Terrorism Exam #2 study guide

Seizure of U.S. embassy and hostage crisis (1979-1981)

Iran ◦ 4 November 1979-1981 ◦ Failure of American Rescue effort ◦ Operation Eagle Claw

Hugo Chavez

(◦ President of Venezuela 1999-2013 ◦ United Socialist Party "Chavismo" ◦ About Open Veins of Latin America (Galeano): 'This book is a monument in our Latin American History" (a gift to Obama in 2009)

National Liberation Front

Algeria ◦ FLN vs. fundamentalists (Islamists) ◦ French imperialism in Algeria beginning in 1830 ‣ Growing tensions between the French and the Algerians after WWII ‣ By 1954 about 1 million Europeans in Algeria pieds noirs, 9 million Muslim Algerians National Liberation Front (FLN) v. French colonial establishment ◦ FLN comes to power at end of the French-Algerian War, 1954-1962 ◦ Frantz Fanon a voice

Liberation theology

El Salvador ◦ Gustavo Gutiérrez, A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, Salvation ‣ Moderate side of Theology of Liberation ◦ Archbishop Romero was seen to be sympathetic toward the Theology of Liberation ◦ A left-wing Catholic movement promoting a christian response to the conditions of poverty and exploitation in Latin America ◦ Camilo Torres ‣ Colombian priest that represented the extreme left of this theology ‣ Main idea generally- the world is arranged in such a way that the vast majority of people are mercilessly exploited, degree of economic exploitation is so extreme that no christian should be able to sleep at night knowing what is going on in LA ‣ Owe it to their faith to rise up against the status quo- didn't believe in pacifism, knew leaders wanted them to remain peaceful ◦ Left-wing Catholic idea in Latin America ◦ Padre Gutierez is the founder ◦ God's people are suffering- good catholics should want to protect people ◦ Can violently act out to protect God's children

"kill the seed" mentality

El Salvador ◦ Mentality of the soldiers ◦ 1,000 civilians including 533 children ◦ Atlacatle Battlion mentality ◦ Mentality was kill the root cause ◦ If the root is killed doesn't matter how many die if the cause is gone

Cuban Revolution of 1959

Fidel Castro overthrew the previous dictator, and introduced Communism to the island of Cuba. ◦ Fidel Castro ◦ Paradigm for anti-American, anti-capitalist, pro-socialist revolutionaries

Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle East Response

Israeli Perspective ◦ The Cleveland E. Dodge ◦ Lewis the man of ideas for the neoconservative policies in the Middle East ◦ Book was a manifesto for regime change- what they must do to make the Middle East inhabitable ◦ No hope for Muslim countries until they develop some sort of democratic society ◦ Lewis's conception of Middle East history ◦ Edward Said attacks his book ◦ Right-wing ◦ Did what they set out to do ◦ Orientalism is Said's rebuttal

Political Solutions School

Israeli perspectives ◦ More moderate ◦ The U.S. unfailing support of Israeli status ◦ U.S. backs Israeli solutions no matter what

Benghazi attack (2012)

Libya ◦ U.S. ambassador in Libya assassinated ◦ Christopher Stevens ◦ Career diplomat and U.S. ambassador to Libya murdered September 11

Muammar Gaddafi

Libya ◦ 1969 coup against the monarchy led by Gaddafi ◦ Captain in Libyan army ◦ Overthrew king ◦ Modernizer ◦ Arab nationalist- against Islamists ◦ Follows Nasser's path (president of Egypt, opposed Muslim Brotherhood) ◦ Anti-western and anti-AmericanSupported the PLO (Palestinian Nationalist Movement) and other radical nationalist groups ◦ Identified by Claire Sterling in The Terror Network as the "Daddy Warbucks", or financier of international terrorism ◦ Gaddafi begins to emerge from international isolation ‣ Why? Growing pressure from Islamist groups in Libya: Fighting Libyam Islamic Group, The Islamic Movement of Martyrs, the Movements of Libyan Jihad, the Movement for Islamic Change, as well as al-Qaeda elements • All want him out • Looks to Washington for an ally • We need him because Osama bin Laden is a much more dangerous adversary ◦ Gaddafi seeking foreign investment to combat social and economic problems ‣ Rapport with United States increased after 9/11 ◦ Why, then, desert Gaddafi during the Libyan civil war of 2011 and side with the rebels? ‣ U.S. abandons Gaddafi ‣ Gaddafi overthrown and murdered ‣ Why did we abandon him?

George Habib Antonius, The Arab Awakening (1938)

Palestinian Perspectives ◦ Book dedicated to Charles Richard Crane of the 1919 King-Crane report ◦ Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)- diplomatic arrangement settlement settled on by France and England on who gets to takeover the middle east, oil ◦ Balfour Declaration (1917)- intention to create jewish homeland in Palestine ◦ Treaty of Sèvres (1920)

White Revolution

Policy of reforms enacted by Reza Shah, beginning in 1963, to rapidly modernize and Westernize Iran ◦ Shah's "white revolution'" ◦ 1963- Industrial revolution, social revolution- process of modernization and augmented by the Shah ◦ Don't want to become a cheap knockoff of the U.S.- oppose consumer society ◦ Opposition gained momentum ◦ Modernization revolution ◦ Bringing Iran into the modern era ◦ Westernization

Benjamin Netanyahu

Prime Minister of Israel ◦ Current prime minister ◦ Terrorism: How the West Can Win ◦ Fighting Terrorism ‣ Terrorism conspiracy against democracy; only can be opposed successfully by a no-nonsense policy of political, economic, and military force ‣ Terrorism is a pathology made possible by the support of sovereign states: in combating terrorism political concessions of the kind proposed by Margalit, Grossman, Elon, Levy, and Hass are ineffective ‣ Terrorism occurs not as a result of social misery and frustration, but "is rooted in the political ambitions and designs of dangerous expansionist states and the groups that serve them." ◦ Appearing before Congress March 2015- many standing ovations ‣ Benjamin spoke to congress ◦ Enthusiastic response ◦ Strained relationship with Obama ◦ U.S. continues to support him

Ali La Pointe

Revolutionary fighter guerilla leader during the Battle of Algiers. He was a member of the FLN and sought for Algerian independence from France ◦ Guerrilla fighter of the FLN ◦ Refused to surrender ◦ Died at the end of the movie with his family

Mao Zedong

Terrorism in Peru ◦ Ruler of Chine 1949-1976 ◦ Own version of Marxist-Leninism ◦ Sino-Soviet split (1960)- peasant communism ‣ Focused importance of marxist revolution in backwards countries (primarily agriculture)- how ideology should be adapted to these countries ◦ Great Leap Forward (1958)- comparable to Stalin's Five Year Plan ‣ Collectivization ◦ Influenced Cambodia greatly ◦ Maoism was adopted to Peruvian conditions

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

group aimed to overthrow the Uzbek government trying to create a democracy and establish an Islamic state ◦ Economic conditions created an opening for this radical group ◦ 'spread with incredible speed" ◦ Social and economic interpretation on terrorism: "Historically, socio-economic aid has proved to be the critical factor in counter-insurgency. A well-fed, well-housed, and fully employed population would not provide recruits for the IMU" (Rashid)

Carlos Abimael Guzman

• "Gonzolo", 1934-2021 • Philosophy professor at the University of Ayacucho and the leader of Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) • Attracted to Mao because Peru was a backward peasant society • Thought Mao's ideas might work in Peru • Inspired by Che and Fidel Castro • Main influence on Sendero Luminoso was Maoism ◦ Maoism adapted to Peruvian conditions ◦ Takeover of the university in 1968 and then expanding its reach into the countryside ◦ Spray-painting slogans Guerilla warfare ◦ Turned it into a violent revolutionary group • Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality by Mariátegui was revolutionary for him • Captured and tried by a court of military judges who were hooded to save their lives ◦ Given a life sentence • Guzman's military tribunal trial declared unconstitutional ◦ Retried in 2004 ◦ Declares "Long live the Communist Party of Peru! Glory to Marxism-Leninism-Maoism! Glory to the Peruvian people! Long live the heroes of the people's war!" ‣ Relates to Peloponnesian war- fall of leader- fall of people ◦ Tried with his wife ◦ Guzman and his wife Elena Iparraguirre at their second trial in 2004 were serving two concurrent life sentences ◦ Guzman died on July 13, 2021 ◦ SL decreases after his death

Rashid Khalidi

• Edward Said professor of Modern Arab Studies at Columbia • Palestinian Identity ◦ National consciousness begins for the Palestinians with influx of large-scale Jewish immigration during the interwar period • The Iron Cage ◦ Published 2006 ◦ Palestinian struggle for statehood thwarted in British Mandate period (1919-1948) and by the Zionists and Americans ever since

How Orientalism plays into the Palestinian perspective?

• Written by Edward Sayyid • A lot of his thesis has to do with how the west dealt with Israel and Palestine- fed into terrorism • Stereotypes

Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth

◦ 1925-1961 ◦ French West Indian psychiatrist, philosopher, and revolutionary ◦ Ardent supporter of the war for Algerian Independence ◦ Voice for FLN ◦ The Wretched of the Earth ‣ Manifesto of Third World anti-colonialism and radical left-wing movements ‣ Critique of Western Imperialism ‣ A bible of decolonization ‣ Post-colonial studies ◦ Fransisco Goya ‣ The Third of May 1808 ‣ "On Violence" section of The Wretched of the Earth- Fanon (the war he believed needed to be recreated) ‣ "Decolonization is always a violent phenomenon" ‣ "the colonized man finds his freedom through violence ‣ Inspiration of the guerrilla campaign in the Peninsular War- model resistance struggle ◦ Fanon defines "terrorism' ‣ European imperialists brought terror to the Third World; they sowed the wind; now they will reap the whirlwind in a gigantic global counter-terror ‣ European opulence founded on the slavery of the Third World, on the blood of the slaves: "We have decided not to overlook this any longer." ◦ Critical of U.S.-- a "super Europe", "a monster in which the taints, the sickness, and the inhumanity of Europe have grown to appalling dimensions." ◦ Fanon a secular left-wing revolutionary thinker ◦ Fanon updates Marx ‣ Adapting Marxism to the cause of anti-imperialist liberation movements ‣ About Fanon's book Sartre ◦ Algerian War of Liberation, resulting in the defeat of France, an inspiration for PLO, Al-Qaeda, insurgents in Iraq ◦ Fanon's Wretched of the Earth a manifesto of liberation ◦ Leftist not Islamist ◦ Promoted Marxist vision of the world

Hutus and Tutsis

◦ 1994 massacre of 800,000 Tutsis killed by Hutus ◦ Historic adversaries- rivalry erupted in 1994 ◦ Tribal rivalries

Tupac Amaru II

◦ 2001 novel about the Japanese Embassy kidnapping in Peru by Tupac Amaru ◦ No mention in the most recent edition of Country Reports on Terrorism of Tupac Amaru (Castroite-Marxist-Leninist group)- the second most important terrorist group in Peru during the late 20th and early 21st centuries- appears to have died out or at least become dormant ◦ Leaders of the Incans ◦ Big terrorist group- added racial level to acts of terrorism ◦ Peru ◦ Second most prominent terrorism group in Peru ◦ Kidnapped someone from the Japanese Embassy ◦ Leaders of the Incans ◦ Big terrorist group- added racial level to acts of terrorism ◦ Peru ◦ Second most prominent terrorism group in Peru ◦ Kidnapped someone from the Japanese Embassy

Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses (1988)

◦ A Satanic Verses 1988 ‣ Ayatollah issues a death sentence pronounced against Salman Rushdie for the satire ‣ "I profoundly regret the distress that the publication {of my book} has occasioned to the sincere followers of Islam. ‣ Continuation of the fatwa • "Even if Salman Rushdie repents and becomes the most pious man of all time, it is incumbent upon every Muslim to employ his life and his belongings to send him to hell." ‣ 2.6 million dollar reward for any Iranian who assassinates him ‣ 1 million to anyone else. ‣ Danger to Rushdie over the work never receded. ‣ Rushdie continued to receive death threat. ‣ Attacked on August 12, 2022 in Chautauqua, New York • Stabbed ten times by Hadi Matar (Lebanese-American born in California) • Lived, lost sight in one eye. ◦ Similar to Ayatollah Khomeini

Jihad

◦ Ahmed Rashid book ‣ Published 2002 ‣ An economic interpretation of terrorism in Central Asia ‣ Massive economic downturn ‣ Collapsing health care and education ‣ Unemployment as high as 80% in some areas of Central Asia • Bestial conditions ‣ People give up hope in an environment like this

Pol Pot

◦ Along with the Khmer Rouge ‣ Cambodian genocide carried out by Khmer Rouge regime under the leader Pol Pot, between 1.7 and 1.8 million people were murdered (21-24 percent of the population) ◦ The Pol Pot Regime ‣ Ben Kiernan ‣ State terrorism in its purest form ◦ Chinese connection ◦ Cambodian communist ◦ Killed 20 million people ◦ 1.7-1.8 million killed ◦ Imitate Chinese cultural revolution ◦ Intellectuals targeted ◦ Go back to farming revolution

Al-Qaeda

◦ Anyman al-Zawahiri- leader after 2011 ‣ One-time leader of an al-Jihad cell- merging with Al Qaeda in 1998 • Rose in Al Qaeda after the merge ‣ Said Gaddafi is an "enemy of Islam" ◦ 2013-2014 criminally proliferated, especially kidnappings ◦ Aimed to impose Sharia Law ◦ Avengers for the Arabs for the Treaty of Sèvres

Muslim Brotherhood

◦ Violence in Palestine transforms it into a political organization with a military wing ‣ Radicalized ‣ Acquired a political/military face ◦ Sisi (American supported leader) cracking down on Muslim Brotherhood ◦ Founded in Egypt ◦ Islamic revivalist ◦ Islamization ◦ Response to western intervention

Treaty of Sèvres (1920)

◦ Arabs were not permitted to be delegates or sit in on the treaty ◦ One of five treaties ending the First World War: Ottoman Empire disappears and is replaced by two new imperialist masters, Britain in Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Palestine, and France in Syria, with American oil companies participating as economic beneficiaries of the new status quo ◦ Osama bin Laden said this treaty was a death warrant for muslims ◦ Al Qaeda- avengers for the Arabs for the Treaty ‣ 9/11 comes out of this treaty ◦ 1920 ◦ Made after WWI ◦ Ottoman Empire disappeared ◦ One of five treaties ◦ Designates U.S. as economic control of the region (Ottoman territory) ◦ Gives Britain and France political control

"Operation Restore Hope" (Somalia)

◦ Battle of Mogadishu ◦ U.N. peacekeepers led by U.S. fail to restore order in war-wracked Somolia ◦ Reason why U.S. could not intervene ◦ Tried to provide relief to the country

Sayyid Qutb

◦ Egyptian Islamist author and leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood ◦ In the Shade of the Qur'an (30 volumes, written 1951-1965) ◦ Jews are the greatest enemy of Muslims ◦ Most famous book, Milestones ‣ Western modernity the world's greatest tragedy ‣ Spends time in Colorado and hates it ‣ Jahiliyya, the state of pagan disregard for Islamic law ‣ Mortal danger for truly religious people ◦ Jewish people are the enemy ◦ Islamist author ◦ Imprisoned by Egyptian author ◦ Milestones ◦ Writing influenced further Islamist groups

Hassan al-Banna

◦ Egyptian religious and political leader ◦ Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Revivalist organization calling for the Islamization of the state, economy, and society ◦ True Believer- believed in the faith and thought it was being corrupted by europeans and American oil magnates/businessmen, wanted to protect their culture ◦ Assassinated by Egyptian secret police

Avishai Margalit

◦ Emeritus philosophy professor, Hebrew University ◦ New York Review of Books reports from the Middle East: anti-Likud perspective ◦ "The Arab Spring and Israeli Spring", PLS ‣ Moral and political disaster of the Israeli Occupation ‣ Ephemeral significance of the Arab spring- overwhelming economic and demographic problems of the Arab world ‣ Non-existence of Israeli spring- unfailing support of U.S. keeps the Israeli status quo

French-Algerian War, 1954-1962

◦ FLN comes to power at end of the French-Algerian War, 1954-1962 ◦ Horne: "a horrible savage war" ◦ Systematic torture during Algerian War ‣ Horne in A Savage War of Peace on torture • Scene in the filemwhen Matthieu talks to a group of reporters: "I'll ask you a question myself ◦ Defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam (1954) ‣ Opposition to the French partly religious, partly secular- secular elements dominated FLN French determination to hold on to Algeria, following defeats in WWII and Indo-China ‣ Horne: "a horrible savage war" ‣ Massacres and atrocities on both sides ‣ The French suffered a humiliating defeat in WWII at the hands of Hitler- French power was smashed • France fell and occupied by germans ‣ Vietnam conflict and France- imperialism issues • Lost in Vietnam in 1954 and U.S. moved in to replace them ‣ French had two embarrassing losses- defeated ‣ Horne: "The French were bound and determined. They weren't going to lose another war in Algeria."

Father Roy Bourgeois, School of the Americas Watch

◦ Founder of the School of the Americas Watch ◦ Facility at Fort Benning Georgia for training foreign military personnel ◦ Later renamed Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation ◦ Spoke at UM ◦ Arguing from a Catholic Social Justice point of view ◦ Bourgeois dismissed from priesthood in 2012 over his support for ordination of women priests ◦ National Catholic Reporter coverage of Latin America ◦ Left-wing point of view ◦ Brought in and funded Right wing death squads that crippled the economy

Islamist violence in contemporary Algeria

◦ Fury agaisnt governments like FLN- won the war but as marxists ◦ Assassinated Boudiaf ◦ Terror bombings in Paris ◦ Amenas gas plant attack one of the most spectacular Islamist actions in Africa during these years ◦ FLN against Islamist groups ◦ Join with France again ◦ France aligned with FLN against Islamic groups

Aznar Nafisi, Reading Lolita in Teheran: A Memoir in Books (2003)

◦ Iranian writer and professor of English literature ◦ Graduate training in the United States ◦ Returned to Iran in 1979 and taught English at Tehran University ◦ Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books 2003 ◦ Studying American and English literature against the backdrop of the Iranian Revolution. ◦ Would invite young women to her home after the closer of the university in order to keep teaching English ◦ "our present trapped situations as women" ◦ "the nightmarish quality about living in an atmosphere of perpetual dread." ◦ "Living in the Islamic Republic is like having sex with a man you loathe." ◦ Left Iran in 1997 for the U.S. ◦ Becomes a citizen in 2008 ◦ Enormous praise ◦ Criticism of her as well ‣ Islamic Republic heavily dislikes the work ‣ Hamid Dabashi Iranian professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University • Condemning Nafisi as a neoconservative Orientalist of the kind Edward Said had spent his career exposing • "A native informer and colonial agent" contributing to the campaign for military intervention in the Middle East. ◦ Admirer of Bernard Lewis ‣ Nafisi's praise for Bernard Lewis as "one who opened the door" reveals the essence of her neoconservative politics ‣ Dabashi a relentless critic of American foreign policy in the Middle East.

Terror bombings in Paris of 1990s

◦ Ironic French support of FLN ‣ Faced hostility from Islamists ‣ France and Algeria come together to fight Islamism ◦ French realignment with FLN ◦ Historic speech to the Algerian Parliament by Francois Hollande, ‣ Recognizing suffering inflicted on Algeria during the era of French colonialism ‣ French investments at stake; military cooperation necessary ‣ Islamism is the new foe ‣ He went to Algeria and apologized ◦ France invested billions in Algeria- oil, gas, etc. ‣ Always an economic dimension

Mark Falcoff, American Enterprise Institute

◦ Latin American expert at the conservative American Enterprise Institute- currently Resident Scholar Emeritus of AEI ◦ Defending U.S. foreign policy in Latin America ◦ By fighting communism, U.S. has done the right thing overall ◦ Leading conservative ◦ Right wing point of view ◦ Argument on stopping communism

Palestinian Problem

◦ Leading cause of anti-American sentiment in the Islamic world- point reinforced by Osama bin Laden in Messages to the World ◦ Driven from their homeland ◦ Jewish people infiltrating their state ◦ Anti-western, anti-capitalism ◦ Purest form of Islam ◦ Ayatolla Khomeini ◦ Anti-zionist ◦ Result of Paris Peace conference ◦ King-Crane report ‣ Investigate when people say the situation is not good ‣ How people feel about a Jewish state being created ‣ Found Palestinians did not want a Jewish state

Atlacatl Battalion

◦ Lt. Colonel Domingo Monterrosa- counter insurgency training at the School of the Americas ◦ Danner: U.S. training the soldiers, supplying ammunition, and providing the funding ◦ Group in El Mozote ◦ "You are Guerrillas and this justice"

Algerian Civil War of 1990s

◦ Mohammad Boudiaf (major FLN leader) ‣ Assassinated by his bodyguard- connections with Islamist groups ‣ Civil war erupted ◦ A Savage War of Peace ‣ Decade-long civil war- "the Black Decade" ‣ Alistair Horne on violence of 1990s "an appalling civil war" ◦ Emergence of new, even more radical extremist groups, e.g. Armed Islamic Group (Afghans)- connections with Al-Qaeda

Military Solutions School

◦ More conservative ◦ Netanyahu ◦ Anti-western, anti-modernizing ideas

Arab Spring

◦ Movement that spreads across the middle east ◦ Political uprisings ◦ Internal civil wars- fed up with their governments, ready to protest ◦ Series of uprisings and demonstrations in across middle east against their governments in 2011 ◦ Economic issues- poverty and unemployment ◦ begins in Tunisia in 2011 and spreads to other countries, eventually reaching Libya ◦ Right up to the Arab Spring disturbances, Country Reports on Terrorism declaring "Libya continued to cooperate with the U.S. and the international community in the fight against terrorism." ◦ Why, then, desert Gaddafi during the Libyan civil war of 2011 and side with the rebels? ‣ U.S. abandons Gaddafi ‣ Gaddafi overthrown and murdered ‣ Why did we abandon him? ◦ Fisk on the reasons for abandoning Gaddafi: Arab spring makes him an unreliable associate in protecting Western investments, oil, gas, minerals, Israel- as a liability he had to fo U.S. supported rab dictatorships for decades, but now decides to support Arab spring as a way of maintaining American influence. ◦ Series of uprisings and demonstrations in across middle east against their governments in 2011 ◦ Economic issues- poverty and unemployment

Archbishop Oscar Romero

◦ Murdered while saying mass ‣ State terrorism ◦ Declared a martyr in 2015 ◦ Becomes a saint in 2018 ◦ Pope Francis played an important role in pushing his case ◦ Romero's murder touched off the civil war ◦ El Salvador

NATO intervention in Libya (2011)

◦ NATO is controlled by U.S. ◦ NATO intervention in Libya ◦ NATO is controlled by U.S. and all they care about is oil ◦ Other side of the argument- humanitarian

Che Guevara

◦ Native of Argentina ◦ Iconic hero for the revolutionary left ◦ Well-loved, even more than Castro ◦ Motorcycle trip- gave him an eye full of the below working class level ‣ Living lives of limitless degradation ‣ Set a fire in his soul ‣ Goes off on his trip and becomes politicized ‣ Seeds of radicalism planted then ‣ Armed revolution the only answer, after the Guatemala 1954 coup against Jacobo Arbenz ◦ José Carlos Mariategui inspired Che, man of words for him ◦ Guerrilla Warfare a Method ‣ A military handbook for Marxist revolutionaries ‣ Written by Che ‣ Reference work for Guerrillas around the world ‣ Relates to Lenin's book State and Revolution ‣ Terrorism valid "when it is used to put to death some noted leader of the oppressing forces well-known for his cruelty, his efficiency in repression, or other quality that makes his elimination useful" ‣ America always the enemy ‣ Responsible for the imperialist exploitation of Latin America's masses ◦ Left Cuba in 1965 to foment revolution abroad ‣ Executed by CIA ◦ Human symbol of revolution in Latin America

Right-wing death squads

◦ Operation Condor- coordinated by U.S., backed right wing to wipe out left ◦ U.S. funding them in Latin America to shut down communism ◦ Right wing in U.S.- shut down communism ◦ Mark Falcoff ◦ Henry Kissinger

Fidel Castro

◦ Overthrows Batista ◦ Leader of the Cuban Revolution ◦ Well-educated ◦ Alienated from the status quo as a young man- set out to oppose the whole power structure ◦ U.S. attempts to overthrow him through assassination attempts, economic blockade, counter-revolution, and the Bay of Pigs ‣ U.S. Government sponsored and funded anti-Castro exiles to attack Castro's Cuba and to overturn the government there (Bay of Pigs) ‣ Various assassination attempts ◦ "The United States is a killing machine' ◦ Human symbol of revolution in Latin America

Mohammad Mosaddegh

◦ Prime minister of Iran, 1951-1953 ◦ Nationalization of British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951 ◦ Operation Ajax ◦ U.S. oil companies participating in wealth extraction from Iran ◦ Overthrown

Ussama Makdisi

◦ Professor of History and the first holder of the Arab-American Educational Foundation Chair of Arab ◦ Nephew of Edward Said ◦ Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of the U.S.- Arab Relations 1820-2001 ‣ "America and the Arab Struggle for self-determination"

Edward Said, Orientalism (1978)

◦ Professor of comparative literature at Columbia University ◦ Palestinian American born in Mandatory Palestine ◦ Orientalism: Western conceptions of the orient ‣ Published 1978 ‣ Eurocentric prejudice against Arab-Islamic cultures ‣ Arab as "the other" ‣ Stereotypes and clichés ‣ Disinformation of American media ◦ Orientalism today = anti semitism yesterday ◦ Articulates a voice of the Palestinians ◦ New Preface for Orientalism 2003 ‣ Still preoccupied with Lewis ‣ Operation Iraqi freedom: "Truly awful to contemplate" ‣ Oreintalist dogma had fueled the invasion, just as it had "the awful suffering of the Palestinians" ‣ Dominating and exploiting Muslim

Jacobo Timerman, Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number (1981)

◦ Profound commentator ◦ Soviet-born Argentine newspaper publisher and author ◦ Reporting on the atrocities of the regime's Dirty War ◦ Ended up in Prison and was tortured ◦ Published his book after release ◦ Prisoner without a name, cell without a number ‣ Published 1981 ‣ Discussed his experience in Jail ‣ An outstanding memoir about state terrorism ‣ "The first time in violence is like the first time in love." (psychological interpretation of terrorism in some respects reminiscent of Hoffer) • Some personalities who respond to violence emotionally at a level of passion

Taliban

◦ Rashid book ‣ Most famous book ‣ New York Times bestseller ‣ Translated into 40 languages ‣ Sold 1.5 million copies in English ‣ Went into orbit after 9/11 ◦ On the rise because of U.S. policies- conclusion Rashid reaches in his book Descent into Chaos ◦ As of 2021 Taliban back in power ◦ Afghan Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar ‣ A founder of Taliban in1994 ‣ Islamic fundamentalist movement in Afghanistan ‣ Strict interpretation of Sharia (Islamic law) ◦ Taliban driven from power following invasion in December 2001 ‣ Thereafter Taliban fighting an insurgency against America and other Nato forces and the American-backed Afghan government ‣ Despite billions of dollars in U.S. aid, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and military aiding Taliban ◦ On the rise because of U.S. policies

Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi

◦ Reza Shah Pahlavi (father) ‣ Iran ‣ In power 1925-1941 ‣ Begins modernization process in Persia ‣ Encouraging Nazi commercial enterprise- good rapport ‣ Anglo-Russian alliance in WWII and invasion of Iran, August 1941 ‣ Abdication in favor of his son ◦ U.S. man ◦ In power 1941-1978- initially a figurehead ◦ Iran a conduit for British and American aid to Russia during WWII ◦ Regime of modernizing authoritarianism ◦ CIA cooperation with the Shah's secret police, SAVAK ◦ Left-wing and Islamist dissident

King-Crane Report (1919)

◦ Sent by Woodrow Wilson ◦ In the Middle East for six weeks ◦ Found that arabs want independence, not masters ‣ Arab opposition to a Jewish state in Palestine ‣ "the project for making Palestine a distinctly Jewish commonwealth should be given up"- set up a problem that would result in an unending war ◦ Charles Richard Crane ‣ Spent years in middle east ‣ Wilson supporter ◦ Henry Churchill King ‣ Knew a lot about the middle east too ◦ The Education of an anti-imperialist ‣ Richard Drake ‣ King Crane Report: Such a state would involve "the gravets trespass upon the civil and religious rights of the existing non-jewish communities in Palestine..., the Zionist project could only be carried out by a force of arms and no one could foretell when such a conflict would end" ◦ If someone has to control them they would want it to be the U.S. ◦ U.S. gets economic control, France and British get political control ◦ A lot could have been avoided if the report was seen before signing treaties to give up the Islamic world ◦ Before Paris Peace Conference ◦ King and Crane went to middle east and investigated ◦ By the time the report was over the peace conference was finished ◦ Did not talk about terrorist groups

Iran-Iraq War

◦ September 1980 ◦ America supports Saddam Hussein ◦ More than 1 million lives lost ◦ Cultural revolution of dealing with America

Roméo Dallaire

◦ Shake Hands With the Devil ‣ A memoir published in 2003, excellent source on the background of the tragedy and its unfolding in 1994 ‣ Dallaire, a Canadian military officer, was the Force commander of the U.N. peacekeepers in Rwanda 1993-1994 ‣ Rwanda became "a stinking nightmare of rotting corpses" (Dallaire) ‣ Corpse-eating dogs attacking th living ‣ Rats the size of terriers ‣ Appalling condition of young girls raped and infected with HIV/AIDS ‣ Dallaire "ripped apart by failure and remorse"- description of self ‣ "I know there is a God because in Rwanda I shook hands with the devil. I know the devil exists and, therefore, I know there is a God." ‣ Meeting with the génocidaires: "What a sick event." ‣ Violence-crazed fanatics ‣ Dallaire became aware of the vital importance of morality

The Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)

◦ Shining Path comes from the book, Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality, Mariátegui ◦ "The Shining Path" out of this hell is through Marxist revolution- can't count on reform ◦ 6,000 militants ‣ Solid connections with the substantial elements of the population (key element in understanding long-term terrorist violence in any society) ‣ Civil war (class and race components) ‣ Feared because of militants but also because there was a huge zone of sympathy for those groups • Dedicated core membership becomes dangerous when large numbers of people agree with the radicals ◦ 100 government officials killed by Shining Path ◦ Carlos Guzman the leader ◦ Main influence was Maoism ◦ Alberto Fujimori, president of Peru, ran an aggressive anti-terrorist campaign against Sendero Luminoso ◦ Today only has 250-300 militants ‣ Guzman's cause has declines severely

Paris Peace Conference (1919)

◦ Six months that changed the world ◦ T.E. Lawrence (attended the conference, British liaison officer), he observed the rights of the Arabs were completely ignored ◦ Resulted in five treaties ◦ Decisions ◦ After WWI ◦ Formulate all the treaties ◦ 1919

Lockerbie Bombing 1988

◦ Terror attack on Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, 21 December 1988, with great loss of life ‣ Gaddafi admits role ten years later ◦ Patterns of Global Terrorism: Gaddafi part of the axis of terrorist evil ◦ 1999 Gaddafi admits Libya's role in Lockerbie's slaughter ◦ Fisk on the reasons for abandoning Gaddafi: Arab spring makes him an unreliable associate in protecting Western investments, oil, gas, minerals, Israel- as a liability he had to to U.S. supported arab dictatorships for decades, but now decides to support Arab spring as a way of maintaining American influence. ◦ Gaddafi's murder "a dark start to the new Libya"

Colonel Matthieu

◦ The Battle of Algiers ◦ Jacques Massu ‣ Matthieu based on him ‣ Morally, the practice of torture produced a culture of perversion

Zionism

◦ Theodor Herzl father of this ◦ Promotes Jewish immigration to Palestine ◦ Lots of anti-semitic activity in France ‣ Herzl said they had to get out of there, couldn't live in Europe- have to create a country of their own, birth moment of zionism ◦ Balfour Declaration ‣ Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour declares Britain's sympathy for Zionism ◦ Zionist Terrorism ‣ King David Hotel Bombing ◦ U.S. supported it ◦ Supports Jewish migration to Palestine

Congo genocide (1996-2002)

◦ Trigger event of Rwanda tragedy: downing of plane carrying Presdient Juvena; Habyarimana, 6 April 1994 ‣ Hate radio campaign begins against the Tutsis ◦ Tutsi pursuit of Hutu forces into the Congo ‣ Death by displacement (exhaustion, hunger, disease) ‣ Mass rape and massacre (Tutsis kill tens of thousands of Hutu civilians)

People's Revolutionary Army and Montoneros—Castro-inspired revolutionary groups

◦ Two major left-wing parties ◦ People's Revolutionary Army: ‣ Military arm of the Communist Workers' Revolutionary Party ‣ Rationale of the State: these acts could not be counted as terror because the State was only defending itself by getting rid of the country's internal enemies: the People's Revolutionary Army and the Montoneros

Ayatollah Khomeini

◦ White revolution as American and Zionist plot ◦ In exile after 1964 ◦ Religious messages from Paris undermining the Shah ◦ Founder and then Supreme Leader of Islamic Republic of Iran ◦ Viewed people like the Shah as a puppet ◦ Islam and Revolution ‣ Published in 1981 ‣ A compilation of the ideas and convictions that underlay the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and Shia antagonism toward the U.S. and Israel ‣ Specific themes: • God's law ◦ Government must be run in accordance with God's law ("a government of divine justice") ◦ Do not permit "demons in human form" to create dissension ◦ God directly intervenes in human affairs ◦ "Hold firm the rope of God, all together" • A critique of American imperialism ◦ U.S. as global plunderer ◦ The Great Satan (U.S.) ◦ The Little Satan (Israel) ◦ Looting Muslim resources • Islamic morality ◦ Sacred right to employ violence in defense of true Islam ◦ "With the Qur'an in one hand and a gun in the other" ◦ Purge the universities, eliminate non-believing professors ◦ Cultivate Islamic sciences ◦ Need for Islamic morality in the Universities • Appetitive soul ◦ "Lecture on the Supreme Jihad" ◦ The struggle against the appetitive soul- central issue in the world today- to combat pagan materialism ◦ Need for moral purification and spiritual advancement ◦ The real terrorists in the world are the people who oppose the sacred cause pf spiritual regeneration- Hollywood is terrorism in this perspective • Spiritual diseases ◦ "When man orients himself to other than God, veils of darkness and light envelop him" ◦ "How much longer do you wish to continue your sleep of neglect, to remain immersed in evil and corruption?" • The supreme Jihad ◦ The struggle against the appetitive soul

Operation Ajax (1953)

◦ an exercise in regime change planned and carried out by the CIA and M16 ◦ First CIA attack on a foreign government during peace time ◦ Kermit Roosevelt Jr. directs the coup- Iran seen to be "moving toward communism" ‣ Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran (1979) ◦ First U.S. covert action to overthrow a foreign government during peacetime ◦ Pivotal moment- Iran begins to see U.S. as an adversary