to the Catholic church.

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII second wife during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England; one of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her and have her bear him a son.

Martin Luther

16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; criticized Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately was excommunicated by the Catholic Church and formed his own new religious faith, believing in "faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone".

Frederick the Wise/Frederick III

Holy Emperor; elector of Saxony, protected Luther and sheltered him, under protection he translated Bible to German.

Emperor Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor. Sacked Rome in 1527, marking end of Renaissance; called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, directed Diet of Augsburg, and proclaimed the Peace of Augsburg; made multiple attempts to stop the Reformation but eventually made peace with the Lutherans.

House of Bourbon

Huguenots; ruled Navarre in south of France; rivals of Catholics; battled Catholics for 30 yrs.; Henry of Navarre became political leader of this house.

Jan Hus

A Czech theologian who built upon the ideas of Wycliff and spread the ideas throughout his region, denying papal authority, calling for translations of the Bible into the local Czech language, and declaring indulgencies useless.

Munster

A German city taken over by religious radicals who thought that the city would survive God's final judgment and become New Jerusalem.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion and undergo baptism, also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

John Knox

A Scottish religious reformer and founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland. Wrote "First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women" to provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor, however, it was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never truly forgave him.

Indulgences

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. The profits made off of these were used by the Church for personal projects or funding artists, effectively functioning as "patron money".

Episcopal System

A hierarchical system of church government used in the Catholic Church and the Church of England: bishops have authority over churches within a given region, and they in turn answer to a higher, central authority (such as the pope or the English monarch).

Saint Teresa

A nun who experienced mystical visions and claimed the result was the unification with her soul and God. Believed mystical experience should lead to an active Catholic faith.

Book of Common Prayer

A prayer book used in England and revised multiple times as new rulers come into power. Unified religion across the country due to its wide distribution, created when Archbishop Thomas Cranmer simplified the liturgy into stately English and included the order for all services of the Church of England.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. The happy Pilgrims you love and know.

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Habsburg-Valois Wars

A series of 5 wars when France wanted to keep German states divided; therefore the supporting the German protestant princes.

Geneva, Switzerland

John Calvin's city that was to become a model Christian community; a city whose laws matched the will of God (or Calvin); Geneva was a refuge for persecuted Protestants.

Edward VI

King Henry VIII's only sickly son; became King at 9 years old; his incapability of governing his country lead to the Protestant church being brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Habsburg Dynasty

Lead by Frederick III, who arranged many marriages for Maximilian I in order to gain wealth; the result made the Habsburg Dynasty an international power.

Saxony

Location in the central Germany where Luther sought protection and hid; encouraged Luther to organize a national church free from papal overlords; Luther's teachings spread rapidly here and the first Protestant state was created.

Political Implications of Luther's Beliefs

Luther's beliefs against the Church were extremely radical and critical, and both peasants and nobles interpreted his statements too extremely. Peasants revolted against nobles and political figures not directly associated with the problems that Luther was speaking against and Nobles slaughtered these peasants and look at Luther for blame.

Priesthood of all Believers

Luther's idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals; an invisible fellowship not fixed in any place or person, which differed markedly from the Roman Catholic practice of a hierarchical clerical institution headed by the pope in Rome.

Anti-Clericalism

Opposition to the political power of religious institutions or the clergy.

Peasant Revolts

Revolts that took place in Flanders in the 1320's; England in 1381; and in Germany in 1525; arisen from resentment towards nobility and the Church.

Henry of Navarre IV

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He converted to Catholicism to win the allegiance of his subjects. When he became king, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

"95 Theses"

Statements written by Martin Luther about the abuses within the Catholic Church, mainly indulgences and their stupidity, that he posted on the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany,

Valois Family

The French Catholic family that was on the Catholic majority side when France was divided during the Reformation. They were rivals with the Huguenot Bourbon family.

John Calvin

The Frenchman who was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader; created Calvinism.

"Cuius Regio, Eius Religio"

The Latin phrase which literally means, "Whose rule, his religion." This concept was the core of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, allowing rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism for themselves and their subjects.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place five days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris.

War of the 3 Henrys

The War of the Three Henrys was the eighth and final conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the Wars of Religion. The war was fought between the royalists, led by Henry III of France; the Huguenots, led by the heir-presumptive Henry of Navarre; and the Catholic League, led by Henry I, Duke of Guise and funded and supported by Philip II of Spain.

Luther's 4 Fundamental Beliefs

The basis for Protestantism/Lutheranism: 1. Salvation comes by faith and faith alone 2. Authority is held by the Bible and the Bible alone 3. The Church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers 4. Everyone should serve God in his/her individual calling as opposed to abandoning secular practices in favor of religious

Diet/Edict of Worms

The first meeting of all important figures of the HRE (nobility, clergy, city leaders) summoned by Charles V in the city of Worms in order to confront Luther.

Archbishop of Canterbury

The head of the English Church after the King himself, setting all Church standards/doctrines/practices.

The Index

The list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church (obviously Luther's and Calvin's works are included in the Index). The goal was to protect the faith and morals of Catholics by preventing people from being contaminated. It was created during the Counter-Reformation as a way of stopping the spread of Protestantism.

Zwingli

The most important early reformer other than Luther was the Swiss humanist, priest, and admirer of Erasmus; announced in 1519 that he would not preach from the church's prescribed readings but, relying on Erasmus's New Testament, go right through the New Testament "from A to Z," that is, from Matthew to Revelation; was convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures, which were the pure words of God and the sole basis of religious truth.

Ursalines

The religious order created by the Catholic Church as a response to the Protestant reformation with the purpose to spread education and prevent heresy among lay women.

Henry VIII 1509-1547

The son of the founder of the Tudor Dynasty; removed English church from the jurisdiction of Rome and the Pope in order to gain annulment to remarry five times; nationalized church.

"Politiques"

The term given to European political leaders during the "Wars of Religion" who prioritized political stability over religious purity. Politiques were willing to accept religious toleration for the sake of ending civil wars.

"Paris is worth a Mass"

These were the famous words supposedly uttered by Henry IV in 1593 when he decided to convert to Catholicism to better win the allegiance of his subjects, the majority of whom were Catholic

The Elizabethan Settlement

This is the nickname for the compromise establishing the look of England's official church (The Church of England) by the Act of Uniformity. Most people accepted it; only Extreme Protestants (Calvinists-Puritans) and Extreme Catholics were unhappy with this compromise

Pre-Reformation

Time period in which the Catholic Church was actively against reading the Bible which was reserved for the elite, written in Latin and expensive to purchase, and was still a dominant force in many people's lives; suspiciousness of laity began to rise.

Guise Family

Ultra-Catholic family in France who had goals and interests of greatly influencing and physically obtaining the throne of France. They would be major participants in the French Wars of Religion and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Catherine de Medici

Wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army, which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she created a compromise between Prostantism and Catholicism in England in order to unify the country.

French Wars of Religion

(1562-1598) Huguenots (10% of pop. but 50% of nobility) vs. Catholics (90% of population) results in Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) taking the throne as Henry IV.

Colloquy of Marburg

A summoning in 1529 to gather all Protestants and unify beliefs; successful in all aspects of unification except for the concept/practice of the Eucharist.

Theocracy

A system of government in which figures of religious prominence rule in the name of God or gods.

Wittenberg

A town in eastern Germany on the Elbe River northeast of Leipzig. It was the scene in 1517 of Martin Luther's campaign against the Roman Catholic Church that was a major factor in the rise of the Reformation.

Presbyterians

A type of Puritan that worked through Parliament to create their alternative national church, demonstrated many Calvinist principles; they were partially self governed by presbyteries (group of representative ordained ministers).

The Elect

According to Calvin, the Christians chosen, or elected, by God through their soul and being and by nothing else.

Act of Uniformity

Act that set up a national church, much like the one under Henry VIII. Required to be the only legal church in England. People were required to attend the services or pay a fine.

Thomas Cranmer

Appointed as archbishop of the new church, Canterbury, by King Henry; he annulled the king's previous marriage and in 1533 Henry and Anne Boleyn successfully married.

John Tetzel

Archbishop Albert hired the friar John Tetzel to sell indulgences to the people; Tetzel riled up the citizens into the fear of fate in eternal hell lest they purchase indulgences.

The Degree of Change in the English Church Under Henry, Edward, Mary, & Elizabeth

Be sure to know which way the church swayed (Protestant or Catholic) under their rule and how much. Henry VIII: rejected the supremacy of the Pope and Rome but kept Catholic Doctrine the same (moderate) Edward VI: made the church extremely Protestant; removed celibacy and relics and created new liturgy Mary I: made the church extremely Catholic and persecuted Protestants So you are Joe Average. You go to church in 1500 and it's a good catholic church. You show up one day in 1540, and notice that a couple of changes have been made [no mention of the pope, and lots of references to King Henry]. You go again in 1550 and notice that there have been sweeping changes [priest is married, no similarity to the church service that you attended way back in 1500]. So much craziness in one church building. You go back in 1555 and the Catholic Priest is back in the pulpit, the mass is in Latin, and you are slightly confused. Best just keep your mouth shut on what you think about religion.

Thomas Cromwell

Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal; he and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant; he commanded the monasteries of England to surrender their lands and possessions to nobles of the state.

Holy Roman Empire

Became a literal battleground of religious Reformation as its thirteen cantons' religious beliefs differed from each other.

Calvinism

Broadly influential Protestant theology emanating from the French theologian John Calvin, who fled to Switzerland, where he reordered life in the community of Geneva according to his conception of the Bible; Calvinism emphasized the power and omnipotence of God and the importance of seeking to earn saving grace and salvation, even though God had already determined (the concept of predestination) who would be eternally saved or damned.

Netherlands vs Philip II

By around the 1560s, the Netherlands were mostly Protestant, but when Catholic Spanish authorities attempted to suppress Calvinist worship and raised taxes in the 1560s, rioting ensued. Calvinists sacked thirty Catholic churches in Antwerp, destroying the religious images in them in a wave of iconoclasm. From Antwerp the destruction spread. Philip II sent twenty thousand Spanish troops under the duke of Alva to pacify the Low Countries. Alva interpreted "pacification" to mean ruthless extermination of religious and political dissidents. On top of the Inquisition, he opened his own tribunal, soon called the "Council of Blood." On March 3, 1568, fifteen hundred men were executed. To Calvinists, all this was clear indication that Spanish rule was ungodly and should be overthrown. Finally, on 1609 the Dutch gains independent and the south remains with Catholic French.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. Met from 1545-1563.

The Catholic League

Catholic group and association in France that were not Politiques or Huguenots. They did not agree with the group's thoughts and they consisted of noblemen that were a part of large towns.

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Thomas More

Chancellor of Henry VIII and author of Utopia; opposed Henry VIII's plans and was therefore beheaded.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

October 31, 1517

Date that Luther nailed the 95 Thesis to the door of the Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany.

"Bloody" Mary Tudor

Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, who took the throne in 1553. Returned the English Church to the rule of the pope. Her efforts were met with much resistance, and many protestants were executed.

Catherine of Aragon

Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1st wife of Henry VIII, and mother of Mary I; Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with the Roman Church.

Peace of Augsburg 1555

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire; the faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

John Wycliff

English scholar and theologian who went further than the conciliarists in his argument against medieval church structure, writing that Scripture alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice and that papal claims of secular power had no foundation in the Scriptures.

Luther's Response to the Peasant Revolts

Initially Luther sided with the peasants, but as the revolt grew more violent he sought to prevent them, his vengeance only being freedom from the Church, not the secular government.

Ignatius Loyala

a soldier who took the faith of Catholicism into a new direction. He said that you become higher in the church by improving the world. Loyola created the Jesuits, which could be monks, scholars, and leaders. They were the "Soldiers of Christ". Because of him, Catholicism spreads throughout the world. He helps people understand the message of Christ and publishes a book that helps spread Catholicism. He learns from the bad examples and helps make Catholicism better for others who are trying to learn the faith.