Test 3 quizzes

How many pairs of chromosomes do human males and females have in common?

22

At times of stress, the anterior pituitary communicates with the adrenal glands using

ACTH

The theory of emotion that says we feel simultaneous physical and subjective emotional responses is the _______ theory

Cannon-Bard

Who would have the highest level of testosterone?

Hal, who just won his basketball game

_____ is released by the _____ pituitary gland into the circulation during orgasm for both sexes and during childbirth and breast-feeding in women

Oxytocin; posterior

Although it doesn't have an obvious role in sexual behavior, the ____ (a small band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres) is known to be sexually dimorphic.

anterior commissure

Secondary sex characteristics in humans develop

at puberty

Research evidence suggests that

both REM and NREM appear to play important roles in memory formation

The hippocampus contains receptor sites for

cortisol

Leptin is produced and secreted by

fat cells

The nucleus of the solitary tract is located in the

medulla

The process of activating and directing behavior designed toward a specific goal is known as

motivation

The Johnsons had a son born with Klinefelter syndrome. At puberty, their son will _____

require hormone therapy to inhibit secondary female sex characteristics

The sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) gene encodes the protein

testis-determining factor

The body's internal "master clock" is

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Samuel was born with a rare condition in which his body isn't able to convert testosterone into a more potent form necessary for masculinizing the external genitalia. However, at puberty, he experienced normal maturation of his external genitalia due to the influence of testosterone. As a result, he was diagnosed with ______.

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

How long does an ultradian cycle typically last?

90-120 minutes

________ involves a cyclical pattern of binge eating followed by purging through compensatory methods, such as inducing vomiting or the use of laxatives.

Bulimia nervosa

The hypothalamus controls the release of sex hormones by secreting

GnRH

Androgen insensitivity syndrome disrupts the normal development of the _____ in genetic _____.

Wolffian system; males

Klinefelter syndrome results from which of the following genotypes?

XXY

Sleep patterns are most likely to change at puberty due to

a drop in the production of melatonin

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) results from

abnormal androgen receptors

At times of stress, cortisol is released by the

adrenal glands

The sympathetic nervous system is most likely to be active when

an on-coming auto crosses over the line onto your side of the road, forcing you to swerve to avoid an accident

GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus travels to the

anterior pituitary gland

Leptin and insulin communicate with neurons in the _____

arcuate nucleus; hypothalamus

The free-running daily cycle of human beings is _________ hours long.

between 24 and 25

The male fetus's testes release

both testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone

Ronnie is most likely experiencing osmotic thirst because of

cellular dehydration

The function of angiotensin II is to

constrict blood vessels and trigger the release of aldosterone

Male rats have more motor neurons in a structure known as the SNB than do female rats likely because the SNB is responsible for

controlling the muscles of the rat's penis

Hyponatremia results from

dangerously low sodium and fluid levels

Floria is most likely experiencing hypovolemic thirst because of

decreases in blood volume

Children who are blind from birth

develop emotional expression at about the same time as sighted infants

It is most likely that sleep

does not serve the same purposes in all species

Levels of the hormone ghrelin

drop following a meal, then increase during fasting

Skeletal growth is slowed by

estradiol in both males and females

Hans Selye called the final stage of the GAS

exhaustion

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern is usually treated by

exposing the patient to bright lights

Release of melatonin is suppressed by

exposure of the animal to light

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion suggests that the identification of specific emotions depends on

general arousal, which leads us to appraise our circumstances

Antonio had to work a double shift today and decided not to eat his lunch so he could leave early. As a result, his body likely released ____ so that he could maintain glucose levels

glucagon

The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that for simple tasks, _________ levels of arousal are associated with optimum performance.

greater

Baroreceptors are located in the

heart and kidneys

Cortisol levels are normally

highest in the morning

A physiological state of equilibrium or balance is called

homeostasis

Which species experience menstrual cycles rather than estrus cycles?

humans and Old World primates

Chris has been working outside on a hot, summer day. His coworker gets concerned because Chris has stopped sweating and is acting confused and faint. At the hospital, Chris is diagnosed with _____

hyperthermia

Nathan is drinking a sports drink filled with electrolytes. Compared to water, his drink is

hypertonic

Damage to the amygdala may be correlated with

inability to perceive others' fear or anger

Osmoreceptors appear to

increase their rate of firing when placed in a hypertonic solution and decrease their rate of firing when placed in a hypotonic solution

The result of activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is

increases in the release of cortisol

The hippocampus _____ the HPA axis by ______ release of CRH

inhibits; inhibiting

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)

initiate feeding behavior

Which of the following psychological disorders is more common among females than among males?

major depressive disorder

Dr. Bennett is studying dimorphic brain structures in her rats. She found that ___ rats have more motor neurons in the _____ of the spinal cord.

male; spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)

Estrogens are produced by

males and females in different amounts

Kyle has been diagnosed with erectile dysfunction. His doctor gave him a medication that targets ____.

nitric oxide

Bonding is correlated with levels of

oxytocin

Which sensory modality is most likely to involve processing by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?

pain

Glucagon and insulin are produced by the

pancreas

The James-Lange theory of emotion says that we experience

physical states prior to subjective feelings.

Melatonin is secreted by the

pineal gland

Sleep deprivation is associated with

reduced release of growth hormone and impaired healing of injuries

Dopamine is the main neurochemical for reward, but it isn't the only one. New research has shown that rats will stimulate themselves (via ICSS) in the raphe nucleus for a burst of _____

serotonin

Deedee has been taking calcium supplements to support bone health. She is taking advantage of her body's _____, meaning that if she can get her blood calcium level above 0.16 g/L, she knows that the excess calcium will be stored in her bones

set point

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

sleep-waking cycles

Noreen has tried to go on diets before. While she does lose some weight, she is never able to maintain the weight loss and regains all the weight. For the weight loss to last, her doctors would suggest that she try _____

small, permanent changes to dietary and exercise habits

At puberty, FSH and LH

stimulate the release of additional testosterone by the testes and the release of estrogens by the ovaries

If SCN tissue is transplanted from a short-period hamster into a normal hamster,

the normal hamster will show 20-hour cycles

Cells forming the retinohypothalamic pathway contain

the photopigment melanopsin

Catalina really loves chocolate and hasn't had any in several days. At this point she really wants chocolate and is highly motivated to go buy some. Which of her brain regions are likely active?

the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain, the striatum, and prefrontal cortex

Sid is slightly dehydrated. Until he is able to drink water, his body will release ______, which will _____

vasopressin; reduce urine production

Meredith has been given the choice of $10 right now or $100 next week. If everything is functioning properly, she will ______

wait and get $100 next week

In osmosis

water moves from areas of low concentration of solutes to areas of high concentration of solutes

Normal development of female external genitalia

will occur in the absence of androgens without further actions by the ovaries

Jet lag is

worse when one travels in an eastward direction