test 3 algae

Chrysophyta (golden algae, yellow-green algae)

Catch-all phylum of heterokonts If it is a pigmented heterokont and doesn't fit into the diatoms or the brown algae, then it is placed here

3 major classes of greens

Chlorophyceae most of the greens are placed here Ulvophyceae most of the marine greens Charophyceae small but advanced group plant-like greens (Chara & Coleochaete) also Spirogyra and relatives

dinoflagellate structure

Majority unicellular, motile, and armored (cellulose plates) A few as above but unarmored Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Transverse furrow or girdle groove Sulcus or longitudinal furrow (groove) 2 flagella Biflagellate: both tinsel flagella Girdle flagellum Trailing flagellum Beating of flagella in their respective grooves causes the dinoflagellate to "spin like a top" as it moves dino = whirling

Heterokonts

Means "different flagella" 2 flagella of different lengths one whiplash one tinsel

Rhodophyta (red algae)

Multicellular, photosynthetic, no flagella ever, phycobilins gives red color Important component of reefs agar plants and jelly

rhodophyta flagellation

No flagellated cells red line of evolution Aflagellobionta No centrioles or basal bodies unusual for algae

2 orders of diatoms

Order Pennales - pennate diatoms - bilaterial symmetry Order Centales - centric diatoms - radial symmetry

Chlorophyta (green algae)

Resemble plants. may be unicellular, multicellular, colonial or coenocytic. They have membrane-bound chloroplasts and nuclei. Most species are aquatic and are found commonly in freshwater.

why green algae is not in plant kingdom

Simple thallus little to no cellular differentiation except for reproductive structures No tissue development No embryo that develops within a structure of the parent plant

phaeophyte (brown algae) ecology

most structurally complex algae trumpet hyphae Alginates: $100 million+/year stabilizers, emulsifiers (=thickeners), and smoothners helps relieve gas Browns: food ("kombu") salts, vitamins, trace elements

euglenoid ecology

require organic nitrogen to grow, so they are an indicator of water quality

Euglenoids

single-celled. primarily live in fresh water. farm ponds, sewage lagoons, etc. have characteristics of plants and animals. have flagella to propel them through the water. Small group: ~900 spp. 1/3 are photosynthetic 2/3 are holotrophs and/or osmiotrophs All but one are unicellular

Phaeophyta (brown algae)

stramenopile, largest and most complex algae, all multicellular and mostly marine seaweeds, carotenoid pigments give them brownish/olive color Almost exclusively marine prefer high salinity water Many intertidal Most benthic (attached to bottom) some (kelps) in deep water

metaboly

the change in shape of euglena (useful when it can't swim freely) is due to the flexibility of the euglena pellicle

Frustule

the silicified cell wall of a diatom, consisting of two valves or overlapping halves. Pectinous base that is heavily impregnated with silica (SiO2) essentially a "glass house"

Mastigonemes

tinsel flagella on one side only

Chlamydomonas

unicellular green algae Basic cell type of the green algae Unicell having: 2 apical, anterior, isokont whiplash flagella 1 cup-shaped chloroplast with an eyespot (stigma) chloroplast with many pyrenoids 1 centrally located nucleus no cellulose in the cell wall have a glycoproteinaceous wall

trumpet hyphae

found in phaeophytes (brown algae) located in inner part of stipe specialized cells for conduction of sugars (mannitol) Are an evolutionary advanced trait not found in any other group of algae

Peridinium (dinoflagellate)

has armored (cellulose) plates

Dinoflagellates

Group of protists that form "blooms", can be toxic. make up phytoplankton and can be bioluminescent. They generally have two flagella, half are heterotrophic and the other half are photosynthetic, many species are luminescent

phaeophyte (brown algae) flagellation

Heterokont: 1 anteriorly directed tinsel flagellum 1 posteriorly directed whiplash flagellum (shorter) Laterally attached Only zoospores and gametes are flagellated

dinoflagellate habitat

Aquatic marine and FW Worldwide but highest concentration in warmer waters Planktonic 2nd only to diatoms in abundance

dinoflagellate ecology

3rd most important produces of food and O2 in the biosphere

lorica

A shell or case surrounding the cell is separate from the protoplast (i.e., not fused with the plasma membrane) is rigid (not flexible)

phycoplast

After the nucleus divides an additional system of microtubules develops between the nuclei parallel to the plane of cell division Cell wall grows either from the outside inward = furrowing, or from the inside outward = cell plate Occurs in most of the greens

phragmoplast

After the nucleus divides an additional system of microtubules develops perpendicular to the plane of cell division they supplement the mitotic spindle In primitive forms cytokinesis occurs by growth of the wall from outside inward (furrowing) In advanced forms (similar to land plants) cell plate forms and cytokinesis occurs from the center of the cell outward these greens are considered ancestral to the embryophytes (or land plants)

diatom ecology

Estimated that marine diatoms account for as much as 25% of total primary production on Earth > 25% of all free O2 produced Fishing & whaling industries is based on diatoms as 1o producers Diatomaceous earth: Abrasive (polishes & toothpastes) Filtering medium (sugar industry, swimming pool filters, clarifying beer and wine, etc.) Insulation [heat] for blast furnaces Absorbent in kitty litter In reflective paints (highway signs)

coenocytes

Filament consisting of one or more multinucleate cells Siphonous tube those without any septations except to delineate reproductive structures are one large cell

heterotrichy

Thallus with two distinct parts: prostrate form (horizontal growth) erect form (arising from former) Necessary conditions for development of land plants since lower land plants are heterotrichous

paramylon

The storage molecule of euglenoids. b:1→3 glycoside linkage like starch of the brown-line algae Stored in the cytoplasm doughnut to rod shaped

cell wall of red algae

Two layered (like the browns) Inner layer: cellulose Outer layer: mucilaginous layer of sulfated polymer of galactose Includes: agar and carrageenan Makes plant flexible and slippery

chlorophyta structure/thallus

Unicells to colonies Filaments unbranched to branched uniseriate to multiseriate septate to coenocytic Membranous to plant-like pseudoparenchymatous Chlamydomonas

Bacillariophyta (diatoms)

are unicellular organisms that are important components of phytoplankton as primary sources of food for zooplankton in both marine and freshwater habitats. Most diatoms are planktonic, but some are bottom dwellers or grow on other algae or plants.

euglenoid reproduction

asexual Longitudinal division from the reservoir backward continues swimming as they divide

diatom reproduction

asexual reproduction with each division, each daughter cell gets 1/2 of the parent frustule and each daughter cells forms a new valve BUT The new valve formed is ALWAYS the hypotheca hence, diatoms have a unique "shrinking division" mode of asexual reproduction When size decreases to a critical level (about 30% of normal) meiosis occurs to give rise to gametes egg and sperm casts off the frustule, to release gametes gametes fuse zygote (auxospore) auxospore grows to "normal" size reforms a new frustule

pellicle

cell membrane in euglenas Structure many interlocking, proteinaceous strips spiralling around the cell inside the plasma membrane protein strips are in the cytoplasm +/- conspicuous [easily seen]