test 4
Read each of the statements below. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to identify whether it pertains to vitamin C or the B vitamins.
b vitamins- thiamine niacin c vitamin- could cause connective tissue disorders may help prevent cancer deficiency could cause bleeding gums
The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
pancreas
The accessory organs of the lower GI tract include the liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas
Digestive reflexes that do not involve the central nervous system but instead are local and occur only within the enteric nervous system are called ________ reflexes.
short
Which are tunics (layers) that make up the gastrointestinal wall? Check all that apply.
Adventia or serosa Muscularis Mucosa Submucosa
Check all that line the mucosa of the large intestine.
Simple columnar epithelium Goblet cells Intestinal glands
Select all that may occur when the hypothalamus detects a low body temperature.
constriction of blood vessels shivering
Proteolytic enzymes are activated in the small intestine using the enzyme
enteropeptidase.
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is essential or nonessential.
essential- fluoride trytophan valine ascorbic acid nonessential- cholesterol glutamine
The liver stores, concentrates, and releases bile into the duodenum.
false
The muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer.
false
When glucose stores are low during exercise, energy can be liberated from adipocytes via lipogenesis.
false
G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility.
gastrin
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. Some labels will be used more than once.
glycolysis- amino acids CAC- acetyl coa from fatty acids intermediate stage- glycerol from fatty acids
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
major minerals- calcium chlorine sodium trace minerals- iron cobalt iodine zinc chromium
The amount of energy liberated in the body per unit of time, measured by a calorimeter, is called
metabolic rate
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of
monosaccharides
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
neuro response to change in body temp- vasodilation of blood vessels heat brought to skin surface sweat glands inhibited skeletal muscle contarction hormonal reponses- release of trh increase or decrease in metabolic rate increased number of sodium potassium pumps
The mucosa of the esophagus is lined with ___________ squamous epithelium.
nonkeratinized stratified
The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme
pancreatic lipase.
Smooth muscle activity in the small intestine wall facilitates chemical digestion and absorption employing the processes of segmentation and
peristalsis.
Between the partietal and visceral peritoneum is the thin
peritoneal cavity.
Which of the following regions of the large intestine is a muscular tube that expands to store accumulated material prior to defecation, and terminates at the anal canal?
rectum
Most GI tract organs are lined with a ________ epithelium.
simple columnar
The stomach is lined by a
simple columnar epithelium
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ?
small intestine
Which of these is an organ of the gastrointestinal tract as opposed to an accessory organ?
stomach
The duodenum is considered part of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
true
Match the segment of the colon with its description.
1. Ascending colon - Originates at the ileocecal valve; is retroperitoneal 2. Transverse colon - Originates at the right colic flexure; is intraperitoneal 3. Sigmoid colon - Terminates at the rectum; is intraperitoneal 4. Descending colon - Originates at the left colic flexure; is retroperitoneal
Match each macromolecule below with the monomer(s) to which it is broken down by chemical digestion.
Amino acids- proteins Monosaccharides-carbs Monoglycerides and fatty acids- fats Nucleotides-Nucleic acid
What is the function of bile?
Break down fats to assist in their chemical digestion
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.
Carbohydrate- salivary amylase, dextrinase, maltase, lactase, pancreatic amylase, glucoamylase, sucrase Lipid- lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase, bile salts, lecithin Protein- Pepsin, HCI, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxyleptidase, dipeptidase, aminopeptidase
Which of the following general receptors are found within the GI tract? Check all that apply.
Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors
In order to complete each sentence, click and drag each word or phrase from the left into the appropriate blank on the right. Not all terms will be used.
Excessive temperature of blood is detected by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. If the temperature is too high, this area activates heat loss mechanisms. The simplest response is vasodilation in the vessels of the skin. This brings more blood to the surface and allows it to cool.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Food groups were initially organized by the USDA into a food guide pyramid that consisted of breads/grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, proteins, and fats/oils/sweets. This organization provided a general approach for the number of servings that should be consumed daily from each category. In 2011, the USDA revised this structure to MyPlate. It provides a visual of the relative proportions of the types of foods we need to stay healthy. One half of these relative proportions is vegetables and fruit and the other half is protein and grains, with dairy off to the side.
Parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce
HCl (hydrochloric acid).
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.
In the gastric gland, the chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Also in the gastric gland, the parietal cells will secrete HCl. HCL will remove some amino acids from pepsinogen and turn it into pepsin. Pepsin enzymes can then digest dietary proteins in the lumen of the stomach.
In order to complete each sentence, click and drag each word or phrase from the left into the appropriate blank on the right. Not all terms will be used.
In the liver, the amine group is removed from glutamic acid. The -NH₂ then becomes ammonia by the addition of a hydrogen atom. The liver quickly combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide to form urea. This nitrogenous waste is then excreted via urine.
Match the structure of the small intestine with its function.
Intestinal glands Contain enteroendocrine cells Circular folds Slow passage of material Enteroendocrine cells Secrete digestive hormones Submucosal glands Secrete alkaline mucus
Which of the following raises the metabolic rate?
Jogging at six miles per hour for twenty minutes Hyperthyroidism An increase in caloric intake
Trace the path of bile through the biliary apparatus, beginning at the liver, moving to the gallbladder, and ending at the small intestine.
Left and right hepatic ducts Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Common bile duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla Major duodenal papilla
Select all the major nutrient biomolecules present in a steak.
Lipids proteins
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Major minerals include calcium (required for blood clotting), sulfur, phosphorus, and sodium (important for action potentials in excitable cells). Trace minerals include iodine (needed for thyroid hormone production), chromium, zinc (involved in wound healing), fluoride, and iron (a component of hemoglobin).
Which of the following is a principal source of body heat? Check all that apply.
Muscle contraction Chemical reactions associated with cellular activity Hormone secretion by endocrine glands
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Our body temperature is usually kept near the normal value of 37 degrees C using homeostatic mechanisms. This temperature regulation is accomplished through a balance of heat production and heat loss, and it occurs through both neural and hormonal controls. One of the critical aspects of regulating body temperature is maintaining core body temperature, which is the temperature of the vital portions of the body. The temperature of these regions is kept relatively constant to assure that life is maintained. The temperature of peripheral regions , such as the limbs, fluctuates to allow this maintenance to occur.
Which of these are accessory organs of the GI tract? Check all that apply.
Pancreas Gallbladder
Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions.
Performs most chemical digestion and absorption-Jejunum Receives bile and pancreatic juice-Duodenum Controls entry of material into large intestine-Ileum
Match the secretory cell of the stomach with its secretion. Surface mucous cell Mucous neck cell Parietal cell Chief cell Enteroendocrine cell Options:1. Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor 2. Mucin 3. Acidic mucin 4. Gastrin 5. Pepsinogen
Surface mucous cell-2 Mucous neck cell-3 Parietal cell-1 Chief cell-5 Enteroendocrine cell-4
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order.
The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with mechanical digestion. Once in the stomach, pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase will continue the breakdown of proteins. The brush border in the intestines will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.
A patient's blood sample shows elevated glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids. Select all that are likely in this example.
The patient recently ate a meal The patient is in the absorptive state.
What are the names of anatomic structures in the oral cavity? Check all that apply.
Uvula Hard palate Fauces
Read each of the scenarios below. Then click and drag them into the appropriate category to identify whether each would raise or lower the total metabolic rate (TMR).
^-pregnancy-anxiety-hyperthyroidism- depression-reduction in food intake-hypothyroidism
Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the given action occurs during absorptive or postabsorptive phases.
absorptive- protein anabolism eating and digesting elevated blood sugar postabsorbative- lypolysis protein catabolism gluconeogenesis growth hormone secretion fasting
When measuring the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which of the following variables needs to be considered?
all correct
A disaccharide is a type of
carb
Read each of the scenarios below regarding the postabsorptive (fasting) state. Then click and drag them into the appropriate category to identify whether each pertains to carbohydrates, fats, or proteins.
carbohydrates:-glycogenolysis may be required-certain amino acids can be converted to glucose as a replacement for this-the liver stores enough glycogen for about 4 hrs after the last meal Fats:-glycerol is converted to a usable energy source-may have to be oxidized to ketone bodies Proteins:-last resort as an energy source-muscle cells begin to atrophy if glycogen and fat reserves are depleted-an extreme wasting called cachexia
_________ is a hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen.
cck
Motility and secretion in the stomach is generated by the __________ reflex initiated by thought, smell, sight, or taste of food.
cephalic
The muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle immediately deep (external) to the
lamina propria of the mucosa.
Which organs are components of the lower gastrointestinal tract? Check all that apply.
large and small intestine
Which of the following is an accessory digestive organ?
liver
All enzymes that digest protein are released as inactive enzymes and must be activated because the enzymes would destroy the proteins within the cells that produce them.
true
All enzymes that digest protein are released as inactive enzymes because if the enzymes were active when released, they would "eat away" the cells lining the pancreatic ducts as they pass through the ducts.
true
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the correct position. Not all terms will be used.
Ascorbic acid, more commonly known as vitamin C, is a powerful antioxidant found in citrus where deficiency causes scurvy. An important component of photodetection, retinol, or vitamin A, is found in lipid-rich sources such as fish oil, eggs, cheese, and milk. Calcitriol, or vitamin D, is synthesized in a complex set of reactions involving the skin, liver, and kidneys. It is found in varying amounts in fortified milk, fish, and fish oils. Nuts and vegetable oils are good sources of the lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin E, which is also known by its chemical name, alpha-tocopherol. Phylloquinone, or vitamin K, is synthesized almost entirely by bacteria in the large intestine and is involved with blood coagulation.
The following anatomical features of the small intestine function to increase the surface area of the intestinal wall and maximize its capacity for absorption. Rank these structures 1 through 3 in order from largest to smallest.
Circular folds Villi Microvilli
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
Essential Amino Acids- must come from diet supplied by complete proteins nonessential amino acids- may be made in body majority of amino acids
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat and include vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract within the lipid of micelles and ultimately enter into the lymphatic capillaries. The functions of fat-soluble vitamins vary. (1) Vitamin A (retinol) is a precursor molecule for the formation of a visual pigment. (2) Vitamin D (calciferol) is modified to form calcitriol. This is a hormone that increases calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. (1) Vitamin E (tocopherol) helps stabilize and prevent damage of cell membranes. (2) Vitamin K is required for synthesis of specific blood clotting proteins.
As bile is produced and secreted, what structures or cells does it encounter? Put them in order, beginning with bile production.
Hepatocyte Bile canaliculus Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Gallbladder
Which organs and accessory structures are considered part of the upper GI tract? Check all that apply.
Pharynx Duodenum Stomach Esophagus
Which of these are classified as carbohydrates? Check all that apply.
Polysaccharides Monosaccharides
Check all that are a function of the esophagus.
Prevents materials from returning from the stomach Movement of a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
Protein Metabolism-Deamination-Formation of albumin Lipid Metabolism-Beta Oxidation-Production of VLDLs Carbohydrate Metabolism-Glycogenisis-Glycogenolysis
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.
Three main vessels make up the hepatic triad including the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ductules. The hepatic artery is responsible for delivering oxygen rich blood to the hepatocytes and thus providing for the large metabolic demand for this tissue. The hepatic ductules collect bile produced in the hepatic lobules and deliver it to the hepatic ducts on their way to the gallbladder for storage.
What are the serous membranes of the GI tract called? Check all that apply.
Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble.
Water Soluble-Vitamin C-Thiamine-Pyrioxine-Niacin-Folic Acid Fat Soluble-Vitamin E-Retinol-Alpha-tocopherol
Regarding the absorptive (fed) state, read each of the scenarios below. Then click and drag them into the appropriate category to identify whether each pertains to carbohydrates, fats, or amino acids.
carbs- in excess, may be converted to glycogen excess is absorbed by liver fats- enter lymph system as chylmicrons primary energy source for hepatocytes and muscle cells amino acids- become available to cells for protein synthesis some are deaminated and used for atp synthesis -nh is removed and the rest is used for fatty acid synthesis
The intestinal phase of digestion involves both the intestinal reflex and the release of two primary hormones: _______ and secretin.
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is essential or nonessential.
essential- glucose calcium lysine methaloine nonessential- fadh2 nadh
Sensory input from both mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors is relayed to the CNS in response to stimulation. Autonomic motor output is then relayed through cranial nerves to organs of the GI tract. These are referred to as the short reflexes.
false
The greater omentum extends inferiorly like an apron from the _________ of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs.
greater curvature
