test 2

Which exocrine gland is primarily used for thermoregulation?

Eccrine sweat gland

From which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop?

Ectoderm

Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?

Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.

Which type(s) of joint(s) lack(s) a joint cavity and is(are) held together by a fibrous connective tissue?

Fibrous joints

In infants, hydrocephalus, water on the brain, causes bulging and swelling in the head. The head appears larger than expected. What structure in the axial skeletal system will bulge?

Fontanelles

When flexing your torso laterally, the movement occurs along what body plane?

Frontal

Shoulder (glenohumeral) dislocations are very common in emergency care. Which statement best describes an anterior shoulder dislocation?

Humeral head is in front of the glenoid cavity

In a skin infection, which cell will take up and process microbial antigens?

Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)

When you are seated, what area bears most of your body's weight?

Ischial tuberosity

Which statement describes the function of a meniscus?

It helps absorb shock and distributes weight.

Choose the following statements that describe keratin.

Keratin is a tough, fibrous protein. -Keratin helps protect the skin.

Which of the vertebrae would be the largest and strongest vertebra in adult humans?

L4

The ___ suture articulates with the most bones in the skull.

Lambdoid

Anorexia may cause adults to develop fine, unpigmented hairs to help with warmth and insulation. Which type of hair is described?

Lanugo

Which is made from dense regular connective tissue?

Ligaments

Which pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light?

Melanin

When you snap your thumb against your middle and forefinger, what motion is being performed?

Opposition

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

PTH will increase _______activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________activity.

Osteoclast; osteoclast

The radial head articulating with the radial notch of the ulna represents what type of synovial joint?

Pivot joint

Hyperflexion occurs when the femur is displaced anteriorly and the tibia is displaced posteriorly. Which ligament should help prevent this movement?

Posterior cruciate ligament

When you cross your right arm across your body to shake an individual's left hand, what motion does the joint between your scapula and clavicle perform?

Protraction

Vitamin C is important for collagen synthesis. Which area of the skin would be most affected if there is a deficiency in vitamin c?

Reticular region of the dermis

This type of exocrine gland undergoes a higher rate of mitosis due to its holocrine secretion.

Sebaceous gland

Secretion mixture of fats, sterols, proteins and salts, that prevent water loss and can inhibit the growth of some bacteria.

Sebum

This layer is attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes and to other cells by desmosomes.

Stratum basale

Mary, an avid runner, was complaining that her lower leg hurt. After going to the doctor, they did not see anything on x-rays of her tibia or fibula. The doctor ordered a bone scan and saw tiny fissures throughout her tibia without any other tissue damage. What is Mary's likely diagnosis?

Stress fracture

Which structure found in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation?

Sweat glands

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

The appendicular skeleton does not include the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.

The bone becomes stiff and brittle.

Which of the following statements is NOT true with regard to bones of the skull?

The bones of the skull contain foramina but no fissures.

Most adipose tissue in the body is considered 'white fat'. Why is the subcutaneous layer often yellowish-orange?

The pigment carotene is stored there.

When a body builder flexes their biceps brachii, what motion is occurring?

a decreased angle between articulating bones

A torn iliofemoral ligament would be classified as

a sprain.

A partially torn quadriceps femoris tendon would be classified as

a strain.

Which characteristic(s) describes all synovial joints? Select all that apply.

a) Contain a joint cavity b) Are freely moveable c) Articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage

Which structural category of a synovial joint allows movement within a single axis? Select all that apply.

a) Planar b) Hinge

Which statement describes the function or location of the interosseous membrane. Select all that apply.

a) The interosseous membrane provides attachment points for muscles. b) The interosseous membrane distributes the force and load each bone receives. c) The interosseous membrane is only located in paired bones of the appendages.

The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum can be described by which term(s)? Select all that apply.

a) a synchondrosis b) a synarthrosis c) a cartilaginous joint

Which feature(s) of ball and socket joints are composed of fibrocartilage? Select all that apply.

a) menisci b) labrums

The carpal tunnel consists of which of the following?

a) pisiform b) trapezium c) flexor retinaculum d) Both pisiform and trapezium.

Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and

a) skin. b) muscle. c) ligaments. d) tendons.

The former epiphyseal (growth) plate on the proximal end of the adult humerus is found in the

anatomical neck.

The hard sharp ridge of the shin that can easily be felt below the skin is the

anterior border (crest) of the tibia.

The ______is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.

articular cartilage

The medial and lateral condyles of the femur fit into what part of the patella?

articular facets

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

attachment site for lower limbs and for large pectoral muscles.

This is the thick edge of the scapula that is closer to the arm.

axillary border

The carpometacarpal joint consists of the

base of metacarpal bones and distal row of carpal bones.

Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?

calcium and phosphorous

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?

canaliculi

Which of following bones is NOT a tarsal bone?

capitate

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

carpals

Which of the following bones is the anterior bone that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint?

clavicle

"Goose bumps" are caused by

contraction of arrector pili muscles.

A ballet dancer may form hardened areas over their toe joints due to constant pressure and friction from their point shoes. What skin condition most likely developed on their toe joints?

corn

You stepped on a nail. List the sequential strata of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to reach the dermis.

corneum, lucidum, granulosom, spinosum, basale

Inflammation of one or more costal cartilages can mimic chest pain associated with a heart attack. What is this condition called?

costochondritis

Bones in the following area protect the brain.

cranium

A prominent ridge or elongated projection on a bone is called a

crest

Dense irregular connective tissue will be found in the

dermis

The shaft of a long bone is the

diaphysis

Bending over and touching your toes describes what functional movement in reference to your intervertebral discs?

diarthrosis

How do nutrients reach the epidermis?

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.

In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

ectoderm

A child is examined for chronic, pruritic (itching), plaques that appear red in the flexural areas of the body. What condition is the child most likely presenting?

eczema

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composes the

epidermis

The ______is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length.

epiphyseal plate

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

epiphysis

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of __, which would inhibit __

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Which of the following is a cranial bone that is located anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones and contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve?

ethmoid

Which gender shows the coccyx pointed inferiorly?

females

The lateral malleolus is found on the distal end of what bone?

fibula

Which of the following types of bone is the occipital bone?

flat bone

Gliding occurs between

flat bones or slightly curved bones.

Bending over and touching your toes describes what movement in reference to your intervertebral discs?

flexion

An opening or hole in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a

foramen

Which of the following carpal bones is named for its large hook-shaped projection on its anterior surface?

hamate

A rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion (neck) of a bone is called a

head

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

help absorb vertical shock to the spinal column

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the human hand?

here are 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges

Which condition is the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus posteriorly or into one of the adjacent vertebral bodies in the vertebral column?

herniated disc

Studies have shown that ACL tears occur most frequently during the ovulatory phase in menstruating women. This example illustrates which factor affecting range of motion of a synovial joint?

hormones

Which bone articulates with the scapula at the glenoid cavity?

humerus

Which of the following bones articulates with the scapula?

humerus

The glenohumeral joint is formed by articulation of the

humerus and scapula.

Which bone of the axial skeleton does NOT articulate with any other bone?

hyoid

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the

hypodermis

In the standard anatomical position, the _____ is the bone of the pelvis found the most superior.

ilium

Damage to the talus would cause

inability to perform weight bearing activities. d) flatfeet.

The buildup of bilirubin in an infant's blood can occur if the liver does not remove the chemical. This condition is

jaundice

What is the function of the interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius?

joins the shafts of two bones

A raised scar that extends into previously normal tissue is a(n)

keloid scar

Which condition is also called "hunchback" due to an increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column?

kyphosis

Sutures are required to close up a tear in the skin. What term best describes this injury?

laceration

Which of the following bones houses a sac that collects tears and passes them into the nasal cavity?

lacrimal

In comparison to the male pelvis, the female pelvis is NOT

larger in the acetabulum.

Which of the structures listed below is NOT part of the knee joint?

lateral malleolus of the fibula

Which condition is characterized by an increase or exaggeration of the lumbar curve of the vertebral column?

lordosis

Which condition results from androgens inhibiting hair growth in genetically predisposed adults?

male-pattern baldness

Which of following facial bones is a single (unpaired) bone in the human skull?

mandible

Which facial bone articulates with teeth?

maxillae

Albinism is the inherited inability to produce

melanin

Without enzymatic action of tyrosinase, what pathway is blocked in the body pertaining to skin?

melanin production

During embryonic and fetal develop, most skeletal tissues arise from

mesenchymal cells.

During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model that was formed from

mesenchyme

The bones of the vertebrae are from the mesenchymal cells from

mesoderm

The _______ is the region of long bone that contains hyaline cartilage used for growth in length.

metaphysis

If bone is analogous to a bank, calcium is analogous to ______.

money

Which of the following is the largest foramen in the human skeleton?

obturator foramen

What bone marking found on the second cervical vertebra projects superiorly into the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas?

odontoid process

The branch of medicine that deals with correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system is called

orthopedics

Which is a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost due to a combination of aging, obesity, wear and abrasion of the joints?

osteoarthritis

The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus.

osteoblasts

Cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced.

osteoclasts

Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell?

osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes

This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sits in a lacunae.

osteocytes

How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned? How does the osteon arrangement affect bone strength?

parallel to the length of the diaphysis; the shaft resists bending even when stresses are applied in certain directions.

What hormone(s) is/are released from the control center when the control center receives cAMP input; also important in increasing blood calcium serum levels. Choose the best answer.

parathyroid

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca2+ regulation?

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone?

parietal

Which sesamoid bone develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle and articulates with medial and lateral condyles of femur?

patella

Which raised line extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus of the pubis eventually merging with the arcuate line of the ilium?

pectineal line

The boundary between the true pelvis and the false pelvis is the

pelvic brim.

What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells?

periosteum

The joint between the hamate and the capitate represent a _______ joint.

plane

To peer over a fence, the calf muscles help you stand on your toes. What movement is being performed?

plantar flexion

The coxal bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the

pubic symphysis.

The hormone relaxin stimulates changes that lead to increased range of motion in the

pubic symphysis.

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the

radius

Which is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints?

rheumatoid arthritis

Which of the following bones is located in the posterior thorax between the levels of second and seventh vertebrae?

scapula

Which condition is characterized by a lateral bending of the vertebral column in the thoracic region?

scoliosis

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

sex hormones

The neurocranium gives rise to bones of the

skull

The sella turcica is a bony depression found in which cranial bone?

sphenoid

Which cranial bone is called the "keystone" of the cranial floor because it articulates with every other cranial bone?

sphenoid

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

sphenoid

the pituitary gland is contained in a depression found in which cranial bone?

sphenoid

Which of the following is NOT a way that the skeletal system contributes to homeostasis?

stores and releases sodium ions

Tactile epithelial cells are located in the

stratum basale.

Apoptosis of cells occurs within the

stratum granulosum

When the knee is flexed, the posterior cruciate ligament is loose and the anterior cruciate ligament is taut. This example illustrates which factor affecting the range of motion at a synovial joint?

strength and tension of the joint ligaments

The hyoid bone is suspended by ligaments and muscle that extend from the _____ of the temporal bone.

styloid process

Which is a correct description of arthroplasty?

surgically replacing a joint with an artificial joint

The epiphyseal plate in a growing long bone is an example of a

synchondrosis

The maxillae bones usually completely fuse into one bone before birth. This joint is known as a

synostosis

Which bone forms the zygomatic arch with the zygomatic bone?

temporal

Which of the following cranial bones contains the organs of hearing and balance, and articulate with the mandible?

temporal

Which of the following cranial bones forms the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor?

temporal

The medial and lateral epicondyles are found on the distal end of the humerus and are used for

tendon attachment.

In the elderly, blood supply to the dermis is reduced and sweat glands are less active. This combination of factors would most affect

the ability to thermoregulate

The hip joint is the joint found between

the pelvis and femur.

The portion of the bony pelvis that is found inferior to the pelvic brim is called

the true pelvis.

Which of the following is NOT true of surface markings on bone?

they allow bones to shorten or lengthen.

The two primary curves of the adult vertebral column are the

thoracic and sacral curves.

The tubercle found on the neck of a rib articulates with a facet found on the

transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.

Which is a spool-shaped process on distal end of the humerus that is found medial to the capitulum and articulates with the ulna?

trochlea

Which of the following structures on the ulna receives the trochlea of the humerus?

trochlear notch

Ribs that have costal cartilage that attaches directly to the sternum are called

true ribs.

An individual allergic to peanut butter eats a snack containing trace amounts. While the reaction is not severe, the individual shows signs of elevated patches all over their skin. These patches are

urticaria

Which are the three components of the nasal septum?

vomer, septal cartilage, and perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Which functional class(es) of joint(s) allow(s) movement?

- Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis

Which statement describes the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments? Select all that apply.

- The ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue. - The ligaments are extracapsular ligaments - The ligaments are associated with the knee joint. - the ligaments strengthen the sides of the joint.

Why does the skin feel hot on individuals with a fever? Select all that apply.

-Blood vessels dilate to allow increased blood flow from the deeper layers of the skin. -Vasodilation increases heat loss from the skin.

What statements describe osteoblasts? Select all that apply

-Bone building cells -Active when blood calcium levels are high -PTH causes these cells to become more active -Differentiates from osteoprogenitor -Over activity can contribute to hypocalcemia

Put the events of keratinization in order.

-Cells within this layer proliferate -Cells increase in size, some retain ability to divide -Accumulate keratohyalin granules -Cell membrane thickens. Cells imbedded in lipid matrix.

Which statements describe the function and structure of the skin?

-Collagen is the strongest fiber in the skin. -Blood vessels in the dermis supply the epidermis with nutrients. -The papillary layer is the strongest portion of the dermis. The reticular layer promotes stretching of the skin.

Which statements describe spongy bone?

-Composed of trabeculae. -Arranged along lines of force that are encountered. -Gaps filled with marrow. -Maintains strength with light weight. -Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.

Craniodiaphysial dysplasia is a bone disorder that causes calcium to accumulate in the skull. These deposits of calcium decrease the foramina size in the skull. What would be an effect of smaller foramina? Select all that apply.

-Compression on cranial nerves may occur -Inadequate blood flow to structures in the skull -Intracranial hypertension (high blood pressure)

Hyaline cartilage is associated with numerous structures in the skeletal system. Which bones and structures of the axial skeletal area associated with hyaline cartilage? Select all that apply.

-Costal cartilage -Xiphoid process -Septal cartilage

Which type(s) of joint(s) lack(s) a synovial cavity?

-Fibrous joints -Cartilaginous joints

A fast-pitch softball player releases the ball after a windmill motion. What movements occur doing the windmill motion? Select all that apply.

-Flexion -Abduction -Adduction -Rotation

Which of the following are characteristics of thick skin? Select all that apply.

-Found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips. -Does not contain hair follicles. -Contains more sweat glands than thin skin. -Contain epidermal ridges.

Which characteristics describe a condyloid joint? Select all that apply.

-It is considered to be biaxial. -It can be found in the wrist.

What statements describe bone remodeling.

-It occurs throughout your lifetime. -It involves bone resorption. -It involves bone deposition. -It occurs at different rates at different locations.

Which of the following structures found in the skin help prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin? Select all that apply.

-Oil glands -Lamellar granules

Which bone borders the orbit and the cranial cavity? Select all that apply.

-Sphenoid -Ethmoid -Frontal

Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? Select all that apply.

-Support -Protection -Assistance in movement -Mineral homeostasis -Blood cell production -Triglyceride storage

Which statements are true?

-The majority of the skin does not contain stratum lucidum. -Stratum lucidum is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms and soles.

Which statements describing vitamin D are true.

-When the skin is exposed to UV light, it begins the reaction to convert the precursor molecule to calcitriol in the liver than kidneys. -Vitamin D supplements can be taken if individuals are not exposed to UV light. -Vitamin D stimulates the uptake of calcium from the intestines.

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis.

-Zone of calcified cartilage -Zone of hypertrophic cartilage -Zone of proliferating cartilage -Zone of resting cartilage

Which of the following important body functions is calcium involved? Select all that apply.

-blood clotting. - nervous cell stability. -muscle cell stability -acting as a cofactor in some enzymatic reactions.

Which of the following tissues are part of bone?

-epithelial tissues -nervous tissues -connective tissues

Which statements describe sebaceous glands?

-oil producing -holocrine -sebum

A pair of scissors slips while you are cutting paper. You slice through your forearm and blood appears. What is the order of the skin you cut from superficial to deep.

-stratum corneum -stratum lucidum -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum -stratum basale - dermis

What movement does the forearm make when twisting a door knob back and forth? Select all that apply.

-supination -pronation

The lateral walls of your nasal cavity are formed by

1) ethmoid 2) sphenoid 3) maxillae 4) inferior nasal conchae 5) palatine bones

Place the events of a fracture repair in order.

1. A hematoma will form and will form a temporary connection between the ends of the bones. 2. Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove dead and damaged tissue. 3. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts migrate from the periosteum and begin to produce fibrocartilage to connect the ends of the bones. 4. Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone. 5. Osteoclasts resorb dead portions of the new bony area, and compact bone replaces spongy bone.

Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints?

1. Bursae 2. Synovial fluid

The distal end of the radius articulates with how many bones of the wrist?

3

Each lower limb has

30 bones found in 4 locations.

Arrange the ligaments in order from superior to inferior location in an anterior view of the shoulder joint. 1. coracoacromial ligament 2. coracohumeral ligament 3. glenohumeral ligament 4. acromioclavicular ligament

4, 1, 2, 3

Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint is an example of which type of movement?

Abduction

Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately?

Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.

Which process on the femur serves as an attachment point for tendons of several thigh muscles?

Both gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera

Which of the following markings is located on the medial side of the femur?

Both head and lesser trochanter

A vertebrae with no vertebral body, transverse foramina and a potential bifid process would describe

Cervical vertebrae

The acetabular labrum is an anatomical component of the ______ joint and the glenoid labrum is an anatomical component of the _____ joint.

Coxal; Glenohumeral

The skin is known as the _________membrane.

Cutaneous

Forming a fist, requires the fingers to perform what motion?

Dorsiflexion

Why does a fracture of the clavicle usually occur in the mid-region of the bone?

Due to weakness at the junction of the two curves of clavicle

Dense irregular connective tissue is located in

1. Syndesmosis 2. Gomphosis 3. Suture

Articular discs

1. maintain the stability of a joint. 2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction.

How many phalanges are in each hand?

14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture?

fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Which of the following bone markings on the scapula is an indentation into which the head of the humerus fits?

glenoid cavity

Which diseases is characterized by sodium urate crystals being deposited in the soft tissues of joints?

gouty arthritis

Which type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children?

greenstick