Test 3: Chapter 9, 10, 11

What is the biological dimension of sex?

-"Boy or girl"? Is the question everyone asks when a child is born, and that answer sends that child down a socialization path that presumes biological sex is interwoven with gender. -sex: refers to the biological and anatomical differences between male and females. -primary sex characteristics: The genitalia involved in the reproductive process. -secondary sex characteristics: The changes that occur at puberty as a result of hormonal production. Males develop greater height, more muscular build, enlarged genitalia, and grow body/facial hair. Females develop larger breasts and wider hips, while beginning menstruation. -intersexed: describes babies born with genitalia that are neither clearly male nor female. About 2% of babies are born intersexed. -transexuals: people whose gender identity is different from their assigned sex at birth, and they seek to transition from male to female or female to male.

How can a family become resilient and gain strength after conflict?

-A family is resiliency, the capacity to respond to a crisis in a constructive and positive manner, has much to do with whether a family rebounds from crises. -resilience in Family relationships evolves from a climate of trust, communication and collaboration, for which family members can make a coherent decisions and enact problem-solving as a unit.

How are cohabiting couples given representation? What are non-family households?

-Cohabiting couples are heterosexual or homosexual couples who are unmarried and live together with their children. The US distinguishes households as a common residential unit in which people related and unrelated by legal or biological ties live, in broader terms than that of a family unit. This type of unit is not classified as a family unit. -non-family households are households in which members reside in the same housing unit but are unrelated by legal or biological ties they may include people living alone, with an unmarried partner or with a lodger.

What are ethnicity, assimilation, acculturation, and amalgamation??

-Ethnicity: a shared heritage defined by common characteristics such as language, religion, cultural practices, and nationality. -assimilation: Many think that once an immigrant resides in another country, that person needs to share his or her ethnic characteristics in adopt the cultural traits of the host country. -acculturate: occurs more often than not with immigrants. They incorporate facets of the dominant culture while retaining aspects of their ethnic origin. -amalgamation: A collection of various ethnic groups that make up a society. Another way to view immigrants relocation to the United States is to see the country as this. From this perspective, society's culture evolves in some ways while other aspects remain.

What are the different parenting styles of different races and ethnicities?

-European-American: Studies on middle-class European American families generally show an authoritative pattern of child socialization and rearing. They include supporting or praising the child and forms of control or establishing clear expectations and moderate limits in child behaviors. -Native American: The family systems of Native Americans are described as connected, collective and cooperative, extending from the nuclear family unit to the extended family, and finally to the tribe and community. The permissiveness accorded Buy some parents is principled on the believe that children are autonomous individuals, who respectfully should be allowed to develop their personal decisions and strengths in their own time. -Asian-American: Parenting traits among Asian American parents are often characterized as authoritarian. Behaviors such as self-control towards suicidal goals, self-sacrifice toward family well-being, and obedience to parental authority our value. Asian American parents expect their children to exhibit deference and loyalty toward the elderly. -African American: Black parents may share parenting responsibilities with community members, particularly those who attuned to socializing children with a positive self image. African-American parents also are viewed as more authoritarian than European American parents. Blacks report spanking their children more often than whites. -Hispanic: A central value called familism (familismo) generally describes the collectivist nature of the Latino culture and it strong emphasis on family unity, interdependence in daily activities, and close proximity to extended family members. Cross cultural studies revealed that as a group, Latino parents tend to implement more rules than European American parents. -single parent: Women identified a single mothers and the sole source of their families income presently is numbered at 8.6 million. Female headed families have lower socioeconomic mobility, which is ones movement from one social class or economic level to another.

What is gender stratification like globally and in the US?

-Globally: in 2006, a global gender gap index of 135 countries was established looking at four key areas: economic participation and opportunity, education and attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. The United States ranked 28th in 2015. Iceland is ranked number one, with an 88.1% gender gap -US: -as for education, the US scored a 1 meaning no gender disparity, today woman earn the majority of higher education degrees, and there are still gender differences in selection of majors. -As for occupation and income, in 2000 1357.1% of women 16 years and older are part of the paid workforce, woman compromise 47% of workers, and the gender pay gap in 1970 was 59% while in 2013 it was 77%, so woman on average and $.77 for every dollar men earn. -As for holding political office, since 1970 woman have made huge progress particularly at the local level, and women continue to be poorly represented in national elective office.

What is the history of relationships, marriage, and families in America?

-Prior to the 20th century, it was quite possible for men and women to marry for pragmatic reasons rather than as an expression of romantic love. -As subsistence farming gave way to industrialized labor during the late 19th century, companionate marriage, marriage in which spouses are friends and romantic partners, increased and spousal roles were tightly coordinated around gender-based responsibilities. -In the 1920s, "flapper girls" cut their hair, wore makeup, listened to jazz, drive automobiles, and patronized dance halls and movie theaters with her male companion -in the 1930s, many young adults postponed marriage and parenthood. Men and women who were married bore fewer children than they wanted. -The 1950s are still recounted with great nostalgia and are often depicted as the quintessential. Of American family life. The Allied victory of World War II ushered in a stable US economy, welcoming a family life unencumbered by fear of national conflict. It was the American dream. -in the 1970s, marriage rates declined, divorce rates increased dramatically, and childbearing was curtailed. -The 1980s and the 1990s saw a decrease in divorce rates. In addition to the rising number of cohabitating couples, The drop in divorce has been attributed to couples marrying with a higher level of education and at an older age in their first marriage. -The Internet explosion of the mid to late 1990s lead to a new context for finding that significant other. Seeking a partner via the Internet has lost so much of it stigma. Increasingly, online dating technologies are allowing men and women to meet and form relationships with individuals with whom they had no previous ties.

What is racial battle fatigue, and what are microaggressions?

-Racial battle fatigue is the psychological, physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses towards racial microaggressions. -Microaggressions are subtle, cumulative, verbal, and nonverbal acts ranging from slights to insults and stigmatizations that target race, gender, religion, ability, sexual orientation, class, and other minority statuses.

Is the Internet a raceless, anonymous vacuum?

-The Internet is like any other social conduit. It transmits the reproduction of ideas and knowledge already present. -The Simon Wiesenthal Center (2009) reports that 10,000 hate-filled websites now exist worldwide, many of which advocate the extermination of minority groups. -The internet's vastness gives many users a sense of disinhibition to disclose ideas or things about themselves that they otherwise wouldn't in person. -racially offensive communication by users is facilitated by not having to deal in real time or space with a potentially offended person or a party. The Internet can give users a sense of anonymity and invisibility.

What is the intersectionality approach?

-We occupy multiple statuses, which can include sex, gender, sexual orientation, and age, that come attached with both privileges and penalties. -The cumulative disadvantage theory holds that disadvantages experienced while we are younger accumulate and lead to greater inequality in later life. As a result, and a quality among people age 65 and older in the United States is the highest of all age groups.

What is affirmative action, and how can you make a difference?

-affirmative action: refers to a general policy framework to redress injustices of a historical nature. Affirmative action is defined as a policy or program that seeks to rectify past discrimination by increasing opportunities for historically underrepresented groups. -race is not a permanent or unchangeable construct. The dynamics of race are fluid. It is important to understand social change does not rest primarily in the hands of elected officials or the wealthy: it rests with us.

What is the stratification of age (ageism) abs age myths?

-ageism: prejudice and discrimination directed against people based on age. This is common towards young kids, teenagers, and the elderly. -age myths include that order people are less productive, with age comes physical decline, with age comes significant mental decline, and older people are asexual.

What is the structural functionalism perspective on race and ethnicity?

-all parts and society have a purpose, even those that may be seen as undesirable. -racism functions in many ways: 1. Ideologies of superiority that justify maintaining a society that favors the idealized, racial majority group. 2. Discouraging, if not limiting, subordinate groups from collectively challenging the status of the majority group for fear of reprisal. 3. Racialized institutions that reinforce the sense of identity; that is, who is part of the "in-group" and who is part of the "out-group" 4. Motivating whites and non-whites to doubt, fear, or even antagonize each other. 5. A sense of privileged entitlement that deters members of the majority group from altering the status quo they benefit from. -ways in which racism is dysfunctional for society include: 1. how the underutilized talents and skills of subordinate group members cause a loss in greatness to society while reproducing their exploitation. 2. How discrimination compounds other social problems in society. 3. The role that racial prejudice has in undermining intercultural communication. 4. Identifying the ways in which racial antagonism interferes with equity policies intended to benefit everyone, not just the dominant, majority population.

What are relationships, marriage, and families in America today? (Cohabitation)

-at present, America has one of the highest divorce rates globally, and cohabitation is more common in the US than ever before. -Family scientist who study the effects of cohabitation (unmarried couples who live together) have noticed the cohabitation effect: couples who live together before marriage have greater marital instability than couples who do not cohabit. -serial cohabitation is multiple premarital cohabiting relationships. These have been documented across US population groups. -sociologist Andrew a Berlin (2004) refers to the "weakening" of social norms that guide individuals behaviors in marriage as the deinstitutionalization of marriage

What is discrimination, and what are the three types?

-discrimination: The differential treatment of people based on superficial characteristics, such as skin color or accent, that injures their ability to acquire resources -individual discrimination: The most commonly understood form of racism, when one person treats another unfairly, and that treatment is attributed to the victims membership in a minority group. -institutional discrimination: A less well understood aspect of racism. This refers to acceptable practices that create opportunities, resources, and privilege for some, and deprivation and inequality for the remainder -legal discrimination: The Jim Crow system previously mentioned is an example of institutionalized, legal discrimination. Enforced by police, upheld by the courts, and maintained by social etiquette. In April 2010, the Arizona legislature passed the Senate Bill 1070, a law permitting police officers to stop anyone suspected of being an undocumented immigrant and request documentation to prove his or her legal status.

What is divorce, and why do people divorce?

-divorce: The dissolution of marriage, the legal termination of a marital union. One in two couples are expected to divorce. -demographic and economic predictors of divorce include living in poverty, unemployment, and a low level of education, in addition to marrying as a teenager. Cohabiting with one future spouse or another before marriage, premarital births or bringing children from a previous relationship into the marriage, and marrying someone of a different race are more factors. -intergenerational transmission of divorce: growing up in a household in which one or both parents had gone through a divorce may increase the chances of one's own marriage ending in divorce -interpersonal predictors of divorce: include spousal violence, frequent conflict, infidelity, perceived relationship problems, low levels of love and trust between spouses, and a week commitment to retain the marriage -no fault divorce laws: in which the legal dissolution of a marriage does not require a showing of wrongdoing by either spouse. -covenant marriages: marriage contracts that impose strict or criteria for dissolving a marriage. Divorce is granted if spousal imprisonment, abuse, separation for at least two years, or desertion for one year has been proved in court.

What is the history of same-sex marriage in the US?

-efforts to legalize same-sex marriage have gone from a fringe debate to a movement highlighted by national dialogs and attitudinal shifts -in 2001, Americans oppose the same sex marriage by 857% to 35% margin -today, there is more support for same-sex marriage than opposition to it -in June 2015, the United States Supreme Court ruled to legalize marriage between same-sex couples in all 50 states. The landmark case, Obergefell vs. Hodges, what is decided by a 5 to 4 majority. -as early as 1996, the Defense of Marriage Act, or DOMA, re-affirmed the federal government definition of marriage as a union of one man and one woman. -in June 2013, the United States Supreme Court by 5 to 4 majority ruled that part of the defense of marriage act of 1996 is unconstitutional. The ruling allowed married same-sex couples who live in states that permit same-sex marriage to receive the same federal benefits as married opposite sex couples. However, the ruling did not guarantee a right to same-sex marriage. -in response, several states enacted civil unions, a legal status between partners that grants certain safeguards to same-sex and unmarried opposite sex couples, which are similar to those of married, heterosexual couples. -domestic partnerships: A legal status between partners, allow same-sex and unmarried opposite sex couples to acquire forms of economic and non-economic benefits that are comparable to those offer to married, heterosexual couples.

What are families of orientation, families or procreation, nuclear families, consanguine families, and conjugal families?

-families of orientation: is the family of one's parents and relatives, in which an individual is reared -families or procreation: a family type formed through marriage and through having or adopting children. -nuclear families: a family type consisting of parents and their dependent children who live in an independent household in the absence of other relatives. -consanguine families: consist of family members among whom there exist blood relationships. -conjugal families: family composed of adult partners and their adopted or biological children and whose bond and primacy to their immediate, nuclear family supersedes that of blood relationships

What are the family-decline perspective and the family-change perspective?

-family-decline perspective: argues that Americans' pursuit of self fulfillment has fostered a culture in which individuals are no longer willing to be encumbered by commitments to others. -family-change perspective: argues that change in familial arrangements are anticipated, documented throughout history, and pose opportunities for greater equity, democracy, and choice in family life.

What are free choice culture, arranged marriages, polygyny, polyandry, and monogamy?

-free-choice culture: (common in the US) individuals select their own mates -arranged marriages: a marital union in which partners are selected by a third party and not by each other -polygyny: a marital arrangement in which a man has more than one wife -polyandry: a marital arrangement in which women are allowed more than one husband -monogamy: a marital practice in which each individual is allowed only one spouse at a time

What are the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interaction is him perspectives on gender and gender stratification?

-functionalist perspective: The division of labor is universal and, therefore, must contribute to the operation of society. Tasks are divided up based on which gender is best suited. -conflict perspective: Women and men compete for resources. Initially resources were equally produced, but later men took over the production of food, leaving women dependent on men for survival. This sparks feminism, The perspective that advocates for equality between men and women. -symbolic interactionism: Focus is how people interact with one another, in this case, how men and women interact with one another. What does acting like a man look like? What does acting like a woman look like?

What are the functionalist perspective (lots of theories), the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective on aging and age stratification?

-functionalist perspective: age grading- is used to promote social stability. Attached to each socially constructed age category our expectations for behaviors including what social roles will be available. Disengagement theory is the idea that as we age, we are no longer able to perform our social roles competently. Activity theory is the idea that older people, especially those in good health, can and should be encouraged to remain active and productive in their communities. Continuity theory stresses that it is important to consider individuals personalities and patterns of adjustment to aging that will then influence there levels of social engagement and behaviors. Continuity theorists argue that older adults, as a general rule, maintain the same activities, behaviors, personalities, and relationships that they developed through their life course. Age stratification is more of a framework than a theory, the key ideas are that each age cohort will experience its outer years differently, based on historical and social contexts. -conflict perspective: everyone in society is competing over resources. There is a belief that those over the age of 65 control a disproportionate share of economic and political resources. New ageism: elders are resented for their age based entitlement programs and political clout -Symbolic interactionist: The symbolic meaning of old age is rooted in culture; therefore, how it is valued and experienced varies across cultures. In colonial America, people wanted to look older than they really were. Today in America, the focus is more on youth

What is the social dimension of gender?

-gender: The socially and culturally constructed differences between males and females -transgender: people whose identity, expression, behavior, and general sense of self does not conform to traditional gender expectations associated with their biological sex -The inclusion of transgender in the sociological study of gender is a welcome addition: it's lend credence to the notion of gender fluidity, which is inherent in a definition of gender as a social construction, varying by historical timeframe and culture.

What did the different genders do in hunting & gathering societies and agrarian societies?

-hunting and gathering societies: both men and women contributed in food production, thus there was greater equality. Since these groups were nomadic, the people did not accumulate many possessions, so the ability to establish status differences between men and women were diminished. -Agrarian Societies: men control the crops, thus producing the food. This gave men control over women. Women became economically dependent on men, as men's work was given greater status than woman's work. This sexist ideology was reinforced in the legal, moral, and religious traditions associated with agrarian states. From agrarian society's came the practice of binding woman's feet in China, purdah (A system of secluding woman and enforcing a rigid standard of female modesty), honor killings (Woman accused of sexual misconduct), and female circumcision.

How does race persist in America today?

-in a 2008 Gallup poll, 60% of whites believed racial minorities have equal job opportunities, 65% thought racial discrimination against African-Americans is a minor problem or none at all, and 81% felt they had a great or a fair amount of confidence that the police treat blacks and whites equally. -The country recently experienced a wave of overt expressions of racial animosity following the 2016 election of republican candidate Donald J Trump as the President of the United States. -as reported by the Southern poverty Law Center in 2016, 867 incidences of racially motivated hate were reported in just the 10 days after the election was held.

What are the changing values of children in American society?

-in colonial America, children or workers and economic assets to their parents. Today, value of children and the motivation for having children are often tied to the psychological satisfaction they bring to their parents -pro-Natalist policies: policies that support the rearing and socialization of children or encourage more births by the use of enticements -anti-Natalia policies: policies that either control population expansion or complicate an individual's choice to parent

What are the life chances for minorities?

-life chances: The ability to experience the opportunities and resources that exist in a society, experienced by a racial minorities illustrate systemic outcomes of racial inequality -in every aspect of life, such as education, income, and healthcare, disparities between the life circumstances of whites and non-whites are noticeable when we examine the statistics -racial minorities are 60.3% of the uninsured even though they are 37.6% of the US population -in 2015, 51.4% of Asian Americans age 25 years and higher had a bachelors degree or higher followed by 33.2% of whites, 19.5% of African-Americans, 13.8% of Native Americans, and 14.3% of Latinos. -educational attainment correlates with work and income. Blacks and Latinos are more likely to work in low end, service oriented jobs where career advancement and income gains are far more difficult to achieve. -housing is also a major area in which systemic racial discrimination persists. -Patricia Williams, a law professor at Columbia University, was assumed on her rent paperwork to be white. She was charged more when they found out she was black, and threatened to sue.

What are love, the halo effect, marriage, homogenous relationships, heterogenous relationships, exogamy, and endogamy?

-love: an intense feeling of attachment and affection for another -halo effect: a correlation between finding individuals attractive and assuming that they possess warmth, kindness, strength, and other socially desirable traits. -marriage: the state of being United to an individual in a consensual, contractual relationship that is recognized by law. -homogamous relationship: a relationship in which both partners are culturally and characteristically similar. -heterogamous relationships: relationships in which both parents are dissimilar culturally and characteristically. -exogamy: a pattern of marrying someone dissimilar in race, age, education, religious background, and/or social class. -endogamy: a pattern of marrying someone similar in race, age, education, religious background, and social class.

White supremacy in Talk Radio (Same Ol', Same Ol')

-many of us believed we lived in a new, modern era, especially with the fame of many non-whites, including Oprah Winfrey and Jennifer Lopez. -though, in radio broadcasting, many such as Stephanie Miller, Rush Limbaugh, dr. Laura Schlessinger, Michael savage, and Bill Bennett have made racist comments, many for which were to be humorous. -One way to make sense of this is by understanding the role of scapegoating. This concepts refers to the unmerited blame toward a group or group member. The legacy of scapegoating immigrants, or the poor, is long-standing in US history. -in 2005, after Hurricane Katrina, CNN showed white people "scavenging for survival materials", and showed black people "looting".

What is intersectionality of race, and the oppression Olympics?

-oppression olympics: refers to a "who's had it worse" form of competition between aggrieved groups or people for attention, resource acquisition, and or ideational supremacy. Race, gender, and social class are the most well-known social structures of oppression. -intersectionality of race: The interaction of race with other social structures occur simultaneously, though not to the same degree. Therefore, not every white person is successful and not every minority infant dies prematurely. -for example, Native Americans have the highest percentage of people living in poverty. The combined effects of race and class strike native American tribes harder than they do whites when we compare the two. -for example, Latinas with a bachelors degree earn in their lifetime 0.006% more than white males with a high school diploma. Shouldn't higher educational attainment be the basis for greater earning power?

What are the styles of parenting?

-permissive parents: more indulgent with their children than they are demanding -authoritarian parents: strictly demand obedience and try to shape, control, and evaluate children's behavior and attitude according to a regular standard of conduct and discipline -authoritative parents: are democratic in their practice of parenting style -uninvolved/disengaged parent: May fulfill their child's basic needs, but they are detached or dismissive in their children's lives

Are race and ethnicity intertwined?

-race and ethnicity are intertwined. -Caribbean immigrants of African dissent have distinct dialects and cultural practices, but our tagged African-Americans in the United States. -racial formation: how society creates and transforms racial categories overtime (Native American Indians). -racial ethnic group: A socially subordinate group that is culturally distinct. -race or ethnicity, like other social structures such as gender, sexual orientation, disability, and social class, are ranked in terms of their social value, known as social stratification. -The combination of racism and ethnocentrism, the belief that one's culture is superior to inferior ethnic groups or nationalities, reinforces social stratification.

What is race, and what are the psychological and sociological basis of race?

-race: refers to a perception of humanity as consisting of superior to inferior racialized groups -psychology focuses on the brain and the thinking patterns of individuals as the source of these phenomena. Racists, therefore, are those engaged in what would be deemed racially prejudiced behavior, or racism. -sociology enables a grand view of the social aspect of humanity, and the social structures and mechanisms that enable race to operate, function, and reproduce above and beyond individuals. It also provides a window into the connection between the past and present. It examines race's interrelationship with other social structures, such as gender or social class. It compels learning how race is one of the forces in inequality. It can be used to demonstrate the power of racialized imagery.

What is the symbolic interactionist perspective on race and ethnicity?

-racism contains symbols that reproduce racial inequality. -existing prejudices and stereotypes can be perpetuated simply by socializing the next generation into that belief structure -Studies have shown that how people view comedic performances by African-Americans influences how audience members view African-Americans as a whole.

What is a remarriage, family stress, and family crisis?

-remarriage: often leads to the formation of stepfamilies or blended families. This can be quite an adjustment for all who are involved. -family stress: A real or imagined in balance between the demands on the family and the families ability to meet those demands. This is not always negative. Things that may be stressful can have a positive or enjoyed outcome, such as a new baby. -family crisis: when change and adjustments are too difficult to negotiate, family stressors can transition into this. These family difficulties require new behavior patterns, as typical patterns of behaviors are ineffective.

What is sex segregation and the pink collar ghetto?

-sex segregation: refers to the different concentration of men and women in different jobs. Women are still concentrated and low pay, low prestige jobs with a few benefits and opportunities for advancement, such as secretaries, daycare providers, and housekeepers. -pink collar ghetto: The concentration of women in relatively few occupational categories. By comparison, men are more likely to be disbursed across occupational categories but predominant in the better paid blue-collar trades, such as construction, dentistry, and engineering.

What are the types of sexual orientation?

-sexual orientation: refers to a persons direction of sexual and emotional interests. -heterosexuality: attracted to the opposite sex -homosexuality: attracted to the same sex -bisexuality: attracted to both sexes -homophobia: The fear and hatred of homosexuality

What is the conflict theorist perspective on race and ethnicity?

-social change comes about from the conflict generated in a capitalistic society that divides and conquers -many whites in positions of power reinforce racial inequalities by favoring other whites while exploiting and discriminating against non-whites -non-whites are asked to sacrifice their heritage for the cultural practices of dominant society -in the 1980s and the 1990s, many states passed English only laws to reinforce the cultural dominance of English.

What are stereotyping, prejudice, racism, minority groups, majority groups, racial segregation, and racial profiling?

-stereotyping: unfounded behavioral expectations for a category of people or member of it. For example, are African-Americans predisposed to be entertainers or professional athletes? -prejudice: an adverse opinion that is formed without relevant knowledge or facts about a person or a group -racism: refers to the manifestation of disparate treatment toward a racial group (or member of it) for its alleged inferiority -minority group: Minority group members possess less social power and, consequently, less access to the use of important resources in society than members of the majority group -majority group: intstitutional discrimination arrangements confer disproportionate benefits to members of the majority group. Which is the social group that holds in exercise is the most resource power -racial segregation: The physical separation of individuals or groups from each other. Brown versus board of education of Topeka, 1954 -racial profiling: A discriminatory law-enforcement tactic in which racial minorities are targeted

What is the structural functionalist, conflict interactionist, and symbolic interactionist perspective on family?

-structural functionalist: The family is a basic social unit, whose function is to meet critical human needs -conflict interactionist: Focus on family conflict. Parents exert control over their children, and husbands and wives may argue over inequalities and household labor or finances. This perspective is used by feminist family scientists who examine the affects of patriarchy, a social system in which males practice and perpetuate authority over females do identify links between male dominance and the subordination of family members, particularly women and girls. -symbolic interactionist: focuses on the shared meanings, gestures, language, roles, and symbols presented and interpreted by family members as they interact. This perspective has helped broaden social scientists' understanding of why some people in abusive relationships are reluctant to define their experiences as abuse.

What is the historical development of institutions and social constructions of race?

-to say that some thing as a social construction is to realize that the social structures that sustain society or human inventions -in ancient Greece, people were primarily categorized by citizenship, language, or religious beliefs. People became enslaved as a consequence of conquest, war, or debt. -in 17th century African societies, slaves were the equivalent of European serfs. They had rights, could marry or own property, and could even be adopted into a masters family. -after the British appropriated the Atlantic coast from indigenous tribes and installed colonies of the British Empire, people were differentiated by such typologies as ethnicity, religion, or economic status. A 1661 law in Virginia that established penalties for interracial solidarity of this sort was the first of many to institutionalize racial domination. -by 1691, Virginia had made it illegal for any free white person to interact, much less socialize, with any person of African or indigenous origin that wasn't their property. What ensued was the racialization of enslaved Africans and the prejudices associated with blackness. -The period from 1876 through the 1960s witnessed the installation of institutional mechanisms and maturation of social norms casting non-whites into second-class status -Jim Crow was the term used to describe a social system targeting African-Americans that consigned them as a subjugated class. It rendered African-Americans virtually powerless despite their emancipation from slavery. Law-enforcement and extrajudicial mobs beat, maimed, raped, and murdered blacks with impunity. -African slaves were considered 3/5 of a person for taxation and political representation in the US Constitution. Thomas Jefferson wrote, "I advance it therefore, as a suspicion only, that blacks are inferior to whites in the endowments of the body and mind." -what exists as we look back at the historical record is a conflict among the idea that biological differences of race exist, the scientific reality that they don't, and a moral principle that humans are one race. -The kidnapping, owning, selling, buying, and even killing people of a so-called race were legitimized by the racialization of institutions in the law and economy. The consequences of these developments were real for many in the past as they are real for their descendants today.

What are traditional families, binuclear families, and multigenerational families?

-traditional family: A mostly middle class representation of the nuclear family, in which the husband is the sole breadwinner and the wife is the mother to at least one child and the homemaker. -binuclear family: A family that compromises two separate households -multigenerational family: households consisting of three or more generations

What are the ABC-X and the Double ABC-X models?

-used to identify several dynamics affecting a families vulnerability to and protection from family crisis. The model emphasizes that a families's perception of crisis events can influence outcomes. ABC-X model: (Reuben Hill) When a family experiences a stressor (A), the resources (B) or competencies it uses to cope or maintain balance, along with its appraisal of the event (C), all interact to determine a families proneness to crisis (X). -Double ABC-X model: (Hamilton McCubbin and Joan Patterson) Their model adds that crises are followed by a pile up or an accumulation of stressors, leading family members to consider multiple new and existing resources and interpretations on how to manage stressors.

How do people become gendered?

-we learn gender expectations through the agents of socialization, which are parents, family members, teachers, peers, and the mass media. -In elementary school the phrase "boys or girls do not do that" is often spoken. -gender is used to establish the division of labor- men's work and women's work

How do family arrangements change?

Family structures can change over time, and are influenced by both social institutions (established and organized systems of social behavior with a particular and recognized purpose) and social forces (forces or aspects of our society capable of causing some individual affect or some social change such as economic troubles).

African Americans

Forced emigration through kidnapping and bondage. The struggle for social, educational, and economic justice for African-Americans has framed the history of our country since it's inception. The median wealth of African-American households is 13 times less than that of whites.

What is gender stratification?

Gender stratification refers to unequal access to property, power, and prestige. Gender stratification is supported by sexism and patriarchy. One gender's activities are seen as more valued in society, and that gender is rewarded with a disproportional share of resources and opportunities.

Native Americans

Genocide, forced migration, and forced assimilation. Native Americans have the highest levels of poverty of any racial ethnic group in the United States. Unemployment on and near reservations averages 49%

What are the six stages of divorce?

Paul Bohannon's model: 1. Emotional divorce-One or both spouses disengage from the marriage from the perspective of trust, respect, and affection. Conflict may occur. 2. Legal divorce- The lawful end of marriage through court actions. 3. Economic divorce- decisions regarding the division of money, properties, and other settlements are handed down, usually by a judge. 4. Co-parental divorce- former spouses decide upon the custody and visitation of children among other adjustments in their parental obligations. 5. Community divorce- involves the stressful experience of separating from one's community of friends and other social relationships. 6. Psychic divorce- reflects a movement toward autonomy. Former spouses learn how to be self supportive and gain new perspectives.

What are residential patterns?

Residential patterns are culturally determined patterns that prescribe where new families will live: -patrilocal residence: husbands family -matrilocal residence: wife's family -neolocal residence: couple who lives apart from either of their parents

Arab Americans

Since the 9/11 world trade center attacks, Arab Americans are now often mistakenly connected to Muslim extremist groups. Many Arab Americans are Christian. The median income for Arab American households was $65,135 in 2015.

What is the glass elevator effect?

The glass elevator affect is the tendency for men seeking work or working in traditionally female occupations to benefit from prevailing gender. Nursing is an example of this.

Lations

The largest racial ethnic minority in the US. The median wealth of Latino households is 10 times less than whites. They have the lowest rate of health insurance of any racial ethnic minority.

Asian Americans

They are commonly stereotyped as the model minority that has made it, unlike other non-whites. The Census Bureau estimate 16.2 million Americans, or 5.1%, of Asia heritage. The majority of Asian Americans, 66.5%, were born outside of the United States.

What is white privilege?

White privilege is an earned power. Peggy Mcintosh describes white privilege as an invisible knapsack. The ubiquity of whiteness bestows another reality: dominance. What this means is that there is an earned social power in being white.

What is white supremacy?

White supremacy is the idea that whites are naturally and culturally superior in every aspect of life has permeated the United States since it's inception