Test 2 Chapter 6 and 7

Famines are most often serious when there is A) steady population growth. B) an attempt by indigenous people to return to old traditions and lands. C) a very serious drought. D) no room to expand agriculture. E) drought and war together.

e) drought and war together

Most commercial loggers prefer "clear-cut" harvesting because it A) does not waste any trees. B) is the most efficient way to get valuable small timber without disturbing the larger early successional trees. C) is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor. D) is the most effective way to refresh soil with sun and rain. E) is the most environmentally sustainable type of harvest.

C) is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor

The most sustainable land use in tropical forests is probably A) logging. B) cattle grazing. C) milpa farming. D) mono-culture agroforestry. E) intensive, efficient modern row cropping.

C) Milpa farming

Soil organisms usually stay __________ the soil. A) near the middle of B) About half stay close to the surface and the other half stay deep below the surface of the soil. C) close to the surface of D) deep below the surface of E) spread uniformly throughout

C) close to the surface of

Which of these is not a benefit found with reduced tillage farming? A) soil aeration and loosening B) increased crop yields C) decreased insects and weeds D) water conservation E) soil preservation

C) decreased insects and weeds

The IUCN world conservation strategy is directed at protecting A) resources from human use. B) endangered species. C) ecosystems and biodiversity. D) wildlife from poaching. E) world climate stability.

C) ecosystems and biodiversity

What are two common diseases that result from protein deficiencies? A) goiter and cretinism B) dysentery and scurvy C) marasmus and kwashiorkor D) dysentery and diarrhea E) scurvy and pellagra

C) marasmus and kwashiorkor

The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually A) desertification. B) the compaction of soils. C) the disappearance of palatable herbs. D) gullying. E) the absence of trees.

C) the disappearance of palatable herbs

The energy needed to process and distribute food in the US is as much as _______ times the amount that is used to actually farm the crops. A) 0.5 B) 8 C) 2 D) 5 E) 3.5

d) 5

The USDA estimates ______ percent of conventionally grown foods are contaminated with pesticide residue. A) 73 B) 11 C) 23 D) 34 E) 58

A) 73

The highest rate of forest loss occurs in A) Africa. B) South America. C) Asia. D) Europe. E) North America.

A) Africa

National parks are an important part of our heritage, A) but they are endangered by overcrowding, pollution, and in some places, mining. B) but unfortunately exist only in remote inaccessible areas. C) but they lack any protection from mining, logging, and grazing. D) but they are endangered by overcrowding. E) and they remain pristine and undisturbed because of their park status.

A) but they are endangered by overcrowding, pollution, and in some places, mining

Monetary inputs to local economies due to the presence of parks and reserves is A) ecotourism. B) hotspot management. C) causing the destruction of the parks and preserves through overuse. D) the Man and the Biosphere concept. E) a form of REDD.

A) ecotourism

Fifty years ago, there were several hundred varieties of wheat grown in the Middle East. Now a few of the more modern high responder varieties have replaced the indigenous species. What are the implications of this change? A) Genetic resources are diminished and an epidemic of wheat disease is highly likely due to the reliance on few species. B) All of these are correct. C) The high responder varieties will need specialized harvesting methods because they are so productive. D) The biodiversity of wheat species has increased because of the introduction of few hybrid species. E) The productivity of wheat should continue to rise and increase the availability of food per person.

A) genetic resources are diminished and an epidemic of wheat disease is highly likely due to reliance on few species

Annually, the Forest Service __________ on timber sales mainly because of the emphasis on ________________. A) loses money; building roads into wilderness areas B) makes a profit; exporting logs to Canada C) loses money; replanting D) makes a profit; building roads into wilderness areas E) loses money; exporting logs to Canada

A) loses money; building roads into wilderness areas

Which of the following are forms of chemical deterioration of soil? A) salinization and acidification B) compaction and nutrient depletion C) waterlogging and laterization D) water and wind erosion E) pollution and waterlogging

A) salinization and acidification

A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is A) the REDD program. B) ecosystem management. C) utilitarian conservation. D) pastoralism. E) biocentric preservation.

A) the REDD program

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are made by taking bits of DNA from different sources to create desired characteristics in an organism. A) True B) False

A) true

More than 70% of all soybeans, corn, and cotton grown in the United States are genetically modified. A) True B) False

A) true

The loss of forests can affect rainfall patterns. A) True B) False

A) true

Obesity is a disease that affects A) wealthy, developed nations B) nations that utilize beef and rice as major food sources. C) every nation equally. D) poor, developing nations.

A) wealthy, developed nations

Which of the following statements regarding wildlife refuges is true? A) Wildlife refuges are managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. B) While they may face other obstacles, wildlife refuges rarely have notable pollution problems. C) The Bureau of Land Management has made it a priority to expand designated wilderness areas on their lands. D) All of these are true. E) Hunting is not allowed in wildlife refuges.

A) wildlife refuges are managed by United states fish and wildlife Service

What technique might you use to determine size and location of a preserve to protect grizzly bears? A) PVA. B) GIS. C) Adaptive management. D) MAB. E) REDD.

B) GIS

You can participate in sustainable agriculture by A) buying local produce. B) doing all of the things listed above. C) participating in CSAs. D) eating lower on the food chain.

B) all of the above

Undernourished parents often raise children who are undernourished because the parents A) do not know any better. B) cannot afford to feed their children properly. C) do not have access to information about nutrition. D) transfer genetic deficiencies to their children. E) All of these are reasons for the vicious cycle.

B) cannot afford to feed their children properly

The biggest worry about a genetically modified Atlantic salmon with extra growth hormones is that it will introduce these hormones into our diet. A) True B) False

B) false

The number of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the acreage devoted to growing them has decreased in the past fifteen years because of the huge number of opponents. A) True B) False

B) false

Goiter is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary A) iron. B) iodine. C) protein. D) folic acid. E) vitamin A.

B) iodine

A natural form of fertilizer would be A) corn plantings. B) manure. C) phosphorous application. D) nitrogen. E) All of these are correct.

B) manure

n developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from A) building up soil reserves on farms worldwide. B) new crop varieties and intensified farming. C) irrigation in arid areas. D) clearing rainforests. E) an increase on the land being used for agriculture, especially in developed countries.

B) new crop varieties and intensified farming

The increase in which of the species below would indicate to you that the pasture you see is overgrazed? A) Sideoats. B) Sage. C) Bluegrass. D) Bluestem. E) Fescue.

B) sage

Which forest harvest method would leave the forest as close to a natural old growth forest as possible? A) Clearcutting. B) Selective harvest. C) Monoculture harvest. D) Strip cutting. E) Shelterwood harvest.

B) selective harvest

What is the basis of the statement that we could feed more people if we would eat grain rather than feeding it to livestock? A) biocentrism B) the Second Law of Thermodynamics C) the First Law of Thermodynamics D) anthropocentrism E) ecofeminism

B) the second law of thermodynamics

Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because A) tropical trees are the biggest trees in the world. B) they contain such high biodiversity. C) there are fewer remaining tropical forests than any other forest type. D) they contain irreplaceable wood resources. E) All of these are reasons that biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss.

B) they contain such high biodiversity

The primary aim of the U.S. Forest Service has historically been to provide ______________ based on Pinchot's philosophy of _________________. A) fire patrols to protect ancient forests; biocentric preservation B) timber to logging companies; pragmatic conservation C) wildlife habitat; biocentric preservation D) the benefits of forests for current and future populations; ecocentric preservation E) public recreation and education; pragmatic conservation

B) timber to logging companies; pragmatic conservation

The three crops that humans rely on for the majority of nutrients and calories are A) potatoes, wheat, and oats. B) wheat, rice, and maize. C) barley, oats, and rye. D) maize, oats, and rice. E) oats, beans, and barley.

B) wheat rice and maize

A major limiting factor to success of parks and reserves in developing nations would be A) a lack of biodiversity in those countries. B) a lack of interest in the development of parks and preserves. C) the lack of money and infrastructure to manage the parks and preserves. D) a lack of area suitable to set aside as a park or reserve. E) the lack of scientific data to manage the parks and reserves.

C) the lack of money and infrastructure to manage the parks and preserves

Seasonal migration allows grazing livestock to A) produce more young animals with less range. B) depend more on domestic pastures. C) use marginal lands year after year with modest environmental damage. D) use the most fertile pastures continuously. E) use only the most nutritious plants in a pasture.

C) use marginal lands year after year with modest environmental damage

One possible solution to the problem of insufficient land area for preserves is to use _______________ to link smaller habitat areas. A) highways B) eco-bridges C) edge effects D) corridors E) none of these are correct.

D) corridors

Methods of managing topography include all but which of the following? A) strip-farming B) terracing C) contour plowing D) deep tilling

D) deep tilling

Waterlogging results from A) natural wind erosion processes. B) natural water erosion processes. C) excessive plowing. D) excessive irrigation. E) toxic metal accumulation.

D) excessive irrigation

Old-growth forests are notable for containing species that A) migrate long distances to feed in the old-growth forests. B) are found in other North American forests, in very different environmental conditions. C) are exotic in North America. D) are highly adapted to their special environment. E) have an unusually high market value.

D) highly adapted to their special environment

United States national parks are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. A) True B) False

False

Over the past decade, the number of park visitors has _______ and park budgets have ________. A) decreased by one third; increased by about 25% B) increased by more than one half; increased by about 25% C) stayed about the same; decreased by about 25% D) increased by one third; decreased by about 25% E) decreased by more than one half; decreased by about 25%

D) increased by 1/3; decreased by about 25%

Which is a disadvantage of conservation tillage methods? A) less efficient use of fertilizer B) decreased crop yields C) increased irrigation requirements D) increased pests and weeds E) none of these are correct.

D) increased pests and weeds

World deserts are A) increasing because of the increase in global carbon dioxide. B) decreasing because of massive reforestation. C) decreasing as world climate becomes wetter. D) increasing because of logging and grazing. E) about the same in area but have many threatened species of plants.

D) increasing because of logging and grazing

Knowing that there are many endangered species found in the old growth forests of the United States, what might you expect remains today of all the old growth forests that stood in the United States before European settlement? A) about 90 percent B) about 25 percent C) about 35 percent D) less than 10 percent E) about 50 percent

D) less than 10 percent

Which nation listed below has the highest deforestation rate? A) India B) Russia C) Canada D) Japan E) Brazil

E) Brazil

The layer of soil that is a mixture of minerals and organic material is the A) O horizon B) E horizon C) primary layer D) humus E) A horizon

E) a horizon

Since tropical forests typically have only a few commercially valuable trees per acre, logging operations A) are usually not successful. B) generally do not encourage conversion of the forest to farmland. C) usually do little damage to the trees that are left. D) Tropical forests typically have many more than a few commercially valuable trees per acre. E) do extensive damage because of road building and injury to surrounding trees.

E) do extensive damage because of road building and injury to surrounding trees

Vitamin A deficiencies are associated with A) a lack of energy, or listlessness. B) poorly developed neural systems in embryos. C) anemia. D) weak bones. E) dry eyes and retinal degeneration.

E) dry eyes and retinal degeneration

High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields A) with primitive farming techniques and no chemical use. B) even in severe drought conditions. C) in response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation and only "good" yields in less than ideal situations. D) in all conditions where standard crops fail. E) in response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.

E) in response to fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation

An increased number of cowbirds (a species that likes areas where grassland and forests meet) would be an indicator of A) lack of proper habitat management. B) overgrazing of grasslands. C) overharvest of timber. D) decreased biodiversity. E) increased edge habitat.

E) increased edge habitat

Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous for the loggers because A) it is labor-intensive and thus increases job opportunities for local people. B) a mix of the different trees leads to a good resource base if the market for one type of timber falls. C) the increase in wildlife diversity is beneficial to the tourism industry. D) high levels of pesticides and herbicides may be needed, therefore there is more money spent and in the system. E) it produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp.

E) it produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp

Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to A) the lack of water. B) too many publicly owned animals on public lands. C) excessive urban settlement in the West. D) excessive populations of wild ungulates. E) overcrowding of private livestock.

E) overcrowding of private livestock

Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to A) improve plowing efficiency. B) prevent weed spreading. C) improve harvesting efficiency. D) make farms more attractive. E) prevent water and soil loss.

E) prevent water and soil loss

The parent material layer of a soil is composed of weathered A) residual aluminum and iron. B) rock fragments. C) organic detritus and roots. D) soil. E) humus.

b) rock fragments

Marine reserves are more common and easier to manage than terrestrial reserves. A) True B) False

b) False

Wind erosion is most likely to cause problems in A) open, arid regions. B) forested grazing lands on high mountains. C) protected, arid region. D) fertile river bottoms with annual floods. E) agricultural regions in the far north.

a) open, arid regions

Sustainable farming A) is safer than conventional farming, but much more expensive. B) uses fewer chemicals but more water than conventional methods. C) is an invention of modern agricultural research. D) is safe, although it causes weed problems. E) is cheaper and safer than conventional farming.

e) is cheaper and safer than conventional farming