Test 2: Social Psychology
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
A theory by Leon Festinger (1957) states that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce
Cognitions can be
All of the above
On a scale of 1-10, how much do you like Howard? And the participant answers 5. What type of measure is this?
Controlled Response Measured I
On a scale of 1-10, how much do you like Howard? This time, the participant is participating in a lie detector test, in order to not seem untruthful, the participant answers 5 while hesitating to say 10. This is forced honesty. What type of measure is this?
Controlled Response Measured II
Group A: White participants are asked to prime words related to the African-American stereotype They wrote: Africa, ghetto, welfare Group B: The same participants are asked to prime neutral words They wrote: number, however What study is this?
Devine (1989)
Contact hypothesis
Direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions
Participants not being aware that race plays a factor in what words they associate with good or bad. This is an example of?
Evaluative Priming Procedure
Of the 12,000 adult black women imprisoned in North Carolina, Black women with lighter skin received 12% less prison time than those with darker skin This is an example of?
Implicit racism
You start a new job and you find out one of the coworkers is a Howard Alumni as well, as time goes on you two build a friendship and are closer than the other coworkers. You find that you like this person more and conversate with them more easily. This is an example of?
Ingroup Bias
1. Learner (confederate) and teacher (participant) 2. Cover story: Influence of punishment on memory. Increasing voltage shocks for errors 3. Experimenter orders teacher to obey, learner gives scripted pain responses What study is?
Milgram (1963)
"People with HIV should not be allowed to migrate to Australia, and that the government was investigating whether it could tighten existing restrictions." This is an example of?
Modern racism
Hostile Sexism
Negative feelings about women's ability to challenge men's power.
A Tottenham Hotspur fan threw a banana skin onto the pitch at the Emirates Stadium on Dec 2, 2018, as Arsenal forward Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang celebrated scoring a goal. This is an example of?
Old fashioned racism
Our perception of Australians is that the majority of them like to surf, wrestle and that they act the same, rather than Americans doing a variety of things This is an example of what?
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
Participants were told the university was considering comprehensive exams in order to graduate. What study is this?
Patty, Cacioppo, and Goldman (1981)
A CNN news article titled "Obesity alarms traditionally slim in Japan. Source- CNN (credible) Message- content ( obese children in Japan) Audience- Relevance ( Parents taking an interest to the article, may want to see how to avoid it with their own children) What is this?
Persuasive
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote domination of one gender
Perceiver's expectation Perceiver's behavior towards target Target's behavior toward perceiver Are all steps to what?
Self-fulfilling prophecies
This study has the Autokinetic Effect where the individual movement estimate and repeated group session estimates The result is over time, the group converges on a norm
Sherif (1951)
Black and white students with equal prior test scores. Group A: Instructions say "test diagnostic of intellectual ability" Group B: Instructions say "test nondiagnostic of intellectual ability" Performance being counted by a difficult standardized test As a result, for those with the nondiagnostic test, Black and white subjects had greater correct answers because it was not diagnostic for those with the diagnostic test, white subjects performed the same as the white subjects with the nondia
Steel and Aronson (1995)
Attitude measures predict behavior when:
The attitude is strong Free choice The attitude measure and behavior correspond
According to Devine, priming causes spreading activation in stereotyping schemas
True
Competition can be real OR perceived
True
Interacting with a five year old versus interacting with an adult is an example of social categorization
True
Schemas operate based on spreading activation
True
A researcher shows you a picture of insects and creatures: spiders, ants, snakes, etc With your fear of these things, you immediately scrunch your face. What type of measure is this?
Uncontrolled Response Measured
Objectification
When women are treated as mere bodies or objects and less as fully functioning human beings.
In an interview, white participants conducted the interview. The job candidates were black or white. The candidates were confederate and acted the same As a result, the interviewer sat further away, made more speech errors, and held shorter interviews with Black candidates. What study is this?
Word, Zanna, Cooper (1974)
Stereotypes
____ are schemas in semantic memory
Stereotypes
a belief that associates that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics
Attitude
a positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea
Group
a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity
Ingroup bias
a type of stereotype formation
outgroup bias
a type of stereotype formation
feels good
affect
What are the bases of our overall attitudes?
affect, cognition, and behavior
Benevolent Sexism
affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection
Sequential Request Strategies
an initial request is used to "set up" compliance on the second request
Being generally motivated to be egalitarian Taking the perspective of a stereotyped target Ignoring group membership or focusing on individuating information Are all ways to what?
avoid automatic stereotyping
seek it out
behavior
Obedience
behavior change produced by the commands of authority
Discrimination
behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group
According to a 1970 Civil Aeronautical Institute study, male gender was the largest predictor of who survives plane crash What sexism is this?
benevolent sexism
Women should be cherished and protected by men
benevolent sexism
Old Fashioned Racism
blatant, explicit and unmistakable racism
Compliance
changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests
unhealthy
cognition
Realistic Conflict Theory
competition for limited resources breeds hostility and results in prejudice and discrimination
You are sitting in class and scrolling through Twitter on your phone, you don't notice everyone's phone being up so the professor walks up to you and asks you to put your phone away, so you do. What is this an example of?
compliance
You are sitting in class and are scrolling through Twitter on your phone, you look up and notice your classmates have their phones up and paper and pens out ready to take a test, so you put yours up as well What is this an example of?
conformity
Informational Influence
conformity is when a person believes others are correct in their judgement
Normative Influence
conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant
requires a lot of thought
consequence of central route
requires little thought
consequence of peripheral route
Foot in the door and low-balling are sequential requests that use this
consistency pressure
Prejudice
emotional responses, liking and disliking
A young girl scout, around the age of 8 is selling cookies outside of Walmart. She walks up to you as you are walking out and asks if you would like to buy cookies. You say you have already bought some The little girl then tells you that there are new flavors and you get buy 1, get one free do you still want them? This is an example of?
foot-in-the-door technique
Ask for something small Ask for something larger but different and related
foot-in-the-door technique
Outgroup
group an individual does not believe they belong to
According to Devine (1989), what happens?
group cues automatically activate the stereotype and influence conscious judgments even among those who are low in prejudice
Social Identity Theory
group identities are an important part of self-definition and a key source of self-esteem
Ingroup
groups an individual believes they belongs to
What leads to ingroup bias?
having the tendency to like the ingroup more than the outgroup. however, this does not mean we necessarily dislike the outgroup
Women seek to gain power by getting control over men.
hostile sexism
624 real academic letters of recommendation written by male and female professors were more likely to include slight doubts when a woman was being recommended than a man, and this influenced the assessment of evaluators (Madera et al., 2015) What sexism is this?
implicit sexism
She might make a good colleague
implicit sexism
Social comparison like shifting to a better group, or increasing own group status This an example of?
improving self-esteem
A minority being well-liked and accepted in larger groups A minority does not threaten the existence of the existence of the group
influence by numerical minorites
Public and private conformity
informational influence
Behavior: control, told person it was interesting for $20 - Their attitude was that it was boring This is an example of?
insufficient justification paradigm
Central Route Persuasion
involves a lot of thought when high motivation and ability to think (relevant, focused)
Peripheral Route Persuasion
involves little thought when low motivation and ability to think (being distracted)
It is your first time buying a car and you see your dream car has a sale, however, it is used. You and the salesman come to a deal about the car's amenities. The salesman does further research and comes to find out that the car is actually not on sale and is $2K more than the sale price. Now, you still feel pressured to buy the car at a higher price since you agreed. This is an example of?
low balling
The person agree to request Makes the same request but larger
low balling
A student needs to use the copy machine at the library and notices the long line. The student walks to the front and asks if they can quickly use it as they need to copy a document for class. Because the student gave a good reason, the individual complied This is an example of?
mindfulness
Prejudice
negative (or positive) feelings or attitudes toward people based on certain groups
If you do something nice for someone, they should do something nice in return
norm of reciprocity
Public NOT private conformity
normative influence
Your mother tells you to make sure you wash your dish and put it up after eating. You have been doing this since a young age so you complete the action This is an example of?
obedience
Outgroup homogeneity effect
perceiving all members of an outgroup are the same
Careful consideration of merits of the message
process to central route persuasion
Source expertise, attractiveness cues, counting heuristics, and conditioned responses
process to peripheral route of persuasion
Implicit Racism
racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally
Modern Racism
racism that surfaces in subtle ways then it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize
For Christmas, the child asks their mom for a game system, and their mom tells them no choose something else and if they clean their bedroom she might buy it. After the child cleans their room, they then ask for a gift card, and the mother says yes. (reciprocity norm) This is an example of?
sequential request strategy
If you go into another country and show that you are loud and pushy, they are going to activate the category of American and assume that you also are TV-obsessed and love fast food This is an example of
spreading activation
According to Claude Steele, vulnerability is experienced by a person from a stereotyped group when their behavior could potentially confirm the stereotype about their group. This is experienced as anxiety or distracting thoughts which has a negative impact on performance.
stereotype threat
Anxiety and negative thoughts having an impact on performance
stereotype threat
Social Impact of a Source depends on?
strength, immediacy, number
persist over time resist persuasion predict behavior What attitude strength is this?
strong attitude
Ambivalence
strong positive and strong negative responses to the same thing
What does the Devine (1989) discuss?
suggests that when individuals are required to elevate stereotyped groups both low-prejudice and high-prejudice persons will automatically activate pertinent stereotype content
Persuasion
the process by which attitudes are changed
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?
the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups
Ingroup/Outgroup
the tendency to categorize people into "us" and :"two"
Conformity
the tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms
Stereotyping
traits and beliefs
Social Categorization
we categorize people just like we categorize other objects
Does not persist, resist, or predict What attitude strength is this?
weak attitude
When do stereotypes resist change?
when evidence fails to support them or points to the contrary
