TEST 2 REVIEW INTO TO PSY.

openness to new experience:

stimulated by new ideas (question to ask: I believe art is important for its own sake.)

Wechsler test provides an overall score and four major sub scores.

#1 Verbal Comprehension Index, based on such items as "define the word letter" and "how are a peach and plum similar?". #2 Perceptual Reasoning Index, calls for nonverbal answers, such as arranging blocks to match a pattern. # 3Working Memory Index, includes such items and "listen to these numbers and then repeat them: 3 6 2 5" and "Listen to these numbers and repeat them in reverse order: 476". #4 Processing Speed, and example is "put a slash (/) through all the circles on this page and X through all the squares, as quickly as possible."

How do blood levels of insulin (10th)?

(increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells)

What are things to do to try and stop smoking lose weight, etc.

1-Aviod the temptation all together 2-Don't expose yourself to one temptation just after successfully resisting a different type of temptation 3-If it is possible to make a commitment far in advance do so. 4-Think of people who yield to the temptations as different from yours 5-Remind yourself of ethical norms

Masters & Johnson established sexual stages of arousal- what are the stages? (men & women) (11th):

1st stage excitement: a mans penis becomes erect and a women's vagina becomes lubricated. Breathing is rapid and deep. Heart rate and blood pressure increase. Many people experience a flush of the skin, resembling a measles rash. Women's nipples become erect, and the breasts swell slightly for women who have not nursed a baby. Nervousness interferes with sexual excitement, as do coffee and other stimulant drugs. 2nd stage plateau: excitement remains high during this stage, this stage last for varying lengths of time depending on a person's age and the intensity of the stimulation. 3rd Stage orgasm: Excitement builds until the third stage, a sudden release of tension know as climax or orgasm, which the entire body feels 4th stage resolution: a state of relaxation. At orgasm, the pituitary gland releases the hormone oxytocin, which induces relaxation, decreased anxiety and increased sense of attachment to one's partner.

What is a heuristic (2nd)?

A strategy for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess; (ex: if you want to guess which of child is oldest, choose the tallest)

What is an algorithm (4th)?

An explicit procedure for calculating answer or testing every hypothesis; non- textbook definition: is a set of instructions for solving a problem or completing a process, often used in math. The steps are very precise and well defined (Examples: suppose you are a traveling salesperson in Ames, Iowa; you want to visit 10 cities and return home by the shortest route; you might list all possible routes, measure them, and determine which one is shortest )

How do blood levels of insulin affect hunger?

At the beginning of a meal, before the nutrients begin to enter the blood, the brain sends messages to the pancreases to secrete insulin. Insulin promotes the movement of glucose (sugar in blood; important for energy) and other nutrients out of the blood and into the cells that need fuel and into cells that sore nutrients for future use. As the mean continues, the nutrients from the digested food enter the blood, and almost as fast as they enter, insulin moves excess nutrients in the blood.

Projection:

Attributing ones own undesirable characteristics to other people; if someone tells you to stop being angry, you might reply, :I am not angry! Your the one whose angry!" suggesting that other people have your faults might make the faults seem less threatening. (ex: someone who secretly enjoys pornography might accuse other people of enjoying it. However, the research finds that people using projection do not ordinarily decrease their anxiety or their awareness of their own faults.)

Who came up with the g factor?

Charles Spearman (born 9/10/1863, London, England and died 9/7/1945; British psychologist who theorized that a general factor of intelligence g is present in varying degrees in different human abilities.

What does it say if you're adopted and you take an IQ test?

Correlation rate of .19; but it says that as the child gets older the more his/her IQ will correlate with their biological parents

Which one is culture free?

Progressive Matrices

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition (WISC-IV): produce the same average, 100, and almost the same distribution of scores as the standfor- binet. The WISC is for children up to age 16 and the WAIS is for everyone older. The Wechsler test is administered to one person at a time. The Standfor- Bienet and Wechsler test are the most widely used IQ test.

How cans framing change a question's meaning? Framing effect:

Framing occurs when the wording of a question affects how a person answers the question (EX: say you can save 200 people or 400 people will die in a population of 600? You are more likely to choose saving 200 people even though it is the same as 400 people dying).

What does g mean?

General ability (intelligent abilities have an area of overlap, which he called g (for general). Each ability also depends on an s (for specific) factor.

How to increase likelihood of following through with new years resolution?.......

Goal setting help: The goal is realistic. A serious commitment is made, especially if it is made publicly. Feedback is received. Believe that achieving the goal will be worth the effort.

What did Kinsey find out about excessive masturbation?

He found that excessive masturbation does not cause mental illnesses, in fact the term excessive mean a little more that what he or she did. This could be a man who does it once a month and excessive for him would be three times a month. Excessive is different for everyone not a specific number.

What genetically do we know about intelligence (7th)?

Identical twins correlate with each other about .85 significantly higher tan fraternal twins or non-twin siblings. As adopted children grow older, their IQs begin to correlate more strongly with those of their biological parents. These results imply a genetic influence from the biological parents.

According to the textbook, when men in the US are asked about sexual orientation, what did they say?

In a random sample of 3,500 us adults 2.8% of men and described themselves as having a homosexual (gay or lesbian) orientation; many people who do not consider themselves gay or lesbian have had at least one adult homosexual experience and more (epically males) had on in early adolescence.

Why do the theorists support the idea of a g factor?

Later researchers confirmed that scores on virtually all kinds of cognitive test correlate positively with one another within almost any population. You have probably noticed this trend yourself; a student who does well in one course (subject) generally does well in others also (Jamie).

Pre-attentive process; describe it

Meaning that it stands out immediately (ex: white bird in a crowed of black birds)

(MMPI):

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: Composed of 567 true-false questions that measure personality dimensions such as social ability and conscientiousness, they may detect clinical conditions like depression and psychosis also. Original standardizations procedure was flawed but none the less yielded a test that was useful in practice (MMPI-2)

How do blood levels of insulin blood sugar?

More insulin means higher levels of glucose and lower insulin means lower levels of glucose

What treatments do we have for attention problems?

Most common treatment would have to be a stimulant drug. This drug helps those with an attention deficit order to preform better in school and everyday behaviors. Behavioral methods help. These include rewards for good behavior and time-outs for inappropriate behavior. Action video games for many hours improve your ability to focus. Interaction with nature, replenish your resources, enhancing your later ability to control attention.

Which ones are nonverbal?

Progressive Matrices and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Motivate hard work in someone: how would you motivate hard work in someone?

One of the most powerful way to motivate anyone, including your self, is to set a goal.

Why did we originally create an IQ test and how is it used today?

Original goal of intelligence test was to identify the least capable children, who could not learn from ordinary schooling. Later test were also used to identify the best students, who would profit from accelerated classes

What's good with Kinsey work?

Right - results were useful; demonstrated wide variation in sexual habits and attitudes.

What is g?

Spearman measured how well people performed task such as following directions, judging musical pitch, matching colors, and doing arithmetic. He found that performance on any of his tasks correlated positively with performance on any of the others. Spearman therefore inferred that all the task have something in common. To perform well on any test of mental ability, he argues, people need a "general" ability, which he called g. the symbol g is always italicized and lowercase, like the mathematical terms; he suggested that each task also requires a "specific" ability, s. intelligence consist of a general ability plus an unknown number of specific abilities, such as mechanical, musical, arithmetical, logical and spatial abilities. Spearman called his theory a "monarchic" theory of intelligence because it included a dominant ability, or monarch (g), that ruled over the lesser abilities.

Different forms of IQ tests:

Stanford- Binet IQ test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , and Progressive Matrices

First primary goal of psychoanalysis according to Freud?

The goal was to bring those memories (unconscious memories) back to consciousness, producing catharsis and enabling the person to overcome irrational impulses.

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism. (idea of homeostasis is that we seek a state of equilibrium, which is not zero stimulation) For example, people make an effort to maintain a fairly constant body temperature, a steady body weight, a certain amount of water in the body, a moderate amount of sensory experience, and so on.

Why do we speculate about the Flynn effect?

The results vary across countries, tests and periods of time, but a typical figure is about 3 IQ points per 10 years. If you took the same IQ test that your parents took at your age, then your score probably would be higher than theirs. If you took an IQ test from your grandparents' era, your score would still be higher; one consequence of the Flynn effect is that if you take an IQ test and later take a restandardized from your score will drop! You did not deteriorate, but you are being compared to a higher standard.

What is the researcher in the textbook saying when they tell someone that they've been given a job but barely met the requirements for the job? (Does it make them work harder, slack off, etc.)?

These workers that are told this tend to work harder than the average; apparently to convince the employer that they deserve the job; perhaps also to convince themselves that they earn their pays.

pyramid with self-actualization on top

Top of pyramid: Self-actualization: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities Next layer of pyramid: esteem needs: prestige, fame, feeling of accomplishment Next layer of pyramid: belongingness and love needs: social interaction Next layer of pyramid: safety needs: security, safety Last layer of pyramid: physiological needs: food, drink, oxygen, constant temperature

How to increase likelihood of following through with new years resolution? (question straight from book):

Under what conditions would a people be most likely to keep their New Year's Resolutions? People are more likely to keep it if it is realistic, if they state the resolution publicly, and if they receive feedback on how well they are doing.

Fluid intelligences (Raymond Cattell):

Used in active reasoning/problem solving and applying information (example: fluid intelligence enable you to learn new skills in a new job; the ability to learn new words in an example of fluid intelligence)

Which ones is IQ?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Stanford- Binet IQ test

What is the Oedipus complex?

When he develops a sexual interest in his mother and competitive aggression toward his father (most boys negotiate through this stage and emerge with a healthy personality, but those who fail to resolve these sexual fantasies develop long -term personality problems

Rorschach Inkblots

a projective technique based on people's interpretation of 10 ambiguous inkblots, is the most famous and most widely used projective personality technique. Created by Hermann Rorschach a Swiss psychiatrist, who showed people inkblots and asked them to say whatever cam to mind

Regression:

a return to a more immature level of functioning; by adopting a childish role, a person return to an earlier, more secure, way of life. (ex: after a new sibling is born, an older child may cry or pout. An adult who has just gone through a divorce or lost a job may move in with his or her parents.)

Drive:

a state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior after another until one of them removes the irritation.

Stereotyping:

a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways or doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality.

Aptitude:

ability to learn, or fluid intelligence

Defense mechanisms and there stages:

according to Freud, the ego (rational, decision- making aspect of the personality) defends itself against anxieties by relegating unpleasant thoughts and impulses to the unconscious mind. repression, denial, Rationalization, Displacement, Regression, Projection, Reaction formation, Sublimation.

agreeableness:

compassionate and trusting (question to ask: I believe others have good intentions.)

Gardner's Theory of Multiple intelligences:

according to Howard Gardner if we could test intellectual abilities in pure form, we might find multiple intelligences: unrelated forms of intelligence, consisting of language, musical abilities, logical and mathematical reasoning, spatial reasoning, ability to recognize and classify object, body movement skills, self- control and self -understanding and sensitivity to other peoples social signals. Gardner argues that people can be outstanding in one type of intelligence but not others

Freud's psychosexual stages: psychosexual pleasure

all strong, pleasant excitement arising from body stimulation. He maintained that how we deal with out psychosexual development influences nearly all aspects of personality. Oral Stage: from birth to about age 1 ½ the infant derives intense psychosexual pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, particularly whole sucking at the mother's breast. Anal Stage: about 1 ½ , when they get psychosexual pleasure from the sensation of bowel movements Phallic Stage: beginning at about age 3, children begin to play with their genitals and according to Freud become sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent. Every boy is afraid of having his penis cut off, where as girls develop "penis envy" Latent Period: from about age 5 to 6 until adolescence, most children enter this stage in which they suppress their psychosexual inters. At this time, they play mostly with peers of their own sex. Genital Stage: beginning at puberty, young people take a strong sexual interest in other people. Anyone who has fixated a great deal of libido (desire in Latin) in an earlier stage has little libido left for the genital stage. People who have successfully negotiated the earlier stages now derive primary satisfaction from sexual intercourse

Maslow's hierarchy of needs - pyramid with self-actualization on top (9th):

an organization from the most insistent need to the ones that receive attention only when all other are under control; if you need to breathe, fighting for oxygen takes priority over all else. If you are hungry, thirsty or too hot or too cold, your purse those need until you satisfy them and so on...

Rationalization:

attempt to prove that their actions are justifiable (ex: a student who wants to go to the movies says, "Mom studying won't do me any good anyway." Someone who misses a deadline to apply for a job says "I didn't really want that job.")

Displacement:

by diverting a behavior or though away from its natural target toward a less threatening target (ex: if you are angry with your employer or your professor, you might yell at someone else.)

Administering the Rorschach:

consist of ten cards, five of them in color. A psychologist hands you a card and ask, "what might this be?" the instruction are intentionally vague on the assumption that you reveal more about your personality in a ill- defined situation

Crystallized intelligence ( Raymond Cattell):

consists of acquired skills and knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge in specific situations. Example: crystallized intelligence includes the job skills you have already acquired; the words already learned are part of your crystallized intelligence; expertise = crystallized intelligence

Humanistic Psychotherapy:

deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs, including spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people live and die for. According to humanistic psychologists, personality depends on people's beliefs and perception of the world.

What is a prototype, give examples:

familiar or typical examples (ex: after we identify a good prototypes of country music or bald person, we compare other items to them; (depending on how closely something matches, we call it a member of the category, a nonmember or a borderline case; for example, cars and trucks are members of the category "vehicle". Flowers are non- members. Escalators and water skis are borderline cases))

Alfred Kinsey:

first important survey of human sexual behavior; started as a small- scale project for teaching purpose grew into a survey of 18,000 people

What's wrong with Kinsey work?

had large non- random samples and only from one area of the US.

Correlation between job satisfaction and job performance (strong, weak, etc.):

high job satisfaction improves performance, good performance improves job satisfaction, and highly conscientious people tend to be satisfied with life and successful on their job. However the correlation is not high. You can probably imagine several explanations. For example some people who do a job well are no highly satisfied, because they want a better job. Job satisfaction depends largely on the job itself, including the interest level, the pay, coworkers, and management.

you read about two explanations for g. what would each of them predict about weather something could impair intelligence in one way and spare it in another?

if all intelligent abilities depend on a single underlying factor, then it is hard to imagine impairing one but sparing another. for analogy, an injury that impairs running would also impair jumping. However, if intelligent abilities correlated because they usually grow together, we can imagine something that impairs one much more than others- as in the case of Williams's syndrome (genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but surprisingly good use of language relative to other abilities). For analogy amputating a finger does not harm the legs.

Repression:

is motivated removal of something to the unconscious (ex: someone who has an unacceptable sexual impulse becomes unaware of it). Repressed material is suppressed but not forgotten.

Availability Heuristic:

is the tendency to assume that if we easily think of examples of a category, then that category must be common; however, this heuristic leads us astray when uncommon events are highly memorable (ex: during the months after the terrorist attack of 9/11 most Americans though frequently about airplane disaster, therefore considered such disaster common, and avoided air travel)

Standard deviation of IQ tests (8th):

measure variance among individuals; will be smaller value if most scores are close to mean and larger if scores vary widely; the scores for a large population approximate a "normal distribution" or "bell shape curve"; Bulge at the lower end represents that w/disabilities. Binet and Wechsler designed IQ test with a mean of 100 and a standard division of 15 (W) and 16 (B); 68% of scores fall under first standard division unit of the mean; 95% fall with in the second standard division unit in either direction; 2 above mean "gifted" 2 below mean "mentally challenged".

Carl Rogers:

most influential humanistic psychologist, studied theology before turning to psychology; (Founder of school) believed that human nature is good, and that we strive toward self-actualization (state of achieving one's full potential). He believed children developed a self-concept (an image of who they are) and ideal self (image that they would like to be). He believed that human welfare is best served when people relate to each other in an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard (acceptance of the person as he or she is).

Progressive Matrices (John C. Raven) (6th):

most widely used culture- reduced test. These matrices, which progress gradually from easy to difficult items, attempt to measure abstract reasoning (fluid intelligence) without any use of language or reference to factual information. To answer a question on the Progressive Matrices, someone must generate hypotheses, test them, and infer rules

5 Personality traits:

neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to new experience

Who is Carl Jung:

one of the two who Freud gather around him to discuss issues of personality development and abnormal behavior; was a Swiss physician whom Freud regarded as the "heir apparent" or "crown prince" of the psychoanalytic movement, until their father - son relationship deteriorated.

Intelligence quotient (IQ) test:

predict someone's performance in school and similar settings

Spreading activation (1st):

process by which the activation of one concept activates or primes relates concepts (ex: if you hear flower, you are primed to think of rose, violet, and other flowers. If you hear red, the combination of flower and red primes you to think of a rose. You would recognize that word more easily than usual if it were flashed briefly on a screen or spoken very softly.)

neuroticism:

prone to unpleasant emotions (question to ask: I have many worries.)

Criminal Profiling:

psychologist try to aid police investigations by construction personality profiles of the kind of person who would commit a certain crime, research has been limited and so far, it suggests low accuracy of personality profiles.

How did Carl Jung differentiate himself from Freud:

rejected Freud's concept that dreams hide their meaning from the conscious mind: "to me dreams are a part of nature, which harbors no intention to deceive, but expresses something as best it can"; Jung's theory of personality emphasized peoples search for spiritual meaning in life contrast to Freud, who traced much of adult personality to childhood events; Carl Jung believed: all people share a collective unconscious that represent the entire experience of humanity. Personality changes and presented archetypes figures and themes emerging repeatedly across history and culture.

Freud's theory of personality: psychodynamic theory:

relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forced, including unconscious ones, with the individual. That is, internal forces that we do no understand push us and pull us.

what evidence did spearman have in favor of the concept of g?

scores on many different kinds of test correlated positively with one another.

extraversion:

seeking excitement and social contact (question to ask: I make friends easily.)

conscientiousness:

self- disciplined and dutiful (question to ask: I complete most task on time or early.)

Flynn effect:

tendency for performance on IQ test to improve from one generation to the next; the test has to be modified every so often just so that the mean maintains a 100; Possible explanations are: improve health and nutrition, better education, increased opportunity for visual-spatial stimulations, and improve test taking skills.

Attention:

tendency to respond to and to remember some stimuli more than others

Stanford- Binet IQ test (5th):

test's items are designated by age. And item designated as "age 8," for example, will be answered correctly by 60 to 90% of 8- year olds. (A higher percentage of older children answer it correctly and a lower percentage of younger children.) a child who answers correctly most of the age 8 items, but not the age 9 items, has a mental age of 8.

How does the humanistic psychologist identify people who are self-actualized?

the achievement of ones full potential. The concept of self-actualization is similar to Adler's concept of striving for superiority; Carol Rogers maintained that people naturally strive toward positive goals without special urging. He recommended that people relate to one another with unconditional positive regard.

Representativeness Heuristic:

the assumption that an item that resembles members of a category is probably also in that category; this heuristic is usually correct, except when we deal with uncommon categories (ex: "if something looks like a duck, waddles like a duck, and quacks like a duck, chances are it's a duck.")

Change blindness:

the failure to detect changes in parts of a scene (if something changes its appearance suddenly, it automatically draws your attention, but you seldom notice changes that occur slowly or between on view and another

Motivation:

the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome

Denial:

the refusal to believe unpleasant information ("this cant be happening"). Denial is an assertion that the information is incorrect. (ex: someone with an alcoholic problem may insist, "I'm not an alcoholic. I can take it or leave it.")

Problems associated with heuristics like functional fixedness (3rd):

the tendency to adhere to a single approach or a single way of using an item (ex: you are provided with a candle, a box of match, some thumbtacks, and a tiny piece of string. Using no other equipment, find a way to mount the candle to the wall so that it can be lit)

Talk about Stroop effect:

the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of ink

Sublimation:

the transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into culturally acceptable, even admirable behavior; sublimation lets someone express an impulse without admitting it existence. (ex: painting and sculpture may represent a sublimation of sexual impulses. someone may sublimate aggressive impulses by becoming a surgeon.) sublimation is the one proposed defense mechanism that is associated with socially constructive behavior. However, if the true motives of a painter are sexual and the true motives of a surgeon are violent, they are well hidden indeed.

Aptitude test vs. Achievement test:

they are hard to separate, aptitude leads to achievement, and past achievement increases future ability to learn; still, we make an effort to separate the two

Reaction formation:

to present themselves as the opposite of what they really are; in other words, they go to the opposite extreme. A man trouble by doubts about his religious faith might try to convert other to the faith. Someone with unacceptable aggressive tendencies might join a group dedicated to preventing violence.

Achievement:

what someone has already learned, or crystallized intelligence