Test 3
5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Popular Culture? -Urban -Large in Number -Cohesive in family and religious ties -Heterogeneous in custom and race -Accessible and mobile rather than isolated
Cohesive in family and religious ties
10. Most of the world's ethnic patterns are the result of: -Acculturation -Relocation diffusion -War -Contagious diffusion -Forced migration
-Relocation diffusion
9. When Wal-Mart decided to enter small-town markets prior to big-city ones, it was following which pattern of diffusion? -Advanced Hierarchical -Reverse Hierarchical -Hierarchical -Stratified Contagious -Contagious
-Reverse Hierarchical
globalizing city
a city being shaped by the new global economy and culture
primate city
a city of large size and dominant power within a country; a country's largest city, ranking atop the urban hierarchy, most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well.
global city
a city that is a control center of the global economy
hydraulic civilization
a civilization based on large-scale irrigation
mass culture
a form of culture that is produced, distributed, and marketed through mass media, art, and other forms of communication
While ethnicity and race are often used interchangeably
as we can and will see the two have very different meanings.
1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Folk Cultures? -Rural -Small in number -Geography isolated -Constantly changing -Homogeneous in custom and race
constantly changing
local consumption cultures
distinct consumption practices and preferences in food, clothing, music, and so forth formed in specific places and historical moments
12. With popularization, family structures and interpersonal relationships are strengthened: True or False
false
14. Race is the same as ethnicity: True or False
false
2. Material folk culture consists of all of the following EXCEPT: -folklore -tools -furniture -clothing -art work
folklore
3. The deliberate eating of earth is known as: -territoriality -geomancy -geophagy -pica -gentrification
geophagy *found among many different cultures in Asia, Middle East, parts of Latin AMerica, but it is most common in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa *also in Southern U.S. among Americans of African ancestry
range
in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service
17. If the 2 million years humankind has spent on Earth were compared to the 24-hour day, large-scale urbanization has been going on for: -a decade -10 days -less than a minute -five minutes -one hour
less than a minute
Formal ethnic culture regions exist in
most countries such as shown here in China - Figure 5.6 of text.
25. The traditional urban spatial morphology model which emphasizes that as cities became more and more decentralized, districts evolved that were not linked directly to the CBD, is the one known as: -concentric rings -sector -multiple nuclei -galactic -none of the above
multiple nuclei
cultural maladaptation
poor or inadequate adaptation that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fails to provide the necessities of life or, in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it.
cultural simplification
process by which ethnic groups lose aspects of traditional culture in the process of settling elsewhere, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old
ethnic substrate
regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland
24. within the city, which of the land uses below is responsible for the greatest consumption of water? -public parks -industries -downtowns -residential areas -fire departments
residential areas
Habitats can offer protection or
shelter to ethnically distinct populations. Mountain regions, islands, etc. can provide this shelter Example - Ethnic settlement and diversity in the rugged Caucasus Mountains - Figure 5.23 of text.
7. What region of the United States exhibited the greatest fast food sales as a share of total restaurant sales? -The Northeast -The Southwest & West -The Northwest -The Upper Midwest -The Rocky Mountains
southeast?
acculturation
the adoption by an ethnic group of enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially
agricultural surplus
the amount of food a society grows that exceeds the demands of its populaiton
hinterland
the area surrounding a city and influenced by it
racism
the belief that certain individuals are inferior because they are born into a particular ethnic, racial or cultural group. --often leads to prejudice and discrimination, and it reinforces relationships of unequal power between groups
assimilation
the complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society, resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits.
23. inner-city gentrified locations are most attractive to: -widows and widowers -young urban professionals without children -young urban professionals with children -retired couples -single-parent families
young urban professionals without children
8. At the top of the landscapes of popular culture is the: -Liesure landscape -Landscape of consumption -Elitist landscape -Amenity landscape -Historyland landscape
-Elitist landscape
4. We find that within folk cultures (such as the Abipone Indians) certain foods derived from the environment (such as the jaguar) are consumed because: -Their natural properties are perceived to enhance qualities considered desirable by the folk society -They possess large amounts of protein in a relatively protein-free diet of folk societies -They are the only available food source due to the isolation of the folk society -They not only are able to consume the animal for food but may use its claws and teeth for tools and jewelry within the folk society -They taste good
*their natural properties are perceived to enhance qualities considered desirable by the folk society
Ethnic Flag
- A readily visible marker of ethnicity on the landscape.**Example - Maize granary, called a cuezomatl, that is unique to the indigenous population of Tlaxcala state, Mexico - Figure 5.29 of text **Example - Mexican-American exterior mural, Barrio Logan, San Diego, California - Figure 5.30 of text.
Ethnic Island
- A small ethnic area in the rural countryside; sometimes called a "folk island."Example - Figure 5.8 of text.
Ethnoburbs
- A suburban ethnic neighborhood (can often house relatively affluent immigrant populations).Example - Venetian ghetto- Figure 5.10 of text
Return Migration
- A type of ethnic diffusion that involves the voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to its ancestral homeland or country Example - Origins of migrants in Mexico - Figure 5.19 of text
Ethnic neighborhood
- A voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice.
Cultural Preadaptation
- Adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving it survival ability and competitive advantage in occupying the new environment. Example - Ethnic settlement of Wisconsin - Figure 5.22 of text.
Foodways
- Customary behaviors associated with food preparation and consumption.**Example - Taco-Burrito and Taco-Barbeque Lines, The transition between different styles of Mexican - Figure 5.35 of text.
Involuntary Migration
- Forced migration also contributes to ethnic diffusion and formation of ethnic regions. **whether by government policy (such as a resettlement program), warfare or other violence, ethnic cleansing, disease, natural disaster or enslavement.
Ethnic Homeland
- Sizable area inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it.
Environmental Racism
- The targeting of areas where ethnic or racial minorities live with respect to environmental contamination or failure to enforce environmental regulations. **Example - Arab slum in Delhi, India - Figure 5.24 of text. **Example - Environmental racism in Los Angeles. Nonwhite populations concentrations overlap closely with toxic release facility locations in Los Angles Country.
Chain Migration
- The tendency of people to migrate along channels, over a period of time, from specific source areas to specific destinations (example - Peoria, IL and Lebanese chain migration)
Ghetto
- Traditionally, an area within a city where an ethnic group lives, either by choice or by force.
leisure landscape
A landscape that is planned and designed primarily for entertainment purposes, such as ski and beach resorts.
gateway city
A city that acts as a port of entry, early settlement area, and distribution center for immigrants to a country because of its relative proximity to the homeland.
vernacular culture region
A culture region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted name or nickname, such as Dixie.
channelization
A migration process in which a specific source location becomes linked to a particular destination, so that neighbors in the old place become neighbors in the new place.
Race
A subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, inherited biological characteristics **a classification system that is sometimes understood as arising from genetically significant differences among human populations, or visible differences in human physiognomy, or as social construction that varies across time and space
central place
A town or city engaged primarily in the service stages of production; a regional center.
ethnomedicine
An interdisciplinary area of study that focuses on the natural ingredients and traditional practices used in folk cultures to treat illness and disease, as well as on cultural differences in perceptions of health and disease.
popular culture
Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; features include a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; used to describe a common set of cultural ideas, values, and practices that are consumed by a population.
Many different sets of data can be utilized to map ethnicity resulting in different spatial arrangements.
Example - Mapping Louisiana - Figure 5.7 of text.
29. Suburbanization is a centralizing force True or False
False
20. Western civilization and the Western city trace their roots back to the: -Greek city -Roman city -Mesopotamian city -prehistoric city -Indus city
Greek city
threshold
In central place theory, the size of the population required to make provision of services economically feasible.
amenity landscape
Landscape that is prized for its natural and cultural aesthetic qualities by the tourism and real estate industries and their customers.
consumer nationalism
Local consumers' favoring of nationally produced goods over imported goods as part of a nationalist political agenda.
19. A city such as London that dominates the economic, political, and cultural life of a country is categorized as this type of city -Leading -Capital -Primate -Megacity -Power
Primate
folk architecture
Structures built by members of a folk society or culture in a traditional manner and style, without the assistance of professional architects or blueprints, using locally available raw materials.
Ethnicity
The combination of a people's culture (tradition, customs, language, and religion). Thus an ethnic group is one which shares a common ancestry and cultural tradition.
16. Currently the most populated city in the World (according to the Pp listing) is: -New York City, USA -Sao Paulo, Brazil -Bombay (Mumbai), India -Tokyo, Japan -Beijing, China
Tokyo, Japan
26. An internationally agreed-upon definition of what constitutes a city does not exist True or False
True
27. In medieval Europe, division between urban and rural life was sharpest at the gates of the city wall True or False
True
28. Many colonial cities were established to subdue local people economically or militarily True or False
True
30. Temperatures are higher in cities: True or False
True
21. The geographer most credited with formulating the original centeral-place theory is: -Alexander von Humboldt -Carl Ritter -Fredrich Ratzel -Walter Christaller
Walter Christaller
Ethnic group
a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority in a larger society.
subculture
a group of people with norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture to which they belong
convergence hypothesis
a hypothesis holding that cultural differences among places are being reduced by improved transportation and communications systems, leading to a homogenization of popular culture.
defensive site
a location from which a city can be easily protected from invaders
megacity
a particularly large urban center, with a population over 10 million
trade-route site
a place for a city at a significant point on a transportation route
urban hearth area
a region in which the world's first cities evolved
central-place theory
a set of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban service centers
folk culture
a small cohesive, stable, isolated, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race; characterized by a strong family or clan structure, order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, little division of labor other than that between the sexes, frequent and strong interpersonal relationships, and a material culture consisting mainly of a handmade goods.
placelessness
a spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety; may result from the spread of popular culture, which can diminish or destroy the uniqueness of place through cultural standardization on a national or even worldwide scale
6. The term "placelessness" refers to: -A standardization of landscape -The merging of suburban and urban landscapes -Unpopulated regions -The realm of popular culture -The fragmented of lifestyle regions
a standardization of landscape
22. The central business district (CBD) a city typically is where there is the highest overall: -accessibility -residential values -industrial values -congestion -entertainment venues
accessibility
18. A reason why people in the less developed world migrate to cities is: -the search for jobs -the desire for medical care -the hope for educational opportunities -the chance for social advancement -all of the above
all of the above
material culture
all physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a cultural group. Examples are clothing, buildings, tools and utensils, musical instruments, furniture, and artwork; the visible aspect of culture
squatter settlement or barriada
an illegal housing settlement, usually made up of temporary shelters, that surrounds a large city and may eventually become a permanent part of the city
social stratification
the existence of distinct socioeconomic classes
site
the local setting of a city
urbanized population
the proportion of a country's population living in cities
situation
the regional setting of a city
ethnic cleansing
the removal of unwanted ethnic minority populations from a nation-state through mass killing, deportation, or imprisonment
ethnic geography
the study of the spatial aspects of ethnicity
folk geography
the study of the spatial patterns and ecology of traditional groups
axis mundi
the symbolic center of cosmomagical cities, often demarcated by a large, vertical structure
environment racism
the targeting of areas where ethnic or racial minorities live with respect to environmental contamination or failure to enforce environmental regulations
urban footprint
the total impact of urban areas on the natural environment
nonmaterial culture
the wide variety of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, superstitions, and customs that pass from generation to generation as part of an oral or written tradition examples: songs, dialects, tales, dance, superstitions, myths, rhymes, games, etc
folk
traditional, rural; the opposite of "popular"
ghetto
traditionally, an area within a city where an ethnic group lives, either by choice or by force. Today, in the United States, the term typically indicated an impoverished African-American urban neighborhood.
11. Material elements of culture are visible: True or False
true
13. The most effective device for diffusion in popular culture is advertising: True or False
true
15. Membership in an ethnic group is involuntary: True or False
true
cosmomagical city
type of city that is laid out in accordance with religious principles, characteristic of very early cities, particularly in China.