Test 1 Chapters 1-4

What value for soil water tension most likely refers to the permanent wilting point?

-1500kPa

Silt measurements

0.002-0.05 mm

Sand measurements

0.05-2mm

composition of ideal soil

25% water 45% mineral 25% air 5% organic

clay measurements

<0.002 mm

In a given soil, the ____ horizon has the highest organic matter content.

A horizon

If you wanted to see a Gelisol in the United States, you would need to travel to _______

Alaska

Entisol

Aquic Udifluvent

Illuviation most likely occurs in the _____ horizon

B horizon

Which soil horizon does not have a lot of soil development?

C horizon?

E horizon

Eluvial horizon

zone of maximum leaching

Eluvial horizon

Soil orders from lowest to highest

Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Vertisols, Aridisols, Spodosols, Histosols, Andisols, Gelisols

B horizon

Illuvial horizon

zone of accumulation

Illuvial horizon

B horizon

Illuvial horizon, zone of accumulation

To which soil type does Eutrudept belong to?

Inceptisols

The designation 10YR 8/1 is referred to as the ____________ for a soil.

Munsell Notation

color classification system

Munsell Notation

Soils that develop in-place from limestone bedrock have formed in ______ parent materials.

Residium

loss of water from surface instead of infiltrating

Runoff

Soil Taxonomy

Soil Order Sub-order Great Group Sub-Group Family Series Phase

West TN subordinate distinction: t

accumulation of silicate clays (Bt)

Benefits of soil drainage

aeration, easier to work fields, reduces heavy frosting, helps soil warm up faster

Cambic horizon

altered or changed by physical movement

soil structure____________

arrangement of soil separates into aggregates called peds

Fragipan horizon

brittle pan, dense loamy texture

dry mass of soil per unit volume

bulk density

adhesion and cohesion

capillary forces

If a dry soil high in certain types of _______ is moistened, it's likely to swell up with enough force to crack pavements and building foundations.

clay

What are the 5 soil forming factors?

climate, topography, parent material, time, native biota

physical characteristics that make soils different

color, texture, structure

chemical weathering

decomposition

Red soil indicates_______

dehydrated iron compounds, good drainage

Bulk density

density of soil as it exists in nature

Particle density

density of soil solids alone

physical weathering

disintegration

Soil crusting

dispersion of soil particles and sealing the pores

Hue is the ______

dominant color of the rainbow

Different iron compounds in the subsoil are indications of ________

drainage

E horizon

eluvial horizon, zone of loss.

Recent alluvium most likely would be a common parent in _________ soil order

entisols

Who is responsible for lab safety?

everyone

soil genesis

evolution of soil from its parent material

West TN subordinate distinction: x

fragipan, high bulk density (Bx)

Examples of physical weathering

freezing, thawing, plant roots splitting rocks, animals digging

Loess is deposited during periods of __________ and it is highly susceptible to ________

glaciation; erosion

______ is a type of soil structure

granular

Colluvium travels by _________ and an example is_______

gravity; piles, stony

another aggregate definition

groupings of soil separates

R horizon

hard bedrock like sandstone, limestone, or granite

Water in soil moves from areas of ______ (_____) potential to areas of ______(_______) potential.

high (wet); low (dry)

Surface soils are generally darker than subsoil due to _______.

higher organic matter contents

The layers of contrasting material found when one digs a hole in a soil are called ______

horizons

Soil colors are described using the Munsell system that includes designations for:

hue, value, and chroma

yellow soil indicates________

hydrated iron oxides, somewhat restricted drainage

Glacial travels by________ and an example is________

ice; glacial till

The 3 classes of rock are

igenous, sedimentary, metamorphic

The Smokey Mountains have the only ______ in the state

igneous rocks

Brown and red colors in subsurface horizons are caused by _______ in the soil

iron oxides

Albic horizon

light colored, clay, Fe and Al mostly removed

ochric horizon

light in color, low organic matter, hard and massive when dry

Value is the degree of _______

lightness or darkness

Highland rim soils have a lot of ______.

limestone

Soil textural class that represents equal properties of the soil separates

loam

wind-blown silt deposits

loess

Residual parent materials are best described as______

materials formed by weathering of rocks and minerals in place.

function of soils

medium for plant growth recycling system for nutrients and organic matter habitat for soil organisms system for water supply and purification engineering medium **pottery **mined for minerals

Primary minerals form from

molten magma

"O" layer

organic

Soil colors are produced primarily by _________.

organic matter, iron compounds, silica, and lime

C horizon

parent material, not affected by soil forming process

organic deposits

peat

study of soil as a natural body

pedology

What "world" refers to soil?

pedosphere

aggregates

peds

Difference in physical and chemical weathering?

physical changes size chemical changes composition

West TN subordinate distinction: p

plowing or other disturbance (Ap)

unequal distribution of charge in a molecule

polarity

Chroma is the degree of __________

purity of hue

Secondary minerals are

recrystallized products of the chemical breakdown of primary minerals

Coastal plains are ____ in color and ____ in fertility

red; low

Gray soil indicates________

reduced iron, poor drainage

soil texture

relative percentage of sand, silt and clay

What would best assure good aeration in a soil?

removing excess water

Cumberland Plateau has a lot of ________ and they are _____,_______ soils

sandstone monolith; shallow, acid

paralithic materials

saprolite

Argillic horizon

silicate clay accumulation

variations in color, texture, and structure are used to help identify ________

soil horizons

2 ways topography influences soil

soil moisture relationships and soil erosion

physical condition of soil in relation to plants

soil tilth

Minerals are_______

solid, inorganic elements or elemental compounds having definite atomic structures and chemical compositions which vary in a fixed range

West TN subordinate distinction: g

strong gleying, soil is mostly gray because of poor drainage (Cg)

type of soil structure

sub-angular blocky

A horizon

subsurface mineral horizon enriched with organic matter

The relative amount of the different soil separates defines the soil________

texture

Soil tilth

the physical condition of soil in relation to plant growth

A soil profile consists of

the set of layers (horizons) seen in a vertical cross section of a soil.

pedology is______

the study of soil as a natural body

edaphology is________

the study of soil from the standpoint of higher plants

Soil is______

the unconsolidated mineral and organic materials on the immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of plants.

Mollic horizons

thick, dark colored, high fertility strong structure

Umbric horizon

thick, dark colored, low fertility, strong structure

Why don't we find many free carbonates in West TN soils?

too much rain; free carbonates have been washed away

A horizon

topsoil

regolith

unconsolidated material overlying rock (engineering term)

parent material

upper part of the regolith which develops into a soil

histic horizon

very high organic matter, wetlands

Aggregation is very important to

water infiltration and absorption

Soil structure is important to

water movement, soil aeration, root penetration

Main chemical agents in weathering are

water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Alluivum, marine, and lacustrine travel by ________ and an example is________

water; floodplains, coastal plains, and lake beds

Aeolian travels by_______ and an example is________

wind; loess, sand