Test 3

Girdling—removing an unbroken ring of bark around the entire circumference of a tree—will ultimately kill a tree. Just above the point of girdling, the bark will become swollen. Why does this happen? Water and mineral nutrients moving from the leaves of the tree to the roots in the xylem are blocked in their transport and collect in place. Sugars moving from the leaves of the tree to the roots in the phloem are blocked in their transport and collect in place. Sugars moving from the leaves of the tree to the roots in the xylem are blocked in their transport and collect in place. Water and mineral nutrients moving from the leaves of the tree to the roots in the phloem are blocked in their transport and collect in place. Once the tree dies, its cells begin to collapse and their contents are pulled down through the tree by gravity.

Sugars moving from the leaves of the tree to the roots in the phloem are blocked in their transport and collect in place.

Which statement about the cuticle is false? The cuticle covers every portion of a flowering plant. The cuticle reduces water loss due to evaporation. The cuticle offers some protection from pathogens and microorganisms. The cuticle is a specific type of dermal tissue. The epidermal cells of roots do not secrete a cuticle.

The cuticle covers every portion of a flowering plant.

Which of the following is true? The flower parts of monocots occur in multiples of three. Both monocots and eudicots have branching leaf veins. Eudicots tend to have needle-like or scale-like leaves. Dicots are a monophyletic group. Both monocots and eudicots have a primary taproot.

The flower parts of monocots occur in multiples of three.

If a mutation were to cause the epidermal cells of a plant root to no longer produce root hairs, then what impact would this have on the plant? The plant would have difficulty absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. The plant would have difficulty storing extra energy. The plant would have difficulty stabilizing itself in the soil. The plant would have difficulty supporting the stem and leaves. The plant would have difficulty transporting materials between the shoot and root system.

The plant would have difficulty absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.

What causes the sap in the phloem to move in a particular direction? The loading of sugar by sink cells causes movement away from sinks. Gravity ensures that sap always flows downward in the phloem. The removal of sugar by sink cells causes sap to move toward sinks. Sugars move to wherever aphids are feeding on phloem sap. Transpiration causes sugars to move toward areas where water is evaporating.

The removal of sugar by sink cells causes sap to move toward sinks.

According to the textbook, humus is an important component of soil. If you were to add a wedge for humus to the pie chart, where would it go? The wedge for humus would be added as a large fraction of the minerals portion of the chart. The wedge for humus would be added as a large fraction of the water and air portion of the chart. The wedge for humus would encompass both the organic materials and minerals portions of the chart. The wedge for humus would encompass both the organic materials and water and air portions of the chart. The wedge for organic materials already represents the percent composition of humus in the soil.

The wedge for organic materials already represents the percent composition of humus in the soil.

No matter how much you heat popcorn kernels, some of them always fail to pop. What is the most likely explanation for why these kernels don't pop? They either contain very little water, or the water escapes through the seed coat upon heating. Kernels with too much endosperm prevent the kernel from turning inside out. Some kernels have too little starch in them, so they don't explode upon being heated. Some kernels lack the embryonic plant inside, which is what explosively "pops" upon heating. Some kernels fail to ripen even as heat is added, so they never burst open to disperse their seeds.

They either contain very little water, or the water escapes through the seed coat upon heating.

In Native American folklore, it was believed that spirits lived within a popcorn kernel. These spirits became angry when the kernel was heated, finally bursting and turning themselves inside-out with a pop. What is the scientific explanation for why popcorn pops? The embryonic plant within the kernel germinates, suddenly and violently. Water within the kernel turns to steam, blowing the kernel open and exposing the cooked starch. Oil within the kernel reaches ignition temperature and explodes. Starch molecules in the kernel are tightly coiled within the seed but expand and blow the seed apart upon being heated. Heating a kernel hastens its ripening process. Once fully ripe, it explodes, releasing its seeds for dispersal; the seeds are what we recognize as "popcorn."

Water within the kernel turns to steam, blowing the kernel open and exposing the cooked starch.

Which of the following is an example of a modified stem? a sweet potato a daffodil bulb a carrot a turnip a cactus spine

a daffodil bulb

Which of the following could be called the "plant stress hormone"? auxins cytokinins gibberellins ethylene abscisic acid

abscisic acid

Phloem cells are __________, whereas xylem cells are __________. dead; alive alive; dead only found in leaves; only found in stems only found in stems; only found in roots only found in roots; only found in leaves

alive; dead

In looking at peaches, pears, apples, plums, acorns, and walnuts, it is clear that a large variety of fruits are designed for: wind dispersal. water dispersal. animal consumption. buoyancy in water. fire-resistance.

animal consumption.

The _________ is the pollen-producing part of the male reproductive structure of the flowering plant. ovary stigma anther cone style

anther

The sugar in pure maple syrup is stored in a maple tree: as starch in root cells. in the palisade mesophyll of the leaves. as starch in leaf buds. as cellulose in cell walls. in the spongy mesophyll of the leaves.

as starch in root cells.

Making more plants from cuttings is a quick and easy way to create more plants from an existing one. In order to use cuttings to propagate plants you need the following supplies: a sharp knife or gardening shears, soil, a container, and a root-inducing hormone. Which of the following is the root-inducing hormone you would need to create your cuttings? auxins gibberellins cytokinins abscisic acid ethylene

auxins

Which of these hormones is found in immature plant tissue and promotes the development of fruit? auxins ethylene cytokinins gibberellins abscisic acid

auxins

Which plant hormone is most closely associated with phototropism? auxins cytokinins gibberellins ethylene abscisic acid

auxins

Which of the following essential plant nutrients is not generally taken up through the roots? carbon phosphorous nitrogen potassium calcium

carbon

Just like the human body is composed of many different tissue types, a flowering plant is made of various tissues. Which of the following is not one of the tissues of a flowering plant? ground tissue meristem vascular tissue cardiac muscle tissue dermal tissue

cardiac muscle tissue

Which of the following soil textures has the greatest ability to hold water? humus silt clay sand dirt

clay

Which of the following seed characteristics is not consistent with structures that aid in wind dispersal? fruits that explode when ripe tiny, dust-like seed shape bushy hairs seed wings clingy burrs

clingy burrs

The ground tissue of a flowering plant takes up most of the interior of the plant's roots, stems, and leaves. It consists of three different cell types. Which of the following is an inaccurate description of one of these cell types and its particular function? collenchyma: allows the plant to twist and bend parenchyma: stores energy for the plant to use at a later time parenchyma: performs most of the plant's metabolic activities sclerenchyma: strengthen cell walls collenchyma: responsible for photosynthesis

collenchyma: responsible for photosynthesis

The ground tissue that fills the area between the epidermal cells and the vascular tissue in flowering plants is called the: phloem. cortex. pith. xylem. cork.

cortex.

Which of the following reverses the inhibitory effects of auxins on lateral buds? gibberellins abscisic acid cambium cytokinins ethylene

cytokinins

Which of these hormones is synthesized in the roots and travels to other regions of the plant? cytokinins gibberellins phytochrome auxins cytochrome

cytokinins

The three fundamental types of plant tissue are: ground, dermal, and root. dermal, cork, and vascular. ground, stem, and flower. dermal, vascular, and ground. vascular, dermal, and stem.

dermal, vascular, and ground.

Branches form on a plant when: dormant meristem cells in the stem are stimulated by plant hormones. the plant stops its upward growth for the year. the root mass becomes larger than a critical size. the amount of available sunlight becomes too low to support photosynthesis. too many leaves are clustered close together.

dormant meristem cells in the stem are stimulated by plant hormones.

Which of the following is a method for maintaining seed dormancy? breaking open the seed freezing and thawing exclusion of water exposure to fire leaching

exclusion of water

Plants can have a taproot or a fibrous root system. Which of the following correctly describes the differences between these two systems? fibrous: the primary root becomes a major root that persists the entire life of the plant; taproot: the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by many branching adventitious roots fibrous: the root type found in dicot plants; taproot: the root type found in monocot plants fibrous: tend to occupy upper, shallow parts of the soil and grow outward; taproot: grow deep down into the soil fibrous: more costly (energetically) to produce; taproot: require less energy to produce fibrous: contain only dermal and ground tissue; taproot: contain dermal, ground, and vascular tissue

fibrous: tend to occupy upper, shallow parts of the soil and grow outward; taproot: grow deep down into the soil

From which of the following plant tissues are progeny not formed in asexually reproducing plants? fruits stems leaves roots flowers

flowers

Which type of plant holds the record for being the most massive (and weighing the most)? red oak bristlecone pine coast redwood weeping willow giant sequoia

giant sequoia

Collenchyma is a type of: water-conducting tissue. dermal tissue. ground tissue. photosynthetic tissue. vascular tissue.

ground tissue.

The size of the stomatal opening is controlled by: aquaporins. guard cells. sieve tube elements. mesophyll cells. thylakoids.

guard cells.

The specialized cells that facilitate gas exchange in plants are known as: chloroplasts. gas-exchange sites. nodules. guard cells. valves.

guard cells.

What leaf structures help reduce water loss? veins chlorophyll stomata chlorophyll and hairs hairs and stomata

hairs and stomata

Mycorrhizae are beneficial to plants mostly because they: produce toxins that help ward off herbivores. fix nitrogen that can subsequently be imported into plants. produce additional sugars that help plants grow faster. poison insects that try to bore into the bark of trees. help increase water absorption into the roots.

help increase water absorption into the roots.

Stomata are: pores between cells through which endoplasmic reticulum may reach. small holes between sieve tube cells. cells that border small holes in a leaf. holes created by open guard cells in a leaf. small holes between xylem and phloem.

holes created by open guard cells in a leaf.

If the cohesion-tension mechanism were boiled down to two concepts, they would be: gravity and adhesion. evaporation and osmosis. number of stomata and plant height. hydrogen bonding and evaporation. photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

hydrogen bonding and evaporation.

A substance called PBZ is known to be an antagonist to the effect of gibberellins. Spraying grapes with PBZ would likely have which of the following effects? stimulate seed germination promote stem elongation induce early blooming of flowers inhibit growth increase fruit size

inhibit growth

If the wood from the trunk of a tree is cut longitudinally, along the length of the trunk, it may show signs of where branches extended away from the main trunk. These "signs" in the wood are called: age rings. pock marks. knots. grain. pitch pockets.

knots.

The vascular cambium is mostly responsible for: lateral growth. vertical growth. the length of the roots. the diameter of the pith. the uptake of minerals from the soil.

lateral growth.

Asexual reproduction is most likely to occur in plants that: live in isolated habitats. are tired of their sexual partners. produce seeds. have an inability to reproduce. also use sexual reproduction.

live in isolated habitats.

The _____________ is the region of the plant that undergoes rapid mitotic cell division and is the plant's main source of cells. root bark meristem dermal tissue terminal bud

meristem

Mitosis occurs in which regions of a plant? meristems outer bark pith mature leaves chloroplasts

meristems

By what process do the haploid cells in a new pollen grain produce two sperm cells? fusion of nuclei mitosis sexual reproduction meiosis division without chromosomal duplication

mitosis

Carnivorous plants digest small invertebrate animals. These animals are broken down by the plant's enzymes, and the products are used to supplement the plant's supply of: oxygen. carbon dioxide. nitrogen. carbohydrates. hydrogen.

nitrogen.

When meristem tissue divides: both daughter cells become meristem cells. one cell differentiates into plant tissue, whereas the other remains a meristem cell. both daughter cells differentiate into plant tissue cells. one cell always becomes lateral meristem, whereas the other becomes apical meristem. one cell is responsible for primary growth, whereas the other is responsible for secondary growth.

one cell differentiates into plant tissue, whereas the other remains a meristem cell.

The process of water absorption by plant roots generally relies on __________ across the membranes of cells in __________. osmosis; the apical meristem active transport; root hairs osmosis; root hairs active transport; the apical meristem facilitated diffusion; stomata

osmosis; root hairs

The seed coat develops from which plant structure? fruit embryo outer ovarian tissue ovular tissue stigma

ovular tissue

Seeds germinate only when levels of water, temperature, and ________ are optimal. pH sunlight oxygen soil depth soil microbe concentration

oxygen

The first layer of cells that are found beneath the upper leaf epidermis are: palisade mesophyll cells. spongy mesophyll cells. cuticle cells. guard cells. xylem cells.

palisade mesophyll cells.

Which tissue makes up the majority of plant tissue and is responsible for photosynthesis, food storage, and the production and release of hormones? collenchyma epidermis parenchyma sclerenchyma dermal tissue

parenchyma

Which of the following crop plants is associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria? cabbage wheat potatoes corn peas

peas

What type of growth is responsible for the height of a tree? lateral growth root growth primary growth secondary growth vertical stretching

primary growth

Wood in a tree is mostly composed of: primary xylem. secondary xylem. vascular cambium. lateral meristem. bark.

secondary xylem.

Which of the following correctly orders the parts of a flower, from the outside toward the inside? sepals, petals, stamens, and carpel petals, sepals, carpel, and stamens stamens, petals, carpel, and sepals carpel, sepals, stamens, and petals sepals, stamens, carpel, and petals

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpel

Each of the various tissues of a flowering plant serves its own individual functions. Which of the following does not properly match a flowering plant's tissue with its function within the plant? vascular tissue: conducts water and dissolved minerals shoots: anchors plant to ground, absorbs water and minerals from soil ground tissue: performs most of the plant's metabolic activities meristem: houses division of cells that causes the root or stem to grow dermal tissue: absorbs water and mediates gas exchange

shoots: anchors plant to ground, absorbs water and minerals from soil

Which of the following describes an alternative to sexual reproduction employed by most plants? spontaneous generation producing pollen that can also act as a seed parthenogenesis (growth from an unfertilized egg) sprouting (such as through root suckers) living for a very long time, until sexual reproduction is feasible

sprouting (such as through root suckers)

Xylem tissue conducts water, whereas phloem tissue conducts: minerals. sugary sap. cuticle. lignin. wax.

sugary sap.

What does the purple area on the graphs represent? the length of the day across all of the months of the year the relative percentage of short- versus long-day plants the average life span of a flower on either a long- or short-day plant the rate and direction of change during the periods in which long-day plants flower the length of the night across all of the months of the year

the length of the night across all of the months of the year

What does "cohesion" refer to in the "cohesion-tension mechanism"? the tendency of water molecules to stick together the upward pressure of water caused by osmosis the "suction" created by the loss of water molecules through leaf stomata the stress that develops in the bonds within water molecules the downward pressure created by the force of gravity

the tendency of water molecules to stick together

Which of the following is a common gardening practice? using genetically identical clones produced by a plant through asexual reproduction transferring gametes from one plant to another putting two plants of opposite genders near each other so they can reproduce sexually collecting seeds to fertilize plants the following year growing trees and shrubs by sexual reproduction

using genetically identical clones produced by a plant through asexual reproduction

Which of the following might you expect to find on the outer surface of a growing plant exposed to the outside environment? xylem nitrogen phloem wax neurotoxins

wax

The vast bulk of soil has its origin in the: breakdown of rock by earthworms. weathering of solid rock. decomposition of plants. decomposition of animals. evaporation of the ocean.

weathering of solid rock.

Which type of pollination has resulted in successful pollination of gymnosperms for more than 200 million years? wind pollination insect pollination bat pollination bird pollination pollination via ingestion of seeds

wind pollination

In eudicots, the phloem is found: within vascular bundles, on the outside part facing the epidermis. only in the stem. within vascular bundles, on the inside part facing the stem's center. scattered randomly with xylem within the stem. only in roots.

within vascular bundles, on the outside part facing the epidermis.

The __________ is made of dead cells with rigid cell walls that provide a plant with support and conduct water through the plant. dermal tissue epidermis xylem ground tissue sclerenchyma

xylem

Which type of plant tissue is most analogous to the vertebrate circulatory system? epidermis parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma xylem and phloem

xylem and phloem

When you are 18 years old, you carve your name into a 6-foot-tall pine tree, 3 feet above the ground. (After paying a hefty fine for your poor behavior), you come back after 5 years and note that the tree is now 20 feet tall. How high from the ground will your name be on the trunk of the tree? 3 feet 6 feet 18 feet 24 feet 54 feet

3 feet

How many pollen sacs are found in each anther on a flowering plant? 1 2 4 It depends on the number of filaments. It depends on the number of petals.

4

According to the graph, approximately what proportion of flowering plant species are pollinated by insects? 55% 65% 75% 85% 95%

75%

A germinating corn kernel produces a seedling with one cotyledon, whereas a germinating tomato seed produces a seedling with two cotyledons. From this information, what is a corn plant, and what is a tomato plant? A corn plant is a monocot; a tomato plant is a dicot. A corn plant is a dicot; a tomato plant is a monocot. A corn plant is an angiosperm; a tomato plant is a gymnosperm. Both are dicots. Both are monocots.

A corn plant is a monocot; a tomato plant is a dicot.

How does the structure of a monocot root differ from the structure of a eudicot root? A monocot root has dermal tissue, whereas a eudicot root lacks dermal tissue. A monocot root has a central column of vascular tissue, whereas a eudicot root has a ring of vascular tissue. A monocot root has a central core of ground tissue, whereas a eudicot root has a central core of vascular tissue. A monocot root produces root hairs, whereas a eudicot root does not produce root hairs. A monocot root lacks pith, whereas a eudicot root contains pith.

A monocot root has a central core of ground tissue, whereas a eudicot root has a central core of vascular tissue.

Which event occurs after a triploid endosperm is formed in the angiosperm lifecycle? Male anthers release pollen. A sperm fuses with the egg. A pollen tube begins to form from a pollen grain. Megaspore mother cells divide to become megaspores. A seed develops.

A seed develops.

Which of the following choices in regard to abscisic acid is correct? Abscisic acid is an important player in the acid growth hypothesis. Abscisic acid maintains seed dormancy. Abscisic acid opens stomata. Abscisic acid mediates phototropism. Abscisic acid mediates gravitropism.

Abscisic acid maintains seed dormancy.

Which of the following is true about a plant seed? It is formed solely from the fertilized egg. It uses large amounts of oxygen in order to remain dormant. It carries its own water supply to help it germinate fully. It contains the fleshy part of the fruit. It contains materials needed to begin a new life.

It contains materials needed to begin a new life.

The enzyme nitrogenase breaks nitrogen molecules apart, producing a plant-usable form of nitrogen. Which of the following forms of nitrogen are produced in this process? N2 and NO+ NO+ and NH- NO3- and NH4+ NH- and N2 NO2 and NH-

NO3- and NH4+

Which of the following is not true about plant leaves? They have a layer of epidermis on both the top and bottom of leaves. Stomata are only found on the bottom of leaves. Spongy mesophyll cells have cell walls that are in contact with air. Palisade mesophyll cells are found surrounding the veins or "piping" in the leaf. Guard cells surround stomata.

Palisade mesophyll cells are found surrounding the veins or "piping" in the leaf.

Considering the "vital statistics" of plants relative to animals, which of the following is true? Plants tend to have much shorter life spans compared to animals. Plants can only grow to one-tenth of the height of the tallest animal. It would take 20 of the heaviest plants to equal the weight of one blue whale. Plants are capable of producing their own food, whereas animals cannot. Plants and animals have evolved very similar strategies for defense, reproduction, and survival.

Plants are capable of producing their own food, whereas animals cannot.

Which of the following about plant versus human reproduction is false? The embryonic plant develops inside of an embryonic sac while in humans the embryo develops inside an amniotic sac. A single plant has many ovaries, one in each flower; a human female has only two ovaries. In many plants, the male gametophyte (pollen) lacks a flagellum while the male gamete in humans always has a flagellum. Meiosis to make eggs occurs entirely in the ovary in plants, while some meiosis occurs outside the ovary in humans. Plants produce haploid eggs while humans produce diploid eggs in their ovaries.

Plants produce haploid eggs while humans produce diploid eggs in their ovaries.

Which statement about the differences between roots and shoots is correct? Roots absorb water and minerals from the ground, whereas shoots get their water from rain and their minerals from the air. Shoots get their carbohydrates through photosynthesis, whereas roots absorb their carbohydrates from the soil. Shoots are the site of photosynthesis, whereas roots cannot perform photosynthesis because sunlight cannot reach them. Shoots are composed of various different tissue groups, whereas roots are only composed of one tissue type. Roots are the site of photosynthesis, whereas shoots cannot perform photosynthesis because sunlight cannot reach them.

Shoots are the site of photosynthesis, whereas roots cannot perform photosynthesis because sunlight cannot reach them.

Which of the following properly contrasts the two varieties of dicot leaves: simple and compound? Simple leaves are found on trees and larger plants, whereas compound leaves are found on smaller, flowering plants. Simple leaves are sharp-edged, whereas compound leaves are smooth-edged. Simple leaves have only the green photosynthetic pigment, whereas compound leaves contain a wide mix of many different photosynthetic pigments. Simple leaves stay on a plant all year long, whereas compound leaves only stay on during certain seasons of the year. Simple leaves are flat and not divided into sections. Compound leaves are divided into separate leaflets.

Simple leaves are flat and not divided into sections. Compound leaves are divided into separate leaflets.

If the shoots of plants are covered with an impermeable cuticle layer, how do plants manage to exchange water and gas with the surrounding environment? Guard pores are specialized pores in the cuticle covering, which are designed to allow gas and water exchange. All gas and water exchange occurs through the roots, which do not have a cuticle layer. All gas and water exchange occurs through the leaves, which do not have a cuticle layer. Specialized pores in the cuticle, called stomata, allow gas and water exchange. Fungi growing into and around plant roots allow gas and water exchange.

Specialized pores in the cuticle, called stomata, allow gas and water exchange.

The pressure-flow hypothesis for phloem movement would predict a movement of sugars from leaves to storage areas under which of the following conditions? Leaves produce sugars; storage areas convert sugars to starch. Leaves produce sugars; sugars are transported to areas of new growth. Storage areas convert starch to sugars; leaves use sugars. Leaves convert sugars to starch; storage areas convert starch to sugars. Storage areas convert sugar to starch; areas of new growth use starch for growth.

Storage areas convert sugar to starch; areas of new growth use starch for growth.