Test 1 Chapters 1-5

Treatment for humanistic psychology

A treatment would be telling her she is a good mom and a good student. Treatment for Peggy could include tutors or financial aid.

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Freud

Who developed methods for measuring reaction time?

Helmholtz

What stage of sleep does most of the dreaming occur in?

REM sleep

Who applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to study the mind?

William James

Who is credited with founding psychology as a scientific discipline?

Wundt

What are the major neurotransmitters?

acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, and endorphins

hypnosis

an altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility

reinforcement

animals and humans repeat behaviors that generate pleasant results and avoid performing those that generate unpleasant results

Demand characteristics

are features of a setting that suggest to people that they should behave in a particular way

What are the consequences for a loss of ability to process touch information?

are losing the ability to stand up, lack of registering pressure, the inability to feel cuts, and the loss of pain

Neurons

are the building blocks of the nervous system

Cognitive neuroscience

attempts to link the brain with the mind by studying individuals with and without brain damage

feature-integration theory

attention provides the glue necessary to bind features together

What are the consequences for a loss of ability to sense temperature?

become injured more easily, Deep pressure, or stimulation past the cutaneous layer are disconnected. The inability to sense stimulation of the skin can lead to cuts and burns without the natural reaction to reject the sensation and to defend itself.

How do psychoactive drugs influence consciousness?

by altering the effects of neurotransmitters

peripheral nervous system

connects the central nervous system with the rest of the body, and it is itself divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

What are the consequences for a loss of ability to sense pain?

damage to both the inside and the outside of the oral cavity, fractures to bones, corneal damage to the eyes, unnoticed infections, higher risk of getting severe diseases, and death

What are the major types of psychoactive drugs?

depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, marijuana

What are the genes for sensory perception that aided us in survival?

depth perception

What do these consequences suggest about how evolutionary pressures may have influenced the development of cutaneous sense?

different species evolved, it can be seen that those pressures influenced how their cutaneous senses developed through the changed and sensory adaptations

Why do visual illusions occur?

due to the properties of the visual areas of the brain as they receive and process information

Evolutionary psychology

focuses on the adaptive function that minds and brains serve and seeks to understand the nature and origin of psychological processes in terms of natural selection

Social and cultural considerations

friends, school, outside activities

forebrain

generally coordinates higher-level functions, such as perceiving, feeling, and thinking

hindbrain

generally coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord with structures such as the medulla, the reticular formation, the cerebellum, and the pons

subcortical structure

has to do with performing simple tasks such as allowing us to think, feel, and behave

The brain is dived into the

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

Humanistic psychology

how cultures reflect and shape psychological processes

somatosensory cortex

indicates the location and type of pain, and to the emotional centers of the brain, which result in unpleasant feelings

Name the sleep disorders

insomnia, sleep apnea, somnambulism, narcolepsy, sleep paralysis, night terrors

What are the four basic properties of consciousness?

intentionality, unity, selectivity, transience

Measurement

involves defining a property in concrete terms and then constructing an instrument that can detect the things those terms specify

Psychophysics

is an approach to studying perception that measures the strength of a stimulus and an observer's sensitivity to that stimulus

Cultural psychology

is concerned with the effects of the broader culture on individuals and with similarities and differences among people in different cultures

Acetylcholine

is involved with learning, sleeping, dreaming, and attention

Serotonin

is involved with the regulation of sleep, eating and aggressive behavior

Empiricism

is the belief that the best way to understand the world is to observe it firsthand

Behaviorism

is the field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

natural selection

is the process by which populations adapt and evolve

Transduction

is the process which converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system

Sensation

is the simple stimulation of a sense organ

powerful measurement

it can detect changes in the dependent variable

What does observation mean?

it does not mean just looking, it requires a method

reliable meausrement

it produces the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

What are the three levels of consciousness?

minimal consciousness, full consciousness, self-consciousness

What are the four lobes in the cerebral cortex?

occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal

Sensory adaptation

occurs because sensitivity to lengthy stimulation tends to decline over time

Depth perception depends

on monocular cues such as familiar size and linear perspective, binocular cues such as retinal disparity, and motion-based cues

perception

organizes, identifies, and interprets sensation at the level of the brain

amygdala

plays a role in emotional processes

sympathetic nervous system

prepares the body for action in threatening situations

Social psychology

recognizes that people exist as part of a network of other people and examines how individuals influence and interact with one another

Dopamine

regulates motor behavior, motivation, and pleasure

hypothalamus

regulates someone's body temperature, hunger, thirsts, and sexual behavior

parasympathetic nervous system

returns the body to its normal state

What are the 5 primary taste sensations?

salty, sour, butter, sweet, and umanmi

Sensory receptors on the body

send neural signals to locations in the somatosensory cortex, a part of the parietal lobe, the brain translates the sensation of touch

neuro-chemicals

serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine

the experience of pain depends on

signals that travel to the somatosensory cortex

Cognitive psychologists

study the inner workings of the mind and focus on inner mental processes such as perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

What are the structures of the forebrain?

subcortical structures, such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia

What is the autonomic nervous system dived further into?

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

What do sensations of taste depend on?

tastebuds

Cognitive psychology

the approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

What three major parts are neurons composed of?

the cell body, the dendrites, the axon

What is the nervous system divided into?

the peripheral and the central nervous system

Psychoanalysis

the scientific study of mental processes

What is the central nervous system composed of?

the spinal cord and the brain

What are the structures of the midbrain?

the tectum and tegmentum, generally coordinate functions such as orientation to the environment and movement and arousal toward sensory stimuli

valid meausrement

the things it measures are conceptually related to the property of interest

independent variable

the variable that is not changed by the other variable you are trying to measure

How have depth cues evolved through natural selection?

to help organisms identify how far away an object is or how large and object is in relation to something else

True or False Alcohol is a depressant

true

True or False Illusions may also be due to the brains need to take shortcuts

true

What do balance and acceleration depend primarily on?

vestibular system

dependent variable

what you meaurue in your experiment and what it affected in your experiment

synaptic transmission

where communication between neurons takes place

axon

which carries signals from the cell body to other neurons or to muscles and organs in the body

cell body

which contains the nucleus and houses the organism's genetic material

autonomic nervous system

which controls the body's organs

somatic nervous system

which controls voluntary muscles

dendrites

which receive sensory signals from other neurons and transmit this information to the cell body

When do you use psychoanalysis?

you use psychoanalysis you usually talk about specific childhood experiences