Test 2

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

______ memories are to experiences as _____ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

Research shows that ____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

Highlighting

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

____ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

______ memories are those that we are not aware of

Implicit

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ____ in forming reliable long-term memories.

Organizational context

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

Perseveration

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the _____ effect.

Propaganda

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

Rehearsal in short-term memory

Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?

Semantic Memory

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bust stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. The found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this students used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to_____, but later research showed that it was actually due to ____.

decay; interference

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes. This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provided an example of

elaborative rehearsal

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...

encoding

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball" This statement is an example of ____ memory.

episodic

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have sen the statement in previous instances is known as the ____ effect

propaganda

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ____ test

recognition

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

relaxed

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Recognizing people he has recently met b. Following a story in a book c. Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decided to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam =?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s"

Semantic

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short -term memory

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ______ memory.

short-term

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brieft periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short-term memory

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ______ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues