Test 2: Food Allergy and Food Intolerances

Heiner's syndrome

can be misdiagnosed as pneumonia

carbohydrate intolerance (lactose, etc.)

can occur if lack in enzymes for digestion

genetically modified foods (GMOs)

can transfer a protein from one plant to another

B-cells

cells that secrete antibodies and usually are what cause immune response to food

Lymphocytes

command and control cells of the immune system and contain B-cells and T-cells

protein

common allergen foods are often high in _______

Atopy

condition of genetic predisposition to produce IgE antibodies in response to an allergen and to develop typical symptoms

granulocytes

contain intracellular granules (storage depots for defense chemicals or inflammatory mediators) that protect the body from invading pathogens (includes basophils and eosinophils)

RAST (radioallergosorbent test)

measures IgE antibodies in serum; alternatives to skin tests

otitis media

middle ear inflammation

level 1 of elimination diet

milk, egg, and wheat free

Heiner's syndrome

milk-induced syndrome with respiratory disease

anaphylaxis

multisystem manifestations of allergic reactions

Prebiotics

non-digestible, fermentable oilgosaccharides that stimulate the growth and activity of the GI microbiota thus conferring benefits upon host health

Food intolerance

not immune mediated; adverse reaction to a food caused by toxic, pharmacologic, metabolic, digestive, psychological, idiosyncratic non-IgE reactions to the food or chemical substances in food

total avoidance of the food

only treatment for an allergy:

T-cells

originate from stem cells but are later transported to the thymus gland where they mature

skin and mucous membranes

physical barrier

human milk

protective against atopic disease

profilins

proteins in cells that form allergens from pollen, latex, and plant foods; curcumin may help to control the allergic response

RAST

radioallergosorbent test; measures IgE antibodies in serum; alternative to skin tests

T-cells

recognize antigens and contribute to the immune defenses by regulation of the immune system

IgE-mediated food allergy

requires the presence of sensitization and the development of specific signs and symptoms on exposure to the food

level 3 of elimination diet

severe; lamb and chicken, rice, olive, and safflower oils, no grains/other starches

sensitivity and dose

severity of allergic reaction to a food depends on:

erythema

skin inflammation

CAP-FEIA

specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody assays for research only; blood test, more sensitive than RAST; quantitative assessment of IgE

level 2 of elimination diet

stricter; only animal protein--lamb, no vegetable protein; no wheat; limited oils

non-specific defenses

substances that attack all invaders regardless or epitopes (ex: patrolling scavenger cells, complement proteins, and various other enzymes and chemicals)

Elimination diet

suspect foods are eliminated from the diet for a specified period usually 4-12 weeks followed by a reintroduction and food-challenge phase

angioedema

swelling

bloating, cramping, flatulence, diarrhea

symptoms of carbohydrate intolerance

suppressor T-cells

turn off or suppress immune cells

mast cells

type of granulocyte, locate din lungs, skin, tongue, lining of nose and intestinal tract; B cell allergen-specific antibodies attach themselves to these cells (cells that antibodies are attached to)

Food sensitivity

unclear whether the reaction is immunologically related or due to a biochemical or physiologic defect

protein hydrolysate formulas

use these if not breastfed

food sensitivity

used to describe adverse reactions to food when it is not clear whether it is intolerance or allergy

Allergen

when an antibody elicits a hypersensitivity reaction as in allergy

cows milk, egg, peanut, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, wheat

8 foods responsible for 90% of food-allergy reactions

positive result of skin prick test

>3 mm

thymus

T-cell production

Helper T-cells

activate immune cells, including B-cells and other T-cells

Food intolerance

adverse reaction to a food or food additive that does not involve the immune system and results from the body's inability to digest, absorb, or metabolize a food or component of the food

cows milk, egg, soy, wheat

allergies typically outgrown

Anaphylaxis

an acute, often severe, and sometimes fatal immune response that usually occurs within a limited period following exposure to an antigen

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

antibodies contain a globulin protein

ALCAT

antigen leukocyte cellular antibody test

tonsils

antigen processing

Antigen

any molecule that will elicit an immune response in the body

Adverse reaction to food (ARF)

any undesired response to a food regardless of mechanism

B-cells

arising from stem cells in the bone marrow

laryngeal edema

cut off airway

oral food challenge

done under medical supervision, the goal is to tolerate 6-10g dry food or 80mL liquid food (conducted after symptoms and antihistamines stopped)

DBPCFC

double blind placebo controlled food challenge

skin-prick test

economical and fast, allergen applied to skin then pricked or scratched through with a needle or prick to observe histamine response

Adverse reactions to food (ARF)

encompass food allergies and food intolerances, both of which can result in distressing symptoms and adversely affect health

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

dysbiosis

excessive abnormal bacteria that can affect gut immune function

plasma cell

factory for producing that one specific antibody

sulfites

food additive that can cause reaction in asthmatics

IgE (immune)

food allergies are often _______ mediated

FODMAPS

fructo, oligo, di, mono, polyols

atopy

genetic predisposition to produce excessive immunoglobulin IgE antibodies in response to an antigen

GALT

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

cytotoxic T cells

help rid the body of cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer--responsible for rejection of tissue/organ grafts

urticaria

hives

sensitivity-related illness

hypothesis that after toxicant exposure or insult, an individual may become sensitive to a food, inhalants, or chemicals

Dysbiosis

imbalance in the microbiota which can impair digestion and affect overall health

IgE mediated

immediate hypersensitivity involves binding to the allergen (most food allergens)

specific defenses

immune response tailored just for them; include both antibodies and cells

Food allergy

immune system response that is triggered when a food is eaten by a person who has been sensitized to it

Food allergy (hypersensitivity)

immune-mediated reaction to a normally harmless food protein or happen that the body has erroneously identified as harmful; food reaction that occurs consistently after ingestion, inhalation, and/or touch of a particular food, causing functional changes in target organs

cell-mediated immunity

immunity that involves T lymphocytes (T-cells) through lymphokines or direct cytoxicity

humoral immunity

immunity that involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes

oral and pharyngeal pruiritus

itching

eczema (atopic dermatitis)

itchy patches, often where joints bend

Probiotics

live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts impart health benefits to the host

protein-losing enteropathy

lose more of your serum proteins

IgG

major immunoglobulin in the blood, is able to enter tissue spaces, works efficiently to coat microorganisms, speeding their uptake by other cells in the immune system