Test 4 Bank

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During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a ∆G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the ∆G for the new reaction?

-20 kcal/mol

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures? 1. blood hydrostatic pressure 2. capsular hydrostatic pressure 3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4. blood colloid osmotic pressure 5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure 1, 2, and 4 are correct. 2, 4, and 5 are correct. 2, 3, and 4 are correct. 1, 2, and 3 are correct. 3, 4, and 5 are correct.

1, 2, and 4 are correct

Drinking a liter of water will cause all these changes

1. a fall in the osmotic pressure of the ICF and ECF 2. production of hypoosmotic urine

All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis

1. kidneys secrete H+ 2. buffer systems accept H+ 3. Kidneys generate bicarbonate 4. respiratory rate increases

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?

100%.

For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced?

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions. 2500 800 1800 1200 500

1200

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source?

2/3

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg 60 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 35 mm Hg

25 mm Hg

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? 99 1 38 63 74

5. When pure water is consumed, a. the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF. b. a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases. c. osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. d. the volume of the ECF decreases. e. the volume of the ICF decreases.

11. The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are a. sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. b. sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. c. sodium, potassium, and calcium. d. sodium, hydrogen, and chloride. e. sodium, potassium, and phosphate.

15. In a lean adultmale, the body consists of about ________ percent water. a. 60 b. 90 c. 40 d. 10 e. 80

17. About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. a. intracellular b. intercellular c. extracellular d. interstitial e. vital

18. Hypoventilation leads to a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis.

21. A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of a. chronic respiratory acidosis. b. chronic respiratory alkalosis. c. acute respiratory acidosis. d. chronic metabolic acidosis.

27. Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? a. ADH b. aldosterone c. BNP d. ANP e. epinephrine

34. Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? a. ADH b. angiotensin II c. PTH d. ANP e. epinephrine

45. Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? a. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b. consequence of prolonged vomiting c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD d. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

A mutation in yeast makes it unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. How will this mutation affect these yeast cells? A. The mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically. B. The mutant yeast will be unable to metabolize glucose. C. The mutant yeast will metabolize only fatty acids. D. The mutant yeast will die because they cannot regenerate NAD+ from NAD. E. The mutant yeast will grow anaerobically only when given glucose.

Agents that increase urine excretion are known as A) diuretics. B) muscarinic antagonists. C) alpha-1 antagonists. D) calcium channel blockers. E) ADH agonists.

Antidiuretic hormone A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin? A. ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. B. ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. C. ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. D. ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease. E. ATP synthesis and heat generation will stay the same.

During intense exercise, as skeletal muscle cells switch to fermentation, the human body will increase its catabolism of A. carbohydrates only. B. proteins only. C. fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. D. fats and proteins only. E. fats only.

Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur? A. in all cells all the time B. in photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark C. in cells that are storing glucose only D. in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently E. in nonphotosynthesizing cells only

In a mitochondrion, if the matrix ATP concentration is high, and the intermembrane space proton concentration is too low to generate sufficient proton-motive force, then A. ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space. B. ATP synthase will stop working. C. ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the matrix. D. ATP synthase will increase the rate of ATP synthesis.

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? A. citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen B. glycolysis → NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen C. citric acid cycle → FADH2 → electron transport chain → ATP D. pyruvate → citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen E. electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen

Major calyces are A) large branches of the renal pelvis. B) expanded ends of nephrons. C) basic functional layers of the kidney. D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. B) decrease secretion of aldosterone. C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

Renal blood flow is about A) 1 liter/min. B) 2 liter/min. C) 3 liter/min. D) 4 liter/min. E) 5 liter/min.

Select all that apply. A. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis. B. The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. C. The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis.

Select the correct statement about cellular respiration. A. Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level. B. Animals carry out cellular respiration whereas plants carry out photosynthesis. C. Plants carry out cellular respiration only in organs such as roots that cannot carry out photosynthesis.

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting loop. E) minor calyx.

The citric acid cycle. For each mole of glucose (C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of are released in the citric acid cycle (see the figure)? A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 12 E. 6

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) peritubular B) glomerular C) vasa recta D) cortical E) efferent

The urinary system does all of the following, except that it A) excretes excess albumen molecules. B) regulates blood volume. C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH. D) eliminates organic waste products. E) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) pyramids. B) renal columns. C) renal pelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces.

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes A. reduced. B. oxidized. C. redoxed. D. dehydrogenated. E. hydrolyzed.

When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived, muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells? A. It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate. B. It produces and water. C. It is converted to NAD+. D. It is converted to alcohol. E. It reduces FADH2 to FAD+.

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? A. an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized B. an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ C. an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell D. an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it E. an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? A. glycolysis B. the citric acid cycle C. the electron transport chain D. synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate E. reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen is present? A. glycolysis B. oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) C. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D. fermentation E. citric acid cycle

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A. glycolysis and fermentation B. citric acid cycle C. fermentation and chemiosmosis D. oxidative phosphorylation E. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration? A. The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP. B. The function of the bonding of acetic acid to the carrier molecule CoA to form acetyl CoA is the reduction of glucose to acetyl CoA. C. The function of the citric acid cycle is the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2.

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body? A. It was released CO2 as and H20 . B. It was converted to heat and then released. C. It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. D. It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. E. It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.

________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys. A) Glomerulonephritis B) Floating kidney C) Polycystic kidney disease D) Pyelonephrosis E) Kidney stones

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent exchange process? Glucose and sodium are cotransported from urine back into blood. Uric acid is excreted into the kidney tubules while urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop. Sodium is pumped into the blood while potassium is actively transported out of the blood back into the tissues. Creatinine is actively transported out of the blood into urine. A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.

Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions?

A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron.

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A. 80 B. 60 C. 50 D. 70 E. 40 correct answer: C

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A. ANP B. BNP C. ADH D. epinephrine E. aldosterone correct answer: C

________ will raise blood pH

A. Strenuous exercise B. Hyperventilation C. Diabetes mellitis D. Smoking E. Stomach ulcers correct answer: B

A substance that can release or absorb a hydrogen ion is known as a(n) __________.

A. alkali B. acid salt C. electrolyte D. buffer correct answer: D

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

A. alkali. B. acid. C. electrolyte. D. buffer. E. compensation. correct answer: D

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

A. bicarbonate ion B. sodium C. water D. hydrogen ion E. All of the answers are correct. correct answer: E

The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

A. chlorine ions. B. potassium ions. C. electrons. D. sodium ions. E. calcium ions. correct answer: B

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

A. excrete more bicarbonate ions. B. excrete more hydrogen ions. C. excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. D. secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions. E. secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions. correct answer: D

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

A. excrete sodium ions. B. conserve sodium ions. C. decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions. D. decrease ECF. E. conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF. correct answer: C

A drop in blood pH will be compensated for by __________.

A. excreting fewer hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions B. excreting fewer hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions C. excreting more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions D. excreting more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions correct answer: D

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A. limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. B. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C. buffer stomach acid. D. buffer the urine. E. increase ventilation. correct answer: A

All of the following are components of ECF except

A. lymph. B. RBCs. C. aqueous humor. D. peritoneal fluid. E. cerebrospinal fluid. correct answer: B

The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the

A. lymph. B. cerebrospinal fluid. C. interstitial fluid. D. plasma. E. All of the answers are correct. correct answer: E

A patient that is hyperventilating is at risk for

A. metabolic alkalosis. B. respiratory acidosis. C. metabolic acidosis. D. respiratory alkalosis. correct answer: D

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A. minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium. B. associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. C. increased by ADH. D. an indication of dehydration. E. All of the answers are correct. correct answer: B

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

A. parathormone. B. aldosterone. C. atrial natriuretic peptides. D. glucocorticoids. E. ADH. correct answer: B

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are

A. proteins, potassium, and phosphate. B. potassium, hydrogen, and chloride. C. sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. D. sodium, potassium, and calcium. E. potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. correct answer: A

The anions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

A. sodium, potassium, and chloride. B. sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. C. proteins, bicarbonate, and chloride. D. sodium, potassium, and phosphate. E. sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. correct answer: C

Antidiuretic hormone

A. stimulates water intake. B. is produced by the hypothalamus. C. stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. D. is released from the posterior pituitary gland. E. All of the answers are correct. correct answer: E

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

ADH

Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

ADH

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

ADH

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.

ADH

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? PTH angiotensin II epinephrine ADH* ANP

ADH*

Which hormones play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

ADH, Aldosterone, ANP

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?

ATP

In a mitochondrion, if the matrix ATP concentration is high, and the intermembrane space proton concentration is too low to generate sufficient proton-motive force, then

ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of

ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP- powered pumps are often called ATPases, although they do not often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10-2, then how is the ATPase acting?

ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient.

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

Aldosterone

Functions of the urinary system include regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. helping to stabilize blood pH. conservation of valuable nutrients. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include potassium ions. hydrogen ions. creatinine. penicillin. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

Glucose is the primary fuel for cellular respiration. Which of the following molecules can also be used by cellular respiration to generate ATP?

All of the listed responses are correct

Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?

Anion and cation

During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes?

At the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O

12. Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by a. sweating. b. the kidneys. c. the liver. d. the feces. e. buffers.

13. The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by a. ADH. b. aldosterone. c. parathormone. d. atrial natriuretic peptides. e. glucocorticoids.

14. Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone a. calcitonin. b. parathyroid hormone. c. aldosterone. d. cortisol. e. ADH.

23. A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis.

26. Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called a. electrons. b. electrolytes. c. nonelectrolytes. d. osmoregulators. e. buffers.

28. In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. a. 60 b. 50 c. 40 d. 70 e. 80

3. The principal cation in intracellular fluid is a. sodium. b. potassium. c. calcium. d. magnesium. e. chloride.

30. Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion? a. ADH b. aldosterone c. BNP d. ANP e. epinephrine

39. Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? a. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b. consequence of prolonged vomiting c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD d. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

4. When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, a. the osmolarity of the ECF falls. b. osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF. c. both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute. d. there is an increase in the volume of the ICF. e. both B and D

6. Consuming a meal high in salt will a. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. b. result in a temporary increase in blood volume. c. decrease thirst. d. cause hypotension. e. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) excessive ADH secretion. B) absence of ADH. C) hematuric oliguria. D) overproduction of aldosterone. E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.

An electron loses potential energy when it A. shifts to a less electronegative atom. B. shifts to a more electronegative atom. C. increases its activity as an oxidizing agent. D. moves further away from the nucleus of the atom. E. increases its kinetic energy.

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 480 B) 180 C) 125 D) 18 E) 1.8

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by A) blood pressure. B) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma. C) constriction of the efferent arteriole. D) protein in the filtrate. E) filtrate in the capsular space.

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole. B) efferent arteriole. C) vasa recta. D) interlobular arteriole. E) renal vein.

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells? A. mitochondrial matrix B. mitochondrial intermembrane space C. mitochondrial outer membrane D. mitochondrial inner membrane E. cytosol

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.

How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast? A. The individual's ATP production will increase significantly. B. The individual's ATP production will not change significantly. C. The individual's ATP production will decrease significantly.

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by A. reduction of pyruvate to form lactate. B. reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol). C. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. D. oxidation of ethanol to acetyl CoA. E. reduction of ethanol to pyruvate.

In cellular respiration, a series of molecules forming an electron transport chain alternately accepts and then donates electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain? A. The advantage of an electron transport chain is the production of a large number of reduced, high-energy intermediates. B. The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates. C. The advantage of the respiratory electron transport chain is that oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + ADP +Pi to ATP? A. energy released from dehydration synthesis reactions B. energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient C. energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system D. No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic. E. energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation

In prokaryotes, the respiratory electron transport chain is located A. in the mitochondrial outer membrane. B. in the plasma membrane. C. in the mitochondrial inner membrane. D. in the bacterial outer membrane. E. in the cytoplasm.

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case? A) 30 mm Hg B) 24 mm Hg C) 69 mm Hg D) 84 mm Hg E) 99 mm Hg

Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount of ATP in a cell would be expected to A. inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. B. inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. C. activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. D. activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. E. inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. B) increase the glomerular filtration rate. C) trigger renin release. D) produce renal ischemia. E) reduce blood flow to kidneys.

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? A. chemiosmosis B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. aerobic respiration D. oxidative phosphorylation E. the electron transport chain

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla. B) renal pelvis. C) renal medulla. D) renal cortex. E) renal sinus.

The citric acid cycle. For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (see the figure), what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced? A. 5 B. 12 C. 10 D. 4 E. 6

The citric acid cycle. If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in the figure? A. Oxaloacetate will decrease and citric acid will accumulate. B. Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease. C. Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will accumulate. D. There will be no change in the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid. E. Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease.

The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. A) polycystic kidney disease B) floating kidney C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) renal failure

The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis.

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal sinus. B) renal pelvis. C) renal calyx. D) renal hilum. E) renal corpuscle.

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. A) inferior B) superior C) posterior D) transverse E) anterior

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is A) blood colloid osmotic pressure. B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure. C) osmotic pressure of the urine. D) capsular hydrostatic pressure. E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction A. loses electrons and gains potential energy. B. loses electrons and loses potential energy. C. gains electrons and loses potential energy. D. gains electrons and gains potential energy. E. neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) filtration. B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. C) secretion of acids and ammonia. D) secretion of drugs. E) adjusting the urine volume.

The region known as the macula densa is part of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

What is proton-motive force? A. the force that moves hydrogen to NAD+ B. the force provided by a transmembrane hydrogen ion gradient C. the force that moves hydrogen into the intermembrane space D. the force that moves hydrogen into the mitochondrion E. the force required to remove an electron from hydrogen

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A. bioenergetic pathways B. catabolic pathways C. fermentation pathways D. anabolic pathways E. thermodynamic pathways

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? A. The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released. B. The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. C. The more electronegative atom is reduced, and entropy decreases. D. The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. E. The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed.

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? A. mitochondrial outer membrane B. mitochondrial inner membrane C. mitochondrial matrix D. cytosol E. mitochondrial intermembrane space

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.) A) FP = BHP + CsHP - BCOP B) FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP) C) FP = CsHP + BHP - BCOP D) FP = BCOP - BHP + CsHP E) FP = BCOP + (BHP - CsHP)

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6+ 602--> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy A. CO2 is reduced and is O2 oxidized. B. C6H12O6 is oxidized and 02 is reduced. C. C6H12O6 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized. D. O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized. E. O2 is oxidized and H20 is reduced.

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? A. They can have very long carbon skeletons. B. They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. C. They have no nitrogen in their makeup. D. They have a lot of oxygen atoms. E. They are easily reduced.

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules. A) Glomerulonephritis B) Polycystic kidney disease C) Calculus D) Renal failure E) Hematuria

Which of these is NOT an organic waste found in urine? uric acid urea bicarbonate ions creatinine

Bicarbonate Ions

The lock-and-key analogy for enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes _____.

Binding to their substrate

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. Both statements are false. Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine. The first statement is false but the second statement is true. Both statements are true most of the time. The first statement is true but the second statement is false.

Both statements are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within a. blood vessels. b. lymph. c. the cells of the body. d. the interstitial space. e. the cerebrospinal fluid.

16. The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to a. buffer stomach acid. b. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. c. limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. d. buffer the urine. e. increase ventilation.

22. A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis.

25. Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis.

42. To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective? a. permeable to capillary endothelium b. nontoxic to neurons c. permeable to brain plasma membranes d. impermeable to brain plasma membranes e. soluble in water

43. Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? a. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b. consequence of prolonged vomiting c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema d. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

A molecule that is phosphorylated A. has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. B. has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work. C. has an increased chemical potential energy; it is primed to do cellular work. D. has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. E. has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate.

All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. C) located partly within the pelvic cavity. D) held in place by the renal fascia. E) covered by peritoneum.

Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following, except A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons. B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). C) increased sensitivity to ADH. D) problems with the micturition reflex. E) loss of sphincter muscle tone.

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? A. NAD+ B. ADP +P i C. FADH2 D. ATP E. NADH

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is A. stored in the NADH produced. B. transferred to ADP, forming ATP. C. retained in the two pyruvates. D. used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose 6-phosphate. E. transferred directly to ATP.

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the A) kidney. B) urinary bladder. C) rectum. D) ureter. E) urethra.

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the A) renal pyramid. B) nephron loop (loop of Henle). C) renal corpuscle. D) renal papilla. E) collecting tubule system.

Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium A) Clostridium difficile. B) varicella. C) Streptococcus. D) MRSA. E) All of the answers are correct.

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, approximately how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water? A. 26 B. 12 C. 14 D. 0 E. 1

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true? A) Its pH is below normal. B) It will have the odor of ammonia. C) It will contain large amounts of urobilin. D) It will contain excess chloride ion. E) It will have a low pH.

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? A. CO2and NADH B. CO2 and pyruvate C. NADH and pyruvate D. CO2 and H2O E. H2O , FADH2, and citrate

In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of , (2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and (3) is bonded to coenzyme A. How does the addition of coenzyme A, a sulfur-containing molecule derived from a B vitamin, function in the subsequent reaction? A. It drives the reaction that regenerates NAD+. B. It utilizes this portion of a B vitamin, which would otherwise be a waste product from another pathway. C. It provides a relatively unstable molecule whose acetyl portion can be readily transferred to a compound in the citric acid cycle. D. It removes one molecule of CO2. E. It provides the sulfur needed for the molecule to enter the mitochondrion.

Most CO2 from catabolism is released during A electron transport. B. lactate fermentation. C. the citric acid cycle. D. oxidative phosphorylation. E. glycolysis.

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to A. reduce NAD+ to NADH. B. reduce FAD+ to FADH2. C. oxidize NADH to NAD+. D. reduce FADH2 to FAD+. E. do none of the above.

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are A. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP. B. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. C. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. D. 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP. E. 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? A. 2% B. 0% C. 100% D. 10% E. 38%

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by A. photophosphorylation. B. oxidation of NADH to NAD+. C. substrate-level phosphorylation. D. electron transport. E. chemiosmosis.

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle) B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter

The citric acid cycle Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see the figure)? A. 12 B. 11 C. 1 D. 2 E. 24

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is A. pyruvate. B. ADP. C. oxygen. D. NAD+. E. water.

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. A) vasa recta B) medulla C) cortex D) pelvis E) calyces

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? A. glycolysis B. the citric acid cycle C. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain D. the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP E. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) papillary tubule. E) calyx.

The process of filtration is driven by A) active transport. B) blood osmotic pressure. C) blood hydrostatic pressure. D) renal pumping. E) solvent drag.

The renal sinus is A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue. B) part of a renal pyramid. C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule. D) a large branch of the renal pelvis. E) a renal corpuscle.

The renal veins drain into the A) abdominal aorta. B) renal arteries. C) inferior vena cava. D) segmental arteries. E) peritubular capillaries.

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions. A) 500 B) 800 C) 1200 D) 1800 E) 2500

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) blood vessels. B) lymphatics. C) the ureters. D) the urethra. E) the calyces.

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter B) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions? A. either ethanol or lactic acid B. ethanol C. glucose D. pyruvate E. lactic acid

What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+ A. NAD+ B. oxygen C. pyruvate D. NADH E. lactate

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes A. hydrolyzed. B. an oxidizing agent. C. oxidized. D. reduced. E. hydrogenated.

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) a concentrated urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. D) permeability to water in the collecting system increases. E) water reabsorption increases in the loop of Henle.

Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle? A. malate or fumarate B. α-ketoglutarate C. acetyl CoA D. succinyl CoA E. pyruvate

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid

Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney? A) control of total body water B) control of the electrolyte composition of the blood C) excretion of excess albumen D) control of production of red blood cells by bone marrow E) regulation of blood pressure

Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? A) chloride ions B) water C) protein D) urea E) glucose

Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion: A) water B) glucose C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule B) distal convoluted tubule C) collecting ducts D) proximal convoluted tubule E) glomerulus

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase? A. It attaches and detaches phosphate groups. B. It both splits molecules and assembles molecules. C. It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP. D. It uses glucose and generates pyruvate. E. It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion.

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?

Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization

Which of the following pairs of pathways and their location in the cell is incorrectly matched?

Citric acid cycle: cytosol

Where in the nephron would penicillin be secreted? Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Collecting Duct

Collecting Duct

Which of these is NOT considered part of a nephron? Glomerulus Proximal Convoluted Tubule Nephron Loop Collecting Duct

Collecting Duct

2. The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the a. plasma and lymph. b. interstitial fluid. c. cerebrospinal fluid. d. all of the above e. A and B only

20. Prolonged vomiting can result in a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis.

24. A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks a. respiratory acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic acidosis. d. metabolic alkalosis.

31. Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the a. veins. b. muscles. c. tissues. d. capillaries. e. arteries.

35. Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day. a. 10 b. 9 c. 15 d. 7 e. 20

36. The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of a. calcium ions. b. chlorine ions. c. potassium ions. d. sodium ions. e. electrons.

A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? A. His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. B. His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. C. His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. D. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. E. His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria.

An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.

An organism is discovered that thrives both in the presence and absence of oxygen in the air. Curiously, the consumption of sugar increases as oxygen is removed from the organism's environment, even though the organism does not gain much weight. This organism E. must use a molecule other than oxygen to accept electrons from the electron transport chain. A. is a normal eukaryotic organism. B. is photosynthetic. C. is an anaerobic organism. D. is a facultative anaerobe.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? A. glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA B. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation C. fermentation and glycolysis D. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle E. oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in A. only eukaryotic cells, in the presence of oxygen. B. all cells, in the absence of respiration. C. all cells, but only in the presence of oxygen. D. all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. E. only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors.

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by A) simple diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport with Na and K ions. E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree, except the ________ system. A) urinary B) integumentary C) digestive D) endocrine E) respiratory

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by A. converting oxygen to ATP. B. transferring electrons from organic mOlecules to pyruvate. C. generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain. D. a proton gradient across a membrane. E. high energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules.

Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements correctly describes phosphofructokinase activity? A. It catalyzes the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, an early step of glycolysis. B. It is activated by ATP. C. It is activated by citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. D. It is an allosteric enzyme. E. It is inhibited by AMP.

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.

Renal columns are A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. B) expanded ends of the ureters. C) the basic functional units of the kidney. D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the A) renal corpuscle. B) filtration membrane. C) nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) juxtaglomerular complex. E) afferent arteriole.

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is A. oxidation of glucose to and water. B. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. C. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. D. the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. E. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen.

The filtration of plasma takes place in the A) nephron loop (loop of Henle). B) distal convoluted tubule. C) papillary duct. D) renal corpuscle. E) ureter.

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A.Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. B. Glycolysis consists of many enzymatic reactions, each of which extracts some energy from the glucose molecule. C. There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis. D. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. E. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis.

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of A) arteries. B) veins. C) venules. D) capillaries. E) arterioles.

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the A. affinity of oxygen for electrons. B. transfer of phosphate to ADP. C. oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. D. H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase. E. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain.

The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) renal cortex. B) renal medulla. C) major calyx. D) fibrous capsule. E) renal pelvis.

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to A. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. B. catalyze the reactions of glycolysis. C. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate. D. act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. E. combine with carbon, forming .

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) calyx. B) pelvis. C) ureter. D) hilum. E) pyramid.

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of A. a reaction with a positive ΔG . B. osmosis. C. allosteric regulation. D. an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic process. E. active transport.

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional E) simple columnar

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available? A. glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only C. glycolysis and fermentation only D. glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen E. oxidative phosphorylation only

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? A. citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D. oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) E. fermentation

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen () is present or absent? A. oxidative phosphorylation B. electron transport C. the citric acid cycle D. glycolysis E. chemiosmosis

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth? A. Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. B. Ancient prokaryotic cells, the most primitive of cells, made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. C. Glycolysis neither uses nor needs . D. Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. E. The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle.

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? A. It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells. B. It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. C. It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. D. It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. E. It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells' prokaryotic cells.

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy? A. glucose, proteins, and fatty acids B. fatty acids C. proteins D. glucose E. Such yeast cells will not be capable of catabolizing any food molecules, and will therefore die.

Where in the nephron does secretion mostly occur? Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Collecting Duct

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Which area of the nephron is sensitive to the hormone ADH? (can be more than one answer) Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Collecting Duct

Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Duct

In which part of the kidney is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time, and (2) regulated by hormones?

Distal convoluted tubule

10. The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are a. potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. b. sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. c. sodium, potassium, and calcium. d. potassium, hydrogen, and chloride. e. proteins, potassium, and phosphate.

19. In response to respiratory alkalosis, the a. respiratory rate increases. b. tidal volume increases. c. kidneys conserve bicarbonate. d. kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. e. kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

29. All of the following are components of ECF, except a. cerebrospinal fluid. b. peritoneal fluid. c. lymph. d. aqueous humor. e. RBCs.

32. Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? a. ADH b. aldosterone c. PTH d. acetylcholine e. natriuretic peptides

33. A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. a. water b. sodium c. bicarbonate ion d. hydrogen ion e. all of the above

37. The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to a. conserve sodium ions. b. decrease ECF. c. excrete sodium ions. d. both A and B e. both B and C

38. Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by a. stimulating thirst. b. causing the release of ADH. c. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. d. both A and B e. A, B, and C

40. A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) a. electrolyte. b. acid. c. alkali. d. compensation. e. buffer.

41. Secretion of potassium into the urine is a. increased by aldosterone. b. associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. c. minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium. d. A, B, and C e. A and B only

44. When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the a. kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions. b. kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions. c. kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. d. A and B only e. A and C only

7. Antidiuretic hormone a. is secreted by the adenohypophysis. b. stimulates water intake. c. stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. d. A, B, and C e. B and C only

8. Aldosterone a. is secreted in response to elevated levels of potassium in the blood. b. promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. c. helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure. d. A, B, and C e. A and B only

9. Which of the following will stimulate thirst? a. drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx b. angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus c. an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus d. A and B only e. A, B, and C

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to A) less secretion of aldosterone. B) increased urinary loss of sodium. C) reduction of blood pressure. D) decreased sodium reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.

A young dog has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and she decides to conduct several diagnostic tests. She discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of the dog's condition? A. His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. B. His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. C. His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. D. His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. E. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration? A. 30-32 B. 4 C. 15 D. 2 E. 60-64

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99

Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg. A) FP = 10 mm Hg B) FP = 95 mm Hg C) FP = 55 mm Hg D) FP = 45 mm Hg E) FP = 15 mm Hg

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are A) proximal capillaries. B) corticoradiate capillaries. C) vasa recta capillaries. D) efferent arterioles. E) peritubular capillaries.

During aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from? A. glucose B. carbon dioxide C. pyruvate D. lactate E. molecular oxygen

During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence? A. food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP B. glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH C. glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen D. food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD+ E. food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? A. cytosol B. mitochondrial inner membrane C. mitochondrial outer membrane D. mitochondrial intermembrane space E. mitochondrial matrix

During the micturition reflex, A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. B) parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. C) the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed. D) the external sphincter is consciously relaxed. E) All of the answers are correct.

Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." The little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. After the disruption, when electron transfer and ATP synthesis still occur, what must be present? A. all of the electron transport system and the ability to add CoA to acetyl groups B. the ATP synthase system C. plasma membranes like those bacteria use for respiration D. the electron transport system E. all of the electron transport proteins as well as ATP synthase

Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." The little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. These inside-out membrane vesicles A. will reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD+ in the absence of oxygen. B. will become alkaline inside the vesicles when NADH is added. C. will make ATP from ADP and i if transferred to a pH 4 buffered solution after incubation in a pH 7 buffered solution. D. will hydrolyze ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle to the exterior. E. will become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added.

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains A) hydrogen ions. B) water. C) nutrients. D) urea. E) All of the answers are correct.

Functions of the urinary system include A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. B) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. C) helping to stabilize blood pH. D) conservation of valuable nutrients. E) All of the answers are correct.

How does the pyruvate produced by glycolysis enter the mitochondrion? A. facilitated diffusion B. through a channel C. through a pore D. diffusion E. active transport

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? A. four B. six C. ten D. eight E. two

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? A) presence of protein in urine B) presence of blood in urine C) permanent kidney injury D) damage to the glomeruli E) All of the answers are correct.

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve? A. It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. B. It allows for an increased rate of glycolysis. C. It allows for an increased rate of the citric acid cycle. D. It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria. E. It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation.

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions A. are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. B. reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. C. are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. D. are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to ender-gonic processes. E. provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of A. ATP, CO2, and lactate. B. ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen. C. ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA. D. ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. E. ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called: A) glomerulocytes B) juxtaglomerular cells C) tubular cells D) macula densa cells E) podocytes

In vertebrate animals, brown fat tissue's color is due to abundant blood vessels and capillaries. White fat tissue, on the other hand, is specialized for fat storage and contains relatively few blood vessels or capillaries. Brown fat cells have a specialized protein that dissipates the proton-motive force across the mitochondrial membranes. Which of the following might be the function of the brown fat tissue? A. to increase the production of ATP B. to increase the rate of oxidative phosphorylation from its few mitochondria C. to allow the animals to regulate their metabolic rate when it is especially hot D. to allow other membranes of the cell to perform mitochondrial functions E. to regulate temperature by converting most of the energy from NADH oxidation to heat

It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Which one of the following processes might still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane? A. the citric acid cycle B. both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation C. reduction of NAD+ D. glycolysis and fermentation E. oxidative phosphorylation

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include A) hydrogen ions. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) potassium ions. E) All of the answers are correct.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

The citric acid cycle. Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five-carbon amino acid (see the figure)? A. malate B. citrate C. isocitrate D. succinate E. α-ketoglutarate

The figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain? A. oxygen and protons B. NAD+, FAD, and electrons C. NADH, FADH2, and protons D. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water E. NADH, FADH2, and

The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of A) blood volume. B) blood pH. C) blood pressure. D) blood ion levels. E) All of the answers are correct.

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis. B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) an increase in facultative water reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by A) the overlying peritoneum. B) contact with adjacent visceral organs. C) supporting connective tissues. D) the renal fascia. E) All of the answers are correct.

The process of filtration occurs at the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) collecting duct. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl. A) 75 B) 90 C) 100 D) 140 E) 180

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. A) The first statement is true but the second statement is false. B) The first statement is false but the second statement is true. C) Both statements are true. D) Both statements are false. E) Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by A) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. B) releasing erythropoietin. C) releasing renin. D) regulating NaCl levels in the blood. E) All of the answers are correct.

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except A) active transport. B) facilitated diffusion. C) cotransport. D) countertransport. E) stem cell movements.

Urine is eliminated through the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra.

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source? A. all of it B. 1/6 C. 1/2 D. 1/3 E. 2/3

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration? A. oxidation of glucose B. control of ATP accumulation C. oxidation of pyruvate D. feedback regulation E. breakdown of fatty acids

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? A. NAD+ is oxidized. B. The electrons gain free energy. C. The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. D. ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. E. The pH of the matrix increases.

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the A. reduction of NAD+. B. lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix. C. restoration of the NA+ /K+ balance across the membrane. D. formation of ATP. E. creation of a proton-motive force.

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells? A. mitochondrial intermembrane space B. mitochondrial inner membrane C. mitochondrial outer membrane D. mitochondrial matrix E. cytosol

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion? A. outer membrane B. electron transport chain C. mitochondrial matrix D. cytosol E. inner membrane

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid

Which of the following most accurately describes what is happening along the electron transport chain in the figure? A. Chemiosmosis is coupled with electron transfer. B. Energy of the electrons increases at each step. C. Molecules in the chain give up some of their potential energy. D. ATP is generated at each step. E. Each electron carrier alternates between being reduced and being oxidized.

Which of the following statements describes NAD+? A. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. B. NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases. C. NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. D. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function. E. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as ) from a molecule of pyruvate? A. citrate B. oxaloacetate C. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate D. lactate E. acetyl CoA

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy? A. The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygen have more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water and carbon dioxide. B. The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. C. The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds. D. The covalent bond in O2 is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules. E. Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C ) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O).

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

ECF

You have discovered an enzyme that can catalyze two different chemical reactions. Which of the following is most likely to be correct?

Either the enzyme has two distinct active sites or the reactants involved in the two reactions are very similar in size and shape.

Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?

Electronegativity

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?

Energy is released and the more electronegative atom is reduced.

Which of the following is true of enzymes?

Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers.

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

FADH2

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

FADH2

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to both solutes and water.

False

Cells must regulate their metabolic pathways so that they do not waste resources. What is the most common mechanism that regulates cellular respiration in most cells?

Feedback inhibition of glycolysis

Fermentation by itself produces no ATP but keeps glycolysis going, which produces a small amount of ATP. How does fermentation do this?

Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+, which facilitates the production of ATP in glycolysis.

In which process is glucose oxidized to form two molecules of pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Most of the ATP in cellular respiration is produced by the process of chemiosmosis. How does this process produce ATP?

H+ flows across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase.

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing all of the following

H+, water, HCO3-, sodium

Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energy Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?

Hydrogen, polar.

In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?

Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic

Alice has been running a marathon and has only been drinking pure water. Which electrolyte imbalance is she likely to experience?

Hyponatremia

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?

What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?

Ionic

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17 X that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve?

It increases the surface for oxidative phosphoryation.

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

It is reduced to form water.

When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived, muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells?

It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate

Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is FALSE? It contracts the wall of the urinary bladder. It is innervated by parasympathetic nerves. It is composed of smooth muscle. It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.

It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body?

It was released as CO2 and H2O

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true? It will contain excess chloride ion. Its pH is below normal. It will contain large amounts of urobilin. It will have the odor of ammonia. It will have a low pH.

It will contain large amounts of urobilin

Which statement correctly describes the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactate, and alcohol fermentation produces ethanol.

In what structure does countercurrent multiplication occur? Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Collecting Duct

Loop of Henle

Where in the nephron does osmosis of water in the countercurrent multiplier process occur? Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Collecting Duct

Loop of Henle

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis

Which of the following statements describes NAD+?

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of __________.

NADH

What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ -> Lactate + NAD+

NADH

During the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, __________.

NADH and ATP are produced

In what molecule(s) is the majority of the chemical energy from pyruvate transferred during the citric acid cycle?

NADH and FADH2

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

NADH and pyruvate

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

Net filtration would decrease

Which of the following is a not a true statement regarding the countercurrent multiplication system? The thick limb of the nephron loop is permeable to solutes. The maximum solute concentration is about 1200 mOsm/L. The thin limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water. Tubule fluid arrives at the DCT at about 100 mOsm/L. Osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop.

Osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop.

Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and the sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-coA; oxidative phosphorylation

All of the processes involved in cellular respiration produce ATP. Which of the following processes produces the most ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?

Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

PTH

In which structure of the nephron does reabsorption of organic substrates occur? Glomerulus Proximal Convoluted Tubule Nephron loop (loop of Henle) Collecting Duct

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Collecting Duct

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Where does most solute reabsorption occur in the nephron?

Proximal convoluted tubule

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs?

Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH.

When 10,000 molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi in a test tube, about half as much heat is liberated as when a cell hydrolyzes the same amount of ATP. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation.

Reactant and product concentrations in the test tube are different from those in the cell

Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes?

Reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle AND producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.

In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect if malonic acid. Select the correct identification of the molecules described in the reaction.

Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product in the reaction.

Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR? Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR. Sympathetic fibers trigger the release of hormones from the heart. Sympathetic fibers trigger release of an enzyme to decrease the GFR. Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR.

Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.

Which of the following is true when comparing an uncatalyzed reaction to the same reaction with a catalyst?

The catalyzed reaction will have the same ∆G.

Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following processes?

The citric acid cycle

Which part of the catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration requires molecular oxygen (O2) and produces CO2?

The combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport

Which of the following metabolic pathways produce(s) the most ATP, per glucose molecule metabolized, during cellular respiration?

The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Elevated blood potassium triggers aldosterone release from the suprarenal cortex; aldosterone then increases urinary loss of water and sodium. Are these two statements true or false?

The first statement is true; the second is false.

The ATP synthase in a human cell obtains energy for synthesizing ATP directly from which of the following processes?

The flow of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme go to explanation

Biological systems use free energy based on empirical data that all organisms require a constant energy input. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. For living organisms, which of the following statements is an important consequence of this first law?

The organism must ultimately obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment.

The energy from the electrons in NADH and FADH2 fuel what process in the electron transport chain?

The pumping of H+ across the cristae of the mitochondrion

Protein kinases are enzymes that transfer the terminal phosphate from ATP to an amino acid residue on the target protein. Many are located on the plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins or peripheral membrane proteins. What purpose may be served by their plasma membrane localization?

They can more readily encounter and phosphorylate other membrane proteins.

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods?

They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?

They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes?

Transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

True

Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water.

True

What is the total production of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 in the citric acid cycle from one molecule of glucose?

Two ATP, six NADH, and two FADH2

The final composition of urine is represented by which of the following statements? Urine = substances secreted - substances reabsorbed - substances filtered. Urine = substances filtered - substances reabsorbed + substances secreted. Urine = substances reabsorbed - substances secreted - substances filtered. Urine = substances reabsorbed + substances secreted. Urine = substances filtered + substances reabsorbed + substances secreted.

Urine = substances filtered - substances reabsorbed + substances secreted.

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ^G=^H-T^S What is correct about this

^G is the change in free energy

Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP

a RNA nucleotide

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called

a buffer

Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. An example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell would be

a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are not being produced or used in any active metabolic pathway at that time in the cell

Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as _____.

a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity

Damage to the glomerular filtration membrane allowing proteins into the capsular space would result in all of the following except _________ an increase in GFR and fluid loss. a decrease in capsular hydrostatic pressure. an increase in capsular colloid osmotic pressure. an increase in net filtration pressure. a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure.

a decrease in capsular hydrostatic pressure.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.

a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute concentration

a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute concentration

A glomerulus is the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. the source of erythropoietin. attached to the collecting duct. the expanded end of a nephron.

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

Which of the following is an example of cooperativity?

a molecule binding at one unit of a tetramer, allowing faster binding at each of the other three

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy

a molecule of glucose

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by

a proton gradient across a membrane

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

a vasa recta

True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion. a) True b) False

a) True

The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________. a) blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure b) blood hydrostatic pressure c) blood hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure d) capsular hydrostatic pressure

a) blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. a) cortex b) medulla c) pelvis d) vasa recta e) calyces

a) cortex

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except a) increase the glomerular filtration rate. b) reduce blood flow to kidneys. c) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. d) trigger renin release. e) produce renal ischemia.

a) increase the glomerular filtration rate

Which of these is not a property of the renal counter-current multiplier? a) It is opposed by the vasa recta. b) It depends on active ion transport to function. c) It creates a hyperosmotic interstitial fluid in the kidney medulla. d) It exploits the structure of the nephron loop.

a) it is opposed by the vasa recta

The macula densa forms part of the __________. a) juxtaglomerular complex b) glomerular capsule c) filtration membrane d) nephron loop

a) juxtaglomerular complex

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are a) peritubular capillaries. b) corticoradiate capillaries. c) efferent arterioles. d) proximal capillaries. e) vasa recta capillaries.

a) peritubular capillaries

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except a) proteins. b) creatinine. c) hydrogen ions. d) urea. e) amino acids.

a) proteins

In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR? a) release of ANP and BNP b) constriction of afferent arterioles due to myogenic mechanism c) dilation of efferent arterioles d) increased autonomic stimulation of afferent arterioles

a) release of ANP and BNP

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the a) renal corpuscle. b) renal papilla. c) renal pyramid. d) nephron loop (loop of Henle). e) collecting tubule system.

a) renal corpuscle

Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex? a) renin-angiotensin system b) autonomic regulation c) myogenic mechanism d) natriuretic peptides

a) renin-angiotensin system

Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a) the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute b) the blood pressure within the glomerulus c) the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute d) the volume of urine that leaves the kidneys per minute

a) the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. adjusting the urine pH. secretion of drugs. secretion of acids and ammonia. filtration.

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvate?

acetyl CoA

In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. These three steps result in the formation of

acetyl CoA, NADH, H+, and CO2.

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water

Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's _____.

activation energy

A drowning victim will likely experience a period of ________ until resuscitation begins. acute respiratory alkalosis acute respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis chronic respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis

acute respiratory acidosis

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.

afferent arterioles

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________. afferent arterioles cortical radiate arteries renal arteries efferent arterioles

afferent arterioles

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? glomerulus systemic arterioles efferent arterioles afferent arterioles

afferent arterioles

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?

aldosterone

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium? ADH calcitonin PTH aldosterone

aldosterone

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in

all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of

an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction

Allosteric enzyme regulation is usually associated with _____.

an enzyme with more than one subunit

The renal sinus is

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

anabolic reactions

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

angiotensin II and aldosterone

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics

as a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.

What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? autoregulation autonomic regulation natriuretic peptides renin-angiotensin system

autoregulation

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is a) secretion of acids and ammonia. b) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. c) secretion of drugs. d) filtration. e) adjusting the urine volume.

b) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium? a) epinephrine b) aldosterone c) cortisone d) ADH

b) aldosterone

What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a) renin-angiotensin system b) autoregulation c) autonomic regulation d) natriuretic peptides

b) autoregulation

The urinary filtrate first enters __________. a) proximal convoluted tubule b) the glomerular (Bowman) capsule c) collecting tubule d) renal papilla

b) glomerular (Bowman) capsule

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is a) capsular hydrostatic pressure. b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure. c) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood. d) blood colloid osmotic pressure. e) osmotic pressure of the urine.

b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate? a) vasoconstriction b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) c) autonomic regulation d) glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________. a) uric acid b) glucose c) urea d) creatinine

b) glucose

Which of the following is NOT part of a renal lobe? a) adjacent tissues of the renal columns b) major and minor calyces c) renal pyramid d) renal cortex above the renal pyramid

b) major and minor calyces

Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption? a) distal convoluted tubule b) proximal convoluted tubule c) renal corpuscle d) nephron loop

b) proximal convoluted tubule

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except a) facilitated diffusion. b) stem cell movements. c) cotransport. d) active transport. e) countertransport.

b) stem cell movements

Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR? a) Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR. b) Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR. c) Sympathetic fibers trigger release of an enzyme to decrease the GFR. d) Sympathetic fibers trigger the release of hormones from the heart.

b) sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce a) a larger volume of urine. b) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. c) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. d) urine with less glucose. e) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.

b) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and ________.

bicarbonate

Which of these is not a component of the extracellular fluid compartment?

blood cells

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? ions, such as sodium and potassium blood cells and large particles water and small solutes nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea

blood cells and large particles

The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of

blood pH. blood volume. blood pressure. blood ion levels. All of the answers are correct

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?

breakdown of fatty acids

Renal columns are

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

by a decrease in the blood pressure

Tubular reabsorption ________.

by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient

How might a change of one amino acid at a site, distant from the active site of an enzyme, alter an enzyme's substrate specificity?

by changing the shape of an enzyme

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________. a) renal arteries b) efferent arterioles c) afferent arterioles d) cortical radial arteries

c) afferent arterioles

The process of filtration is driven by a) renal pumping. b) solvent drag. c) blood hydrostatic pressure. d) blood osmotic pressure. e) active transport.

c) blood hydrostatic pressure

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the a) afferent arteriole. b) vasa recta. c) efferent arteriole. d) interlobular arteriole. e) renal vein.

c) efferent arteriole

In addition to the urinary system, bodily wastes are removed by all of these systems except the __________. a) respiratory system b) integumentary system c) endocrine system d) digestive system

c) endocrine system

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers a) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus. b) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. c) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. d) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. e) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.

c) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus and podocyte filtration slits

Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls? a) efferent arteriole b) glomerular capsule c) juxtaglomerular complex d) afferent arteriole

c) juxtaglomerular

Which of the following is directly connected to the ureters? a) renal papilla b) major calyx c) renal pelvis d) minor calyx

c) renal pelvis

Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made? a) simple columnar epithelium b) simple cuboidal epithelium c) simple squamous epithelium d) transitional epithelium

c) simple squamous epithelium

Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal otoliths. plaque. lithotrophs. caries. calculi.

calculi

Maintenance of normal fluids homeostasis requires all of these except __________.

caloric balance

The _____________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the ______________.

calyces; renal pelvis

A system at chemical equilibrium

can do no work

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

capillaries

During intense exercise, as skeletal muscle cells switch to fermentation, the human body will increase its catabolism of

carbohydrates only

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of

carbon dioxide

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?

catabolic pathways

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

catabolism (catabolic pathways)

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

causing the release of ADH. stimulating thirst. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium. All of the answers are correct.

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

changes in solute content of the filtrate

A noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction by _____.

changing the shape of the enzyme's active site

Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?

chemiosmotic phosphorylation

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?

citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

collecting ducts

Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

competitive inhibition

Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy

condensation reactions

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? consequence of strenuous exercise consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) consequence of prolonged vomiting

consequence of prolonged vomiting

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? consequence of strenuous exercise consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema) consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) consequence of prolonged vomiting

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Anabolic pathways

consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.

cortex

The reabsorption of glucose from the filtrate is done by __________.

cotransport

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na and K ions.

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

creatinine

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the

creation of a proton gradient.

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

cytosol

Where does glycolysis takes place?

cytosol

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________. a) an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration b) an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration c) a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration d) a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute conc

d) a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute conc

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? a) glomerulus b) systemic arterioles c) efferent arterioles d) afferent arterioles

d) afferent arterioles

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to a) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. b) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. c) decrease secretion of aldosterone. d) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. e) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

d) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule? a) nephron loop b) collecting duct c) distal convoluted tubule d) proximal convoluted tubule

d) proximal convoluted tubule

Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma? a) nephron loop b) distal convoluted tubule c) proximal convoluted tubule d) renal corpuscle

d) renal corpuscle

In which region of the kidney are the renal pyramids located? a) renal cortex b) renal sinus c) renal pelvis d) renal medulla

d) renal medulla

What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR? a) angiotensin I b) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) c) angiotensin II d) renin

d) renin

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of a) the collecting duct. b) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). c) the proximal convoluted tubule. d) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. e) the distal convoluted tubule.

d) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule.

Agents that increase urine excretion are known as ADH agonists. muscarinic antagonists. diuretics. calcium channel blockers. alpha-1 antagonists.

diuretics

For the enzyme- catalyzed reaction shown in the figure, if the initial reactant concentration is 1.0 micromolar, which of these treatments will cause the greatest increase in the rate of the reaction?

doubling the enzyme concentration

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains a) nutrients. b) hydrogen ions. c) water. d) urea. e) All of the answers are correct.