Test 1
CHIAROSCURO is a
Italian word for light-dark or modeling. Term used in lighting from light to dark. The gradual shifting from light to dark through a successive gradation of tones across a curved surface.
"Diego in my Thoughts", by Frida Kahlo (1-7 pg 6) 1949. [ART AND TRUTH]
An anguished self portrait by Frida Kahlo. The portrait represents her anguish over her husband's power over her-- his watching her constantly (eyes) and his 'choking' the life/freedom (hair around the neck) from her. Frida was in an accident when a bus hit a trolly car she was in. Several bones were broken. Her husband was very large, powerful, and egotistical. Frida was known for doing extremely anguished (painful) self-potraits.
Bellagio Hotel (based on 1-6 pg 5, by Chihuly)
Chihuly's installation is a 70-foot-long ceiling installation suspended above the reception area of the Bellagio Hotel. The piece is intended to transport its guests to the famed small town of Bellagio on the shore of Italy's spectacular Lake Como.
The Mona Lisa (1-1 pg. 3) [ART AND BEAUTY]
Created by Leonardo Da Vinci. It is was his most famous painting in the history of Western Art in the 16th Century. Da Vinci is said to have God-like ability. Da Vinci was one of the 1st artists to use atmospheric perspective background. He used modeling-shading for light & dark. The Cariscoral (Italian word), gives the illusion of 3-dimensional.
Examining a work art in its historical, social, and political context will...
enable understanding; will enable you to have a more meaningful dialogue with that work.
ANALOGOUS COLORS are...
hue that lies next to each other on color wheel and are mixed with primary and secondary colors. Harmonious and soothing
TEXTURE
is used to describe the surface character of woven fabrics and other materials as experienced primarily through th sense of touch. Something you can feel (woodgrain, glass)
ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE is...
less detailed and less intense in the distance
OVERLAPPING is..
placing one object in front of another
"Self Portrait", by Robert Mapplethorpe-1988 1-8 pg 7 [ART AND TRUTH]
Gay artist. One of the best photographers. Was taken to court in Cinnatati, Ohio in 1990 over displaying works depicting gay men in various sexual acts. His works were funded by the National Endowment of the Arts. Shortly after the court case, he died of aids in 1989. This made him immortal in a way. Made him live on after his death. He left his fortune for Aids Research.
TYPES OF SHAPE - GEOMETRIC
Geometric shapes are regular and precise. Exa. rectangles and circles. - Straight (rectilinear) - Curved (currvilinear)
Murano Glass (based on 1-6 pg 5, by Chihuly)
Glass renowned from Venice, Italy. Chilhuly's piece dazzles with its colors and textures and is reminiscent of the undulating shapes and brillant palette of Venice's renowned murano glass.
VALUE CONTRAST...
Light against dark or dark against light. The degrees of difference between shades of gray. Drawing objects or figures with a high value contrast makes them easy to see.
Picasso's Cubism and art that influenced it...
Picasso was one of the first to introduce Cubist Paintings. - Cubism: takes organic shapes and changing them to geometric Picasso was influenced by African and Iberian Art
LOCAL LIGHTING
means Normal Lighting. The hue of an object as created by the colors its surface reflects under normal lighting conditions. (exa. Noon time)
VISUAL TEXTURE means...
Illusion See With Eyes. Simulated texture in a work of art. It looks like a texture but can't really be felt.
IMPLIED MASS
Illusion of occupying 3 dimensional space with drawing or painting. - Objects that are depicted as 3-dimensinal on a 2-dimensional surface (such as a drawing or a painting) - Mark Tansey's "Landscape" is an example of implied mass.
"The Dinner Party", by Judy Chicago (1974-1979) 1-10 pg 8 [ART AND IMMORTALITY]
Immortalization of history's notable women. Women weren't granted same opportunities as men. "The Dinner Party" represents 39 place settings (113 on each side) divided by 3. The names of 999 famous women are on the tiles. Chicago used crafts made by women and methods of arts. She brought unknown female artists to life. The immortalization of history's notable women. Resembles "The Last Supper".
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE is...
parallel lines converge at vanisihing points on horizon
VALUE is....
Light or Dark . The degree of lightness or darkness. The value of a color of a surface is its lightness or darkness.
"Liberty Leading the People" (1830 - fig 1-31, pg 20), by Eugene Delacroix - Oil on canvas - under ART IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
- Keeping spirit alive - Kind of allegorical painting symbolizing liberty - Became a symbol of French Revolution - Kept the spirit of the French Revolution of 1830 alive - people of all classes were united in rising up against injustice - The woman in the painting was symbolic of liberty - trampling over the king's troops - The artist, Eugene Delacroix, supported the war. - The artist is in the picture (looking like Abraham Lincoln). That was his way of showing support
MODELING...
(on a two-dimensional surface) is the creation of the illusion of roundness or three-dimensions through the use of light and shadow.
"Epic of American Civilization: Hispano-America" (1932-1934), by Jose' Clemente Orozco. Done in Fresco. [fig. 1-36, pg. 23]
- A mural painting - Hired by W.P.A. - Works Progress Administration who hired/commissioned artists during the Great Depression, under Roosevelt's Administration. - Jose' Clemente Orozco's painting is also a form a political art. - This is a Murial Painting (painted on a wall in fresco) - There were food lines during this time - Education was being destroyed - An exa. of politial art - Was commissioned by W.P.A. (Workers Progress Adm) during Roosevelt's administration in the 1930's.
"The Dream", by Max Beckmann (1921) - Oil on Canvas under ART AND IDEOLOGY [Fig 1-18, pg. 12] (more night more than dream)
- Claustrophobic room in which figures are compressed into a zigzag group. -Harsh, angular shapes and deformations. - Horror hides in every nook and cranny from the amputated and bandaged hands of the man in red stripes to the blinded street musician and maimed harlequin. -Night marish torture chamber --Is it from some dark comedy or human puppets locked in a world of manipulation and hopelessness.
"I and the Village" (1911) - Oil on Canvas, by Marc Chagall under ART AND IDEOLOGY
- Fantasy of memories growing up in Russia. - Took pictures of animals and made them into trangular shapes. The cheek has a shape of a man. - We should have harmony w/ nature and w/ each other. - The tree is like the tree of life (from the Old Testment) - The part of woman milking a cow is representative of his childhood. - The woman in painting represents his wife whom he loved very much. - Should be a balance of the 3 items in his painting.
DIAGONAL LINES...
- Imply movement or directionality (as in the directionality and movement of the breath of the Zephyr in "The Birth of Venus".
"Wonderland", by Miriam Schapiro (1983 - Acrylic and fabric collage on canvas) [fig. 1-34, pg. 22] under ART IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
-"Wonderland" uses everyday objects that are found in a woman's kitchen. - Femmage of feminine culture - Items used from a kitchen. - Picture has quilting blocks, dollies, needlework, crocheted aprons, handkerchiefs. - used a collage technique
TROMPE L'OEIL is...
French for trick the eye
"Tar Beach" (1988 - Acrylic paint on canvas and pieced fabric), by Faith Ringgold [fig 1-27, pg 17] under ART, EXPERIENCE, AND MEMORY
- Painting called "Tar Beach" because of the top of the building where Ringgold and her family had gatherings/parties/get-togethers -Quilt Border is associated with memories of childhood, security. - Dreaming that she's flying - Want to grow up to become an artist. - When she grows up, she wants to get her mother icecream because she couldn't get any. Wants to help her father get a Union Card becasue being Black, he was not allowed to have a union card. Faith Ringgold's "Tar Beach", was recording memories. Memories of growing up in Harlem w/n a patchwork quilt framework.
"Floating dome" (Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus), by Hagia Sophia - Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) (532-537 CE) - Interior View 1-15, pg 10 [ART AND RELIGION]
- Romaneske period was around the 9th & 10th Century. - Art done after time of Conestition - Largest known structure of its kind - Reinforced ribs that help hold domes up - Looks like dome is floating because of the eight _____ coming through. - Known for having the illusion of a floating dome. - Made in gold (gold represents heaven)
"Fountain" (1917) - 1951 Version after lost original, By-MARCEL DUCHAMP (Porcelain urinal) [fig. 1-35, pg. 22] under ART AND POPULAR CULTURE
- The artist Marcel Duchamp was the first one to show how you can use art to make it something. - "Fountain" introduced the first readymade art in 1917, using a urinal.
"Madonna and Child" (1992), by Rimma Gerlovina and Valeriy Gerlovin [Fig 2-8, pg. 31, Chromogenic print] VISUAL ELEMENTS OF ART
- Uses braided hair to outline and shape the CHRIST CHILD. - USING THE TRADITIONAL IMAGERY OF Virgin Mary and CHRIST Child
OUTSIDER ART OR UNTRAINED ARTISTS
Is a catchall category that has been used for works by untrained artists or self-taught artists. (Exa. incarcerated people, people who are psychologically compromised and sometimes institutionalized for conditions ranging from autism to schizophrenia).
Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome - dedicated 112 and is 128 feet high. [ART AND GLORY] 1-11 pg 8
Sculpture sequence references battles held. Column of Trajan refers / glorifies the Roman Empero Trajan's victory over the Dacians - Romania. Later, Napeolaen Bonaparte used he same type of column to glorify his victories in 9th Century. - The Romans came up with the idea of building columns, roads, highways, over bridges. - Relief Sculpture: Where images come out from the background.
IMPLIED MOTION AND TIME
Some works try to imply that motioin or time has occurred.
French performance artist Orlan and her work, "A Portrait in the Flesh" (1-3 pg 4). Started around 1989 [ART AND OUR ENVIRONMENT]
Sometimes artists try to improve on nature--thereby creating an alternative standard. Orlan dedicated herself to embodyng Western classic beauty as found in the works of DaVinci, Botticelli, and Boucher through multiple plastic surgeries. In the work on 1-3, Orlan is being "prepared" for one of a series of operations. When she was asked, "when will it end"? Orlan said, "I will stop my work when it is close as possible to the computer composite".
The culture immortalization (Marilyn Monroe)
The culture immortalization of Marilyn Monroe allowed her to become a work of art. Her image is still found on posters and calendars. Books and songs are still written about her. Warhol arranged multiple images of Monroe as if lined up on supermarket shelves, commenting, perhaps, on the ways in which contemporary flesh peddlers have packaged and sold her--in death as well as in life.
Process
The different forms of art such as drawing, painting, sculpting, architecture, and photography.
POSITIVE (OBJECT FOCUSED ON) SHAPES are...
The objectives or figure that the viewer focuses on (exa. the fruit inside the bowl)
OP ART (Optical Art) is based....
on creating optical sensations of movement through the repetition and manipulation of color,shape,and line. Eyes are manipulaed to see rippling movement
ACTUAL MOTION is...
3-dimensional. Kinetic Art - art that moves (exa. mobiles). Stop Time
READYMADES
Objects elevated from the commonplace to the position of art. Taking something that already exists & turn it into art. (Example: Beachball used to represent Venus)
ACTUAL MASS
Occupies a 3-dimensinoal space and has measurable volume and weight.
"Adam & Eve", by Suzanne Valadon (1909) [pg. 11, Fig. 1-16] under ART AND IDEOLOGY
Oil on Canvas. This painting subverts traditional negative view of women. Valadon subverted the traditional assignment of blame and guilt in her version of Adam & Eve by painting Adam appearing to lead Eve's hand toward the apple and having his body parts covered in shame.
TYPES OF SHAPE - ORGANIC
Organic shapes have a natural appearence. - Biomorphic shapes - Amorphous shapes
MURAL OR WALL PAINTING
Painting done a wall. Image(s) painted directly on a wall or intended to cover a wll completely (from murals).
PRISM....
Prism is trangular glass solid that breaks sunlight into the colorsof the spectrum.
RELATIVE SIZE is....
the farther objects are from us the smaller they appear
"Nameless and Friendless" (1834-?), by Emily Mary Osborn [oil on canvas, Fig 2-7, pg 30) VISUAL ELEMENTS OF ART
- lines lead view's eyes around composition.
"Nighthawks",by Edward Hopper (1942 - Oil on canvas) Fig. 1-28, pg. 18 under ART IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
- styles of the 1940's - shows people in solitude - on graveyard shift - sign on building lets you know it was done in the 1940's - style of woman's hair - curved glass is characteristic of art deco in the 1940's - cigars were .5 cents
OPTICAL LIGHTING...
means Restricted Lighting. Our perception of color, which can vary with restricted lighting conditions -- when you don't have full color. (exa. on the beach as the sun is going down. restrictive light at sunset or sunrise)
"Landscape", by Mark Tansey (1994 - oil on canvas) - [fig 2-17, pg. 36]
-Example of use of implied mass - portrays the remants of colossal sculptures amid the unending sands of a bleak desert. - realistic style gives the illusion of 3-dimensions on the 2-dimensional canvas
"The Liberation of Aunt Jemina", by BETYE SAAR, (1972) Mixed Media [fig 1-33, pg. 21] under ART IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
-The artist, Betye Saar, is protesting the use of Aunt Jemina as a negative sterotype that discriminates against black women. - Artist was very upset about sterotyping of black women - Betye Saar did series of protest pieces - The Black Mammy from Civil War is depicited in middle part of painting. - shows image of pancake box from 20th Century - shows cotton, shot gun, right hand in closed fist; broom - grimmish on her face / fed up with this - White sheet in picket fence represents taking care of 'master's children' -Example of how artists use art for expression of protest
"Red Library #2", by Laurie Simmons (1983), [Fig 1-21, pg. 14] - under ART, ORDER AND HARMONY - Color Photograph
-Too much order. - Questions can order pose a threat to harmony and psychological well being may be a question Laurie Simmons was trying to answer in her color photograph. - Compulsively organized library where nothing is a hair out of place. - A robotlike woman assesses her job well done. -She has become one with her task; even her dress, hair, and skin match the decor of the color red. - So steril that you can't enjoy - Turned woman into robot because she could not place a picture - The woman becomes a robot
CONCEPTUAL ART...
-Where someone gives an idea and someone else does the execution or painting. -Started in the 1960's. Anti-commercial movement that began in 1960's. - Works of art are conceived and executed in the mind of the artist. - One can extend on it by using words (slogan, etc.). - One can have a concept that can be very provocative. -Does not represent external objects. It also challenges the traditional view of the artist as creative visionary, skilled craftsperson, and master of one's media. The 'art' lies in the artist's concepts.
"The Steerage", by Alfred Steiglitz (1907) - Photograph. Fig 1-26, pg. 17 under ART, EXPERIENCE, AND MEMORY
-juxtapositions the upper and lower classes -picture documents a trip. - Upper class looking down on people in the steerage. - Bridge with sun reflecting on it represents the division between the two classes. - Rope and Chain have a movement - Light catches you, the hat, baby carriage down to steerage level - Things have to balanced - Art incorporates the word 'steerage' (meaning the lower class fare) - Compares the upper and lower classes - Documents the experience
"The Piano Lesson", Fig 1-23, pg. 15 by Romare Bearden (1983 - Oil with collage) - under ART, ORDER AND HARMONY
-order and harmony with colors and shapes -Bearden was an American artist who was influenced to Picasso. - colors are bright - people are touching in a loving and supporting way. - Order & Harmony: Reds, Blues, Green and Yellows are spreaded out. - Gives a sense of order because it's organized BOTH HENRI MATISSE AND ROMARE BEARDEN USED COLOR AND SHAPE REPETITION TO CREATE ORDER AND HARMONY.
PSYCHOLOGICAL LINES....
A line created by a mental or perceptual connection (Exa. when a character or figure points or looks at another) - leads the viewers eyes around the composition - gestures and glances (as in "Nameless and Friendless") everyone is looking in different directions. The people in the painting looks involved that comes from gestures and glances create.
LINE...
A moving dot. (Considered the simplest and also the most complex of elements of art.) - The basic beginning - Lines have different meanings - Lines have different functions - Use lines to show shadows - Line serves as the basic building block for all art - has the capacity to evoke thoughts & emotions
ART and RELIGION
Art primarily devoted to religion before 20th Century. - The quest for immorality is the bedrock of organized religion -- Finding answers for the unanswerable. - Until modern times, art has been devoted primarily to religious themes. - Express hopes for fertility - To appease(propitiate) the gods - To symbolize the great religious events and values - and to commend heavenward the souls of the departed.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Artists do art to get attention / the need to express one's unique potential. (Self-actualizing people have needs for novelty, exploration, and understanding; and they have aesthetic needs for art, beauty, and order.)
Pablo Picasso, by Robert Colescott (1985)
COMPARE AND CONTRAST Picasso and Colescott works were geometric form -vs- organic - took all organic shapes and made them into tranigular shapes (Picasso) - steril, threatening, hostile (Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avigmon 1907) - No identity, no character (P) - Influenced by African Art (P) - 2 ladies in middle (white) influenced by acient cultures "Iberia" ROBERT COLESCOTT'S "Les Demoiselles 'd Alabama (1985) depicts: - Prostitutes in Alabama - Difference in colors and shapes - women are well rounded "real" counterparts to Picasso's geometry - The flowing, curvilinear lines of the women cause them to undulate across the canvas with fluid movement - the curvilinear, clothed women of Colescott's work are very much tied to their time and place.
"Flori di Como", by Dale Chihuly (1-6, pg 5) 1998 [ART AND OUR ENVIRONMENT]
Dale Chihuly is a famous glass blower. One of his best known works of art. Done in Las Vagas. Done in layers (layers of glass flower pedals). Located at the Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas. Named for an Italian Beach City. Influenced by Murano Glass from Venice Italy.
"Sharecropper", by Elizabeth Catlett (1968, Fig. 2-9, pg. 31) - Color linocut
Example to create depth and texture. - Good feeling of texture of hair, straw hat, and shirt - get a feeling of roundness - curved around eyes, head and neck
COLOR AS A SYMBOL
Feelings and behaviors are symbolized in color. The symbols of colors, their meanings, are culture-specific.
"The Piano Lesson", Fig 1-22, pg. 15, by Henri Matisse (1916 - Oil on Canvas) - under ART, ORDER AND HARMONY
Matisse was a French Artist -order and harmony with colors and shapes - Repetition of lines (iron shape) - Gray color repeated - shapes are repeated - boy is hypotized by the metronome atop the piano - burning candle- the boy spent a lot of time practicing - sculpture of necked woman - symbol for inspiration / muse / creativity. - green trangular shape of drapery represents the outside world - person behind child represents teacher -about discipline of music BOTH HENRI MATISSE AND ROMARE BEARDEN USED COLOR AND SHAPE REPETITION TO CREATE ORDER AND HARMONY.
IMPASTO means...
Thickly painted. The thick buildup of paint on the surface of the canvas. (Van Gogh painted very thickly --painted emotionally -- use of emotional colors red, blue, green)
BLURRING OF OUTLINES AS BEST METHOD TO GIVE ILLUSION OF MOTION...
Thomas Eakins' work, "Man Pole Vaulting (1884) used pto sequences to study the movement of the human body. Several artists created the illusion of motion by aplying the visual results of multiple -exposure photography totheir paintings.
"The Birth of Venus", by Sandro Botticelli (1482) [Fig 2-11, pg. 32]
To suggest direction and movement. - Venus (goddest of love) is being born from the water - ocean waves, line coming from mouth, and hair of Venus - firm lines care out the figures from the rigid horizontal of the horizon and the verticals of the trees.
"Galla Placidia in Philadelphia" by Joyce Kozloff (1-5 pg. 5) 1985 [ART AND OUR ENVIRONMENT]
Work is a Mosaic installation. A mosaic made for the Penn Center Suburan Station in Philadelphia, elevates decorative patterns to the level of fine art and raises the art-historical consciousness of the casual commuter. Kozloff's own intricate and diverse designs dazzle the eye and stimulate the intellect, providing an oasis of color in an otherwise humdrum city scene. DONE ON A TYPE OF MOSAIC GLASS. GLASS REFLECTS THE LIGHT. INFLUENCED BY A BYZANTINE MOSAIC FROM THE 5TH CENTURY. TAKES YOU TO ANOTHER PLACE, UPLIFTING.
"Four Marilyns", by Andy Warhol in 1962 (1-9 pg 7) [ ART AND IMMORTALITY]
Warhol used synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink on canvas. Monroe became a work of art by way of movies, art.
"Holocaust Memorial", by Rachael Whiteread (2000), fig 2-16, pg. 35
Whiteread uses mass to symbolize the heaviness of grief.
"Sheikh Zayed Bridge, Abu Dhabi" (2006), by Zaha Hadid [fig. 1-30, pg. 19] under ART IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
Zaha Hadid is a female artist - Bridge can reflect clture and geography - Build and completed in 2006 in the Sand Dunes - Connects Abu Dhabi island to the mainland - composed of sweeping, irregular rhythms of arches--each different from one another in height and span--reflect the dunes of the nearby topography - connects metaphorically and literally to a specific place and time - Sheika Zayed designed the bridge (female) - influenced by (reminded her of) Arabic calligraphy - something of the culture - designer is very brillant architect and engineer - Zaha Hadid: Bridge arches were made to resemble arches in surrounding desert.
SHAPES...
are formed when intersecting or connecting lines enclose space. Shapes are defined as the areas within a composition that have boundaries that separate them from with surrouonds them; shapes make these areas distinct. - Shape - 2 dimensional (flat in drawing or painting.
COLOR WHEEL...
blends the colors of the visible spectrum into a circle and adds a few missing hues to complete the circle.
COMPLEMENTARY COLORS are...
colors that lie across from each other on the color wheel. These colors are often intense and clashing.
IMPLIED LINES are...
completed by the viewer. Implied lines can be suggested by a series of ponts or dots. Exa: ................, and exa. with "Madonna and Child", implied line shaped into a triangle - top of triangle is Madonna. On the right, it's slated. - been organized into a triangular shape - created an emphasis area
ACTUAL LINES are...
connected and continuous (starts at one point and ends at another).
BRIDGET RILEY, Op Art...
created "Gala", 1974. - uses after image - eyes are manipuated by rippling movement and after images
TERTIARY COLORS are...
created by mixing pigments or primary and secondary colors.
SECONDARY COLORS are...
created from the overlap or mixing of 2 primary colors (orange, green violet)
ACTUAL TEXTURE means...
that it is tactile. Sense of Touch. Texture you can touch. Exa. Impasto is the most comon type of texture used in painting.
CONTOUR LINES are...
the edges of things. created by the edge of things - Edges are perceived because the objects differ from the backgrounds in value (lighter vs. darker), texture, or color.
NEGATIVE (background) SHAPES are...
the empty space (or background space) left over in the piece (exa. the open space of a frame that's not drawing the view's focus)
PRIMARY COLORS are ...
those colors that cannot be derived from mixing of other colors (red, yellow, blue)
FIGURE GROUND REVERSALS are...
when the positive and negative shapes in a piece can be reversed or are ambigious.