Test 2 CH. 4, 5, 6

Ends-based thinking is best characterized as:

"Doing what's best for the greatest number of people."

Which of the following is occurring when agents ask targets to participate in planning an activity?

Consultation

_____ power is a function of the amount of knowledge one possesses relative to the rest of the members of a group.

Expert

A leader is in the best position to use "hard" influence tactics such as legitimizing and pressure tactics after developing a strong base of referent power.

False

A leader with legitimate power has the widest array of influence tactics available.

False

According to the cognitive resources theory, leaders are fully aware of the degree to which they are causing stress in their followers and use stressful situations as motivational tools.

False

Baby Boomers came of age during the Great Depression and World War II.

False

Behavioral manifestations of personality traits are often exhibited with conscious thought.

False

Being helpful, honest, and logical are examples of terminal values.

False

Ends-based thinking stems from the idea that right and wrong are best determined by considering personal feelings.

False

Expert power involves the authority granted by the organization to the leader in order to influence others.

False

One's ability to reason about hypothetical moral issues is an assurance that one will act morally.

False

Rational persuasion occurs when an agent uses inspirational appeals to influence others.

False

Significant research supports the common belief that a generational gap in values exists in the U.S.

False

Smart but inexperienced leaders tend to be more effective in stressful situations than less intelligent, experienced leaders.

False

Studies indicate that long-term success requires leaders to have a high need for socialized power and a low level of activity inhibition.

False

The amount of power followers have in work situations is always less than the amount of power held by the group's leader.

False

The concept of the Golden Rule is similar to ends-based thinking.

False

Which generation of workers tends to be technologically savvy, independent, and skeptical of institutions and hierarchy?

Gen Xers

A doctor learns that a patient has a highly contagious disease that poses a threat to the entire metropolitan area. However, the doctor is uncertain about sharing the information with city officials because of patient privacy concerns. Which ethical dilemma does the doctor most likely face?

Individual versus community

Many aspects of office arrangements can affect a leader's or follower's power. Which of the following statements is true in relation to this statement?

Individuals sitting at the ends of rectangular tables often wield more power.

Which of the following refers to one person's actual behaviors designed to change another person's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors?

Influence tactics

Which of the following best describes attribution of blame?

Justifying immoral behavior by claiming it was caused by someone else's actions

Which of the following statements concerning power and influence is most likely FALSE?

Leaders in well-functioning firms are rarely influenced by their subordinates.

Which of the following statements is most likely true of legitimate power?

Legitimate power depends on a person's organizational role.

Which term refers to the generation of workers born after 1982?

Millennials

_____ involves reinterpreting otherwise immoral behavior in terms of a higher purpose.

Moral justification

Which of the following is an intrinsic reward?

Personal growth

Which of the following best describes ethics?

Principles of right conduct

What is the main criticism of servant leadership?

Serving employees conflicts with the realistic goals of organizations.

_____ is exercised in the service of higher goals to others or organizations and often involves self-sacrifice toward those ends.

Socialized power

A manager with a _____ orientation will most likely rely on coercive methods to motivate workers such as punishments and threats.

Theory X

A socialized need for power is a more mature, self-sacrificing form than a personalized need for power.

True

According to principle-centered leadership, certain organizational alignments are more likely than others to reinforce ethical behavior.

True

According to the dual-process theory, moral judgments that deal primarily with rights and duties are made by automatic emotional responses.

True

An ability-based EQ training program would most likely rely on role plays and videotapes to help participants better recognize, exhibit, and regulate emotion.

True

Analytic intelligence is general problem-solving ability and can be assessed using standardized mental abilities tests.

True

Choice of clothing can affect one's power and influence.

True

Coercive power is the potential to influence others through the administration of negative sanctions.

True

Distortion of consequences occurs when people minimize the harm caused by their immoral behavior.

True

In highly effective organizations, there tends to be a high degree of reciprocal influence between leaders and followers.

True

Leaders who are lower in conscientiousness tend to be more spontaneous, creative, and impulsive.

True

Leaders who can empathize and get along with others tend to be more successful than those who cannot.

True

Leaders who make Theory Y assumptions are optimistic and believe workers are self-motivated.

True

Millennials tend to share an optimism that is most likely the result of having very devoted parents.

True

Moral reasoning is a process one uses to make an ethical decision and does not necessarily refer to personal morality.

True

Referent power is the potential influence one has due to the strength of the relationship between the leader and the followers.

True

Research has shown that openness to experience is particularly important at higher organizational levels and for success in overseas assignments.

True

Reward power is the ability to control benefits and desired resources.

True

Servant leadership puts the emphasis upon listening effectively to others.

True

Stress is often defined as the result of conflicts with superiors or the apprehension associated with performance evaluation.

True

The OCEAN model is applicable across many cultures.

True

The primary role of leaders is not so much to be creative themselves as to build an environment where others can be creative.

True

The strength of the relationship between personality traits and leadership effectiveness is often inversely related to the relative strength of the situation.

True

The study of authentic leadership has gained momentum recently because of the belief that enhancing self-awareness can help people in organizations find more meaning and connection at work.

True

Using threats or persistent reminders to influence targets are examples of pressure tactics.

True

What are the four qualities of leadership that engender trust according to Bennis and Goldsmith?

Vision, empathy, consistency, and integrity

A politician's advisor explains how demographic changes in the politician's district make it important for the politician to spend more time in the district seeing constituents than she has in the past. This is an example of:

a rational persuasion.

People typically use hard tactics when:

an influencer has the upper hand.

In general, members of the Baby Boomer generation:

are ambitious and loyal to organizations.

Followers are more likely to use _____ power to change their leader's behavior if they have a relatively high amount of referent power with their fellow co-workers.

coercive

A police officer giving a speeding ticket to a driver is most likely using:

coercive power

The ability to control others through the fear of punishment or the loss of valued outcomes is known as:

coercive power

Influence is best defined as the:

degree of actual change in a target agent's values.

Terrorists may call themselves "freedom fighters," and firing someone may be referred to as "letting him go." These are both examples of:

euphemistic labeling.

Gen Xers have a tendency to define leadership as:

giving employees what they need to work well and comfortably.

In general, members of the Veteran generation:

grew up during World War II.

An authentic leader will most likely:

have a realistic self-perception.

Relationships that lack trust are characterized by self-protective efforts to control and verify each other's behavior. This statement most likely relates to the _____ level of principle-centered leadership.

interpersonal

Values are most likely:

learned through socialization.

A judge who gives a convicted prisoner a suspended sentence but tells him to consider the suspension a "sword hanging over your head" if he breaks the law again is using:

pressure tactics.

A leader who has developed close interpersonal relationships with followers generally uses _____ power to influence them.

referent

When students respond positively to requests from teachers who are well-liked and respected, it can be inferred that the teachers have:

referent power.

Research findings by French and Raven indicate that leaders who rely primarily on _____ and _____ power have subordinates who are more motivated and satisfied, are absent less, and perform better.

referent; expert

Coalition tactics are most likely exhibited when agents:

seek the aid of others to influence the target.

Rational tactics are most likely used by a person when:

the benefits are organizational as well as personal.

A leader who takes action to maintain ethical standards in the face of questionable moral behaviors by superiors is most likely exhibiting:

upward ethical leadership.

Leaders who pull people together on the basis of shared beliefs and a common sense of organizational purpose and belonging are most likely exhibiting:

vision.

Analytic intelligence is much more concerned with knowledge and experience than practical intelligence.

False

Feeling leaders like to analyze, criticize, and approach decisions impersonally and objectively.

False

Gen Xers tend to be more committed to a specific organization than to their vocation because job security is a high priority.

False

Having a more open office reflects, but does not affect, power differentials between people.

False

In-group favoritism occurs when people overrate the quality of their work or the extent of their group contributions.

False

Leaders usually can exert more power during periods of relative calm than during a crisis.

False

Moral justification means that an action a person takes is moral and ethical.

False

Most EQ researchers agree that emotional intelligence cannot be developed.

False

The optimism component of Goleman's model of EQ corresponds with the agreeableness component of the OCEAN model.

False

The roots of the Great Man theory can be traced back to the early 1900s, when many leadership researchers and the popular press maintained that leaders and followers were essentially the same.

False

The term "personality" reflects a simple description of the person in the eyes of others.

False

Those who derive a sense of satisfaction from influencing others are said to have a high need for affiliation.

False

Values tend to play a very small role in conflicts between groups.

False

In the building blocks of skills, knowledge and experience are easier components to change than intelligence and personality traits.

True

Influence refers to the degree of change in a target person's attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors.

True

Influence tactics refer to one person's actual behaviors designed to change another person's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors.

True

Instrumental values refer to modes of behavior, and terminal values refer to desired end states.

True

Leaders tend to have higher extraversion scores than nonleaders.

True

Leaders ultimately must be judged on the basis of a framework of values, not just in terms of their effectiveness.

True

Studies show that female managers are less likely than male managers to compromise or negotiate during their influence attempts.

True

The overall composite Miner's Sentence Completion Scale (MSCS) score has consistently been found to predict leadership success in hierarchical organizations.

True

Theory Y reflects a view that most people:

are intrinsically motivated by their work.