Test 4

Which of the following classes of compounds has a sedative effect and used to treat anxiety? Amphetamines Opiates Cannabinoids Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines

Which disorder is associated with vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency? Rickets Beriberi Pellagra Pernicious anemia

Beriberi

Which of the following is described as a nervous system ailment because of a deficiency of thiamine? Pellagra Multiple sclerosis Beriberi Parkinson disease

Beriberi

An antibiotic that kills many gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria is termed Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum Nosocomial Bacteriostatic

Broad spectrum

Board Review Question: Scurvy is associated with deficiency of which of the following vitamins? thiamine C niacin A

C

Scurvy is associated with deficiency of which of the following vitamins? Vitamin A Vitamin C Thiamine Niacin

C

Which vitamin is a potent antioxidant? A B C D

C

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs reduce the production of arachnidonic acid and series 4 leukotrienes by inhibiting COX-1. COX-2 and 5-LOX. glucagon. insulin.

COX-2 and 5-LOX.

Which information is not critical to capture when performing therapeutic drug monitoring? Blood collection tube used Time of drug administration Patient demographics Drug's half-life

Drug's half-life

Which of the following compounds is an anticonvulsant used to control tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures? Digoxin Acetaminophen Lithium Phenytoin

Phenytoin

Why is clean glassware essential for measuring inorganic phosphorus? Phosphates are found in detergents. Phosphates leach from borosilicate glass. Detergents interfere with the enzyme reaction. Detergents are highly pigmented.

Phosphates are found in detergents.

Retinol is formed from which of the following vitamins? Vitamin C Vitamin K Preformed vitamin A Provitamin D

Preformed vitamin A

Select the FALSE statement The periosteum has a function in bone repair Your bone mass is set once you have reached adulthood Your bone mass varies with age and with use The red marrow inside the bones is the site of hematopoeisis

Your bone mass is set once you have reached adulthood

Antimony is used to treat patients with which disease? Diabetes Pneumonia Schistosomiasis Lupus erythematosus

Schistosomiasis

Which of the following is not a cause of hypophosphatemia? Primary hyperparathyroidism Starvation Vitamin D intoxication Vomiting and diarrhea

Vitamin D intoxication

Rickets in children or osteoporosis in adults can be minimized though dietary supplementation with which of the following? Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus Vitamin K Vitamin A High doses of ascorbic acid

Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus

Which of the following vitamins has the highest antioxidant properties? Vitamin K Vitamin E Vitamin D Vitamin B12

Vitamin E

A direct assay for measurement of plasma phylloquinone is useful to assess: Vitamin D status. Vitamin B12 status. Folate deficiency. Vitamin K status.

Vitamin K status.

_______________ is not associated with a decreased immunoglobulin concentration. DiGeorge syndrome Waldenström's macroglobulinemia Bruton agammaglobulinemia Ataxia telangiectasia

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

In addition to genetic mutation analysis, the laboratory investigation of lipid storage diseases involves measurement of metabolite levels in White Cells Cultured Fibroblasts Red Cells White Cells and Cultured Fibroblasts

White Cells and Cultured Fibroblasts

Lead exposure causes an increase blood concentration in which of the following analytes? Zinc-protoporphyrin Iron-protoporphyrin Lead-protoporphyrin Copper-protoporphyrin

Zinc-protoporphyrin

Board Review Question: 90% of the copper present in plasma is bound to transferrin ceruloplasmin albumin immunoglobulin

ceruloplasmin

Eicosanoids are built from essential amino acids essential fatty acids glucose nucleic acids

essential fatty acids

To achieve "steady state", a drug should be administered _________ daily for 2 weeks every 6 hours for 4 days continously every time it reaches half-life

every time it reaches half-life

Board Review Question: Which of the following elevates carboxyhemglobin? nitrite poisoning exposure to carbon monoxide sulfa drug toxicity sickle cell anemia

exposure to carbon monoxide

An individual with metabolic syndrome is not at increased risk for high blood pressure. adult onset diabetes. multiple sclerosis. hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

multiple sclerosis.

Board Review Question: In performing a spinal fluid for protein determination, the specimen is diluted 1 part spinal fluid to 3 parts saline to obtain a result low enough to measure. To calculate the protein concentration, the results must be: multiplied by 3 multiplied by 4 divided by 3 divided by 4

multiplied by 4

Which of the following can affect the concentration of ionized calcium in blood? Barometric pressure pH and temperature Magnesium concentration Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

pH and temperature

Board Review Question: Fasting serum phosphate concentration is controlled primarily by the pancreas parathyroid gland skeleton small intestine

parathyroid gland

Board Review Question: The regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism is accomplished by which of the following glands? adrenal gland thyroid pituitary parathyroid gland

parathyroid gland

Board Review Question: Calcium concentration in the serum is regulated by thyroxine insulin parathyroid hormone vitamin C

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone causes a rise in ionized calcium? calcitonin parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone cortisol

parathyroid hormone

Board Review Question: The IgM molecule is a dimer pentamer trimer tetramer

pentamer

The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is called: pharmacology phamacodynamics pharmacokinetics personalized medicine

phamacodynamics

The assessment of the rate of absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion is called: pharmacology phamacodynamics pharmacokinetics personalized medicine

pharmacokinetics

Board Review Question: The anticonvulsant used to treat tonic-clonic (grand-mal) seizures is digoxin acetaminophen lithium phenytoin

phenytoin

Some individuals who survived crush injuries suffered during World War II died a few days later of renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis. rhabdomyolysis due to renal failure. liver lacerations. congestive heart failure.

renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis.

High levels of homocysteine outside of the context of a genetic disease are associated with __________________ in adults. risk of cardiovascular disease risk of breast cancer risk of autoimmune disease risk of renal failure

risk of cardiovascular disease

Board Review Question: T cells are incapable of secretion of lymphokines secretion of immunoglobulins collaborating with B cells in some antibody responses producing positive skin tests

secretion of immunoglobulins

Which hypersensitivity reaction is an anaphylactic reaction a to bee sting? type 1 type 2 type 3 type 4

type 1

Which hypersensitivity reaction is a transfusion reaction? type 1 type 2 type 3 type 4

type 2

Which hypersensitivity reaction happens in rheumatoid arthritis? type 1 type 2 type 3 type 4

type 3

Which hypersensitivity reaction is poison ivy dermatitis? type 1 type 2 type 3 type 4

type 4

Board Review Question: Antibody class and antibody subclass are determined by major physiochemical differences and antigenic variation found primarily in the constant region of heavy and light chains constant region of heavy chain variable region of heavy and light chains constant region of light chain

variable region of heavy and light chains

A person has a serum alcohol level of 0.20% at 3 hours after drinking. After 1 hour, what is the range of expected results? No change (0.20%) Absent after 1 h 0.1982% to 0.1985% 150 to 165 mg/dL

0.1982% to 0.1985%

The ratio of glucose in the CSF relative to serum is 1:1. 0.66:1. 2:1. 1:2.

0.66:1.

Which of the following compounds promote osteoclast formation? Bisphosphonate 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 Calcitonin Osteoprotegerin {OPG}

1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3

The therapeutic index is defined as the LD 50/ED 50. Calculate the index for a drug that has an LD 50 of 30 mg and an ED 50 of 2 mg. 30 1 15 0.0666

15

What is the total volume of CSF in an adult and what is the rate of turnover? 150 mL for both 150 mL present and 500 mL turnover per day 150 mL present and 500 mL turnover per week 500 mL present and 150 mL turnover per day

150 mL present and 500 mL turnover per day

After 4 tubes of cerebrospinal fluid have been collected and numbered consecutively from 1 to 4, which tubes should be sent to which laboratory? 1: microbiology, 2: cytology, 3: chemistry, 4: hematology 1: microbiology, 2: chemistry, 3: hematology, 4: cytology 1: cytology, 2: chemistry, 3: microbiology, 4: hematology The order is not important.

1: microbiology, 2: cytology, 3: chemistry, 4: hematology

Board Review Question: Which percentage of total serum calcium is nondiffusible protein bound? 80 -90% 51 - 60% 40 - 50% 10 - 30%

40 - 50%

Board Review Question: A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/dL would have a simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid glucose value of: 100 150 25 50

50

Free ionized calcium normally represents approximately what percentage of the total serum calcium? 5% 40% 50% 80%

50%

What is the correct distribution of the various calcium forms in blood? Equal parts of ionized, protein-bound, and bound to anions Majority protein-bound, with 10% free and 10% bound to anions 50% ionized, 40% protein-bound, 10% bound to anions Majority free, with 10% bound to proteins and 10% bound to anions

50% ionized, 40% protein-bound, 10% bound to anions

Board Review Question: Night blindness is associated with deficiency of which of the following vitamins? thiamine C niacin A

A

A person with argyria will exhibit which of the following? Mottling or blotching of the skin A permanent bluish-grey discoloration of the skin A copper or copper tone discoloration of the skin A yellow appearance in the skin especially in the sclera of the eyes

A permanent bluish-grey discoloration of the skin

Which of the following statements best defines a metalloenzyme? A trace element that is associated with an enzyme to serve as an inhibitor of an enzyme reaction. A trace element that is associated with an enzyme to serve as a nonessential component or cofactor. A trace element that is associated with an enzyme to serve as a catalyst for the enzyme reaction. A trace element that is associated with an enzyme to serve as an essential component or cofactor.

A trace element that is associated with an enzyme to serve as an essential component or cofactor.

What is the best method for determining carbon monoxide exposure in a patient? Blood gas analysis Pulse oximetry Absorption spectroscopy (co-oximetry) Carbon monoxide smoke detector

Absorption spectroscopy (co-oximetry)

Select the four correct pharmacological parameters that determine serum drug concentration. Absorption, anabolism, bioactivation, excretion Equilibration, biotransformation, reabsorption, elimination Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Ingestion, conjugation, metabolism, elimination

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Ethanol metabolizes to which of the following acids? Formic Acetic Glycolic Hydrochloric

Acetic

Board Review Question: Which of the following is an organ specific autoimmune disease? progressive systemic sclerosis myasthenia gravis rheumatoid arthritis Addison's disease

Addison's disease

Which statement about the brain is TRUE? Brain damage is always premanent Adults can grow new neurons in their brain The cerebral circulation runs throughout the entirety of the brain In the brain, grey matter is made of myelinated neurons.

Adults can grow new neurons in their brain

Heat inactivation and chemical inhibition are two methods used to measure which of the following analytes? Acid phosphatase isoenzymes Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes Creatine kinase isoenzymes Osteocalcin

Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes

Urine adulteration test strips are designed to detect which of the following Bleach Nitrites Creatinine All of the above

All of the above

Urine adulteration test strips are designed to detect which of the following? Bleach Nitrites Creatinine All of the above

All of the above

Which of these are drugs of abuse? methamphetamines cocaine barbiturates all of these

All of these

Elevated blood levels of lead will result in a deficiency of which of the following enzymes? Alanine aminotransferase Aldolase Amino levulinic acid dehydratase Alkaline phosphatase

Amino levulinic acid dehydratase

___________ is not used as an antiepileptic. Phenytoin Lamotrigine Amitriptyline Clonazepam

Amitriptyline

Which types of plaques are observed in Alzheimer disease? Cholesterol Amyloid Tau protein Amyloid and tau protein

Amyloid and tau protein

Vitamin E toxicity has been associated with which of the following? Atherosclerosis Clotting deficiencies An affliction of premature infants who have been exposed to high oxygen therapy and later developed retinopathy of prematurity (formerly retrolental fibroplasias) Hepatoma

An affliction of premature infants who have been exposed to high oxygen therapy and later developed retinopathy of prematurity (formerly retrolental fibroplasias)

Which of the following has a large amount of aluminium present? Baking soda Saline Antacids Radiator fluid

Antacids

Which of the following substances when ingested can lead to an excessive amount of aluminum in blood and tissue? Antacids and astringents Wine Aspirin Citrus fruit

Antacids and astringents

Which test is the most specific for rheumatoid arthritis? C-reactive protein Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Rheumatoid factor Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody

Carbamazepine, primidone, and valproic acid are all examples of: Anitarrhythmic drugs. Antidepressant drug. Antibiotics. Antiepileptic drugs.

Antiepileptic drugs.

Which drug can be used to combat the effect of a type I hypersensitivity reaction? Antihistamine Antianalgesic Antibiotic Antiarrhythmic

Antihistamine

Which of the following instruments can measure calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood samples? Fluorometer Osmometer Atomic absorption spectrometer Refractometer

Atomic absorption spectrometer

Trace elements in biological fluids can be measured using which of the following instrumentation techniques? Reflectometry Enzyme immunoassay Atomic absorption spectrometry Osmometry

Atomic absorption spectrometry

Which nervous system contains nerves that control involuntary responses? Sympathetic Parasympathetic Autonomic Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Autonomic

Board Review Question: Antibodies are produced by mast cells B cells marrow stem cells killer cells

B cells

Which cells make antibodies? B-cells or B-lymphocytes T-cells or T-lymphocytes macrophages natural killer cells (NK cells)

B-cells or B-lymphocytes

Board Review Question: Humoral antibodies are produced by which cells? neutrophils T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes macrophages

B-lymphocytes

Match these drugs with their proprietary name: Carbamazepine FK 506 Valproic Acid Phenytoin

B. Tegretol A.Tacrolimus C.Depakote D.Dilantin

_____________ can sometimes occur among college students living in dormitories. Encephalitis Subdural hematoma Bacterial meningitis Parkinson disease

Bacterial meningitis

Valium and librium are examples of which of the following classes of drugs? Opiates Benzodiazepines Barbiturates Amphetamines

Benzodiazepines

What is the best test to assess a patient who has been exposed to beryllium? Belgium leukocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) Beryllium leukocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) Beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) Belgium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT)

Beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT)

Pyridinoline, carboxy, amino-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase are all examples of which of the following? Biomarkers of osteoblast conversion to osteroclast Biomarkers of formation Biomarkers of resorption Cancer antigens associated with bone tumors

Biomarkers of resorption

Patients with Graves disease have anti-thyrotropoin-receptor antibodies and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. What is the mechanism for hyperthyroidism? T cells producing thyroid hormone B cells producing thyroid hormone Blocking thyroxine receptors thereby blocking negative thyroid feedback mechanisms Thyroid hypersensitivity

Blocking thyroxine receptors thereby blocking negative thyroid feedback mechanisms

Which of the following compounds functions as a chelating agent used as a treatment modality for ingestion of trace element? Sodium EDTA Sodium heparin Copper sulfate British anti-Lewisite (BAL)

British anti-Lewisite (BAL)

Which statement about CSF is FALSE? CSF is found around the brain and spinal cord CSF cushions the brain and protects it CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses CSF is found between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. 1 points

CSF is found between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

Which of the following is a xanthene that potentially could interfere with the determination of theophylline? Uric acid Caffeine Nicotine N-acetylprocainamide

Caffeine

Which of the following muscles are involuntary (i.e., the consciousness does not control contraction)? Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Board Review Question: 90% of the copper present in plasma is bound to Transferrin Ceruloplasmin Albumin Immunoglobulin

Ceruloplasmin

Which of the following proteins incorporates copper into its structure? Ceruloplasmin Transferrin Haptoglobin Albumin

Ceruloplasmin

Which of the following proteins is a copper transport protein that migrates in the alpha 2-globulin region? Haptoglobin Hemoglobin Ceruloplasmin Transferrin

Ceruloplasmin

British anti-Lewisite (BAL) and succimer are two examples of compounds that are used to treat patients that ingest a large amount of certain trace metals. These compounds: Reduce trace metals. Sulphonate trace metals Chelate trace metals. Form glucuronides with trace metals

Chelate trace metals.

__________ improves glucose metabolism. Arsenic Zinc Chromium Copper

Chromium

Intracellular Chromium binds to which of the following proteins? Chromodulin Chromoglobulin Microalbumin Glucuronide

Chromodulin

Which of the following metals is an example of a trace element? Potassium Cobalt Calcium Magnesium

Cobalt

Identification of the urinary metabolite benzoylecgonine would be useful in determining the presence of which of the following compounds? Codeine Cocaine Amphetamine Acetaminophen

Cocaine

Which of the following is not a variable of aging affecting a drug's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics? Decreased renal clearance Decreased rate of metabolism Decreased respiratory rate and pulmonary clearance Increased volume of distribution with increased adipose tissue

Decreased respiratory rate and pulmonary clearance

Following the entrance of a drug into the vascular compartment, it will be carried to all organs and fluid compartments. This statement describes which of the following? Digestion Distribution Metabolism Reperfusion

Distribution

Ingesting of large amounts of molybdenum creates a deficiency of which of the following trace elements? Copper Zinc Lead Boron

Copper

Which is false regarding exposure of drugs and toxins to the skin? Absorption favors lipid-soluble compounds. Cuts provide a direct route to the bloodstream. Absorption is faster than through the lungs. In general, the skin is protective towards toxin

Cuts provide a direct route to the bloodstream.

Vitamin B 12 is also named: Cyanocobalamin Riboflavin Retinol Tocopherols

Cyanocobalamin

Board Review Question: Gas chromatography with the nitrogen phosphorus detector is the most commonly used technique for the analysis of Digoxin Cyclic antidepressants Ethyl alcohol Acetylsalicylic acid

Cyclic antidepressants

Which of the following compounds selectively inhibits proliferation and activation of CD4+ T cells (immunosupressant)? Digoxin Beta hCG Progesterone Cyclosporine A

Cyclosporine A

Which of the following cytochromes plays a major role in the metabolism of drugs in the liver? Cytochrome P650 Cytochrome P490 Cytochrome P250 Cytochrome P450

Cytochrome P450

Board Review Question: Rickets is associated with deficiency of which of the following vitamins? D B1 C niacin

D

Giving Gentamicin over the minimum toxic concentration can cause ______________ in newborns. Deafness Kidney failure Liver failure Brain damage

Deafness

Aceruoplasminemia is associated with which of the following? Decreased blood ceruloplasmin, increased copper deposition in the liver, and increased zinc deposition in tissues. Decreased blood ceruloplasmin, decreased copper deposition in the liver, and increased iron deposition in tissues. Increased blood ceruloplasmin, increased copper deposition in the liver, and increased iron deposition in tissues. Decreased blood ceruloplasmin, increased copper deposition in the liver, and increased iron deposition in tissues.

Decreased blood ceruloplasmin, increased copper deposition in the liver, and increased iron deposition in tissues.

A person with Menke's syndrome will have which of the following laboratory results? Decreased blood arsenic Increased blood zinc Increased blood copper Decreased blood copper

Decreased blood copper

What is the effect of cold temperatures on enzyme function? Increased reaction rate Decreased or absent reaction rate Unpredictable effect No effect

Decreased or absent reaction rate

Which of the following sets of laboratory results is associated with Wilson's disease? Decreased plasma copper and plasma ceruloplasmin Decreased plasma copper and increased plasma ceruloplasmin Increased plasma copper and decreased plasma ceruloplasmin Increased plasma copper and increased plasma ceruloplasmin

Decreased plasma copper and plasma ceruloplasmin

Which of the following laboratory results best represents a patient with Paget's disease? Decreased urinary hydroxyproline, increased serum alkaline phosphatase Increased urinary hydroxyproline, decreased serum alkaline phosphatase Normal urinary hydroxyproline, normal serum alkaline phosphatase Decreased urinary hydroxyproline, decreased serum alkaline phosphatase

Decreased urinary hydroxyproline, increased serum alkaline phosphatase

A patient with megaloblastic anemia would show which of the following? Elevated vitamin B12, elevated folic acid Elevated vitamin B12, decreased folic acid Decrease vitamin B12, elevated folic acid Decreased vitamin B12, decreased folic acid

Decreased vitamin B12, decreased folic acid

Changes in vitamin B 12 are most dramatic in tissues with the greatest rate of cell turnover because: Deficiencies result in impaired RNA synthesis in any cell where chromosomal replication and division takes place. Deficiencies result in impaired excretion of metabolic waste products from the cells' cytosol. Deficiencies result in impaired function of cytochrome P450. Deficiencies result in impaired DNA synthesis in any cell where chromosomal replication and division takes place.

Deficiencies result in impaired DNA synthesis in any cell where chromosomal replication and division takes place.

Which of the following statements best illustrates the diagnostic criteria for primary hyperparathyroidism? No serum PTH detected and no serum calcium detected Detectable amounts of serum PTH concomitant with elevated total serum calcium Elevated total serum calcium only A normal levels of serum PTH and serum calcium

Detectable amounts of serum PTH concomitant with elevated total serum calcium

Heroin is: Diacetyl morphine. Methadone. N-acetylprocainamide. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Diacetyl morphine.

Which of the following is an example of a controllable preanalytical variable associated with specimen collection for bone biomarker testing? Diet Age Gender Fractures

Diet

Board Review Question: A cardiac glycoside that is used in the treatment of congenital heart failure and arrhythmias by increasing the force of velocity of myocardial infarction is Digoxin Acetaminophen Lithium Phenytoin

Digoxin

Which of the following compounds is a cardiac glycoside that is used in the treatment of congenital heart failure and arrhythmias by increasing the force and velocity of myocardial contraction? Digoxin Carbamazepine Amikacin Phenobarbital

Digoxin

__________ is used to improve cardiac output in patients with heart failure. Lidocaine Quinidine Procainamide Digoxin

Digoxin

Measurement of vitamin B 12 concentration in serum using an immunoassay is an example of which of the following? Indirect assay Direct assay Screening assay Bioassay

Direct assay

Which of the following statements is true regarding serum levels of arsenic? Elevated levels of arsenic in serum is detected for up to two weeks after ingestion A serum level of 1 µg/L of arsenic is toxic Arsenic is not metabolized by the liver Elevated levels of arsenic in serum can be detected for only a few hours (< 4) after ingestion.

Elevated levels of arsenic in serum can be detected for only a few hours (< 4) after ingestion.

What is the objective of metabolism? Making drugs more nonpolar Increasing drug's protein binding Enhance clearance by making drugs more polar Enabling access through lipophilic membranes.

Enhance clearance by making drugs more polar

Commercially prepared radiator fluid contains a significant amount of which of the following compounds? Methanol Isopropanol Glycolic acid Ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol

Which of the following alcohols will produce a metabolic acidosis? Isopropyl Ethylene glycol Ethanol None of these are correct.

Ethylene glycol

A hypothermic patient will produce erroneous in blood gases in which direction? Falsely high PCO2 and falsely low PO2 False lows in both PCO2 and PO2 False highs in both PCO2 and PO2 Falsely low PCO2 and falsely high PO2

False highs in both PCO2 and PO2

Vitamins A, D, and K are classified as: Water-soluble Fat-soluble Insoluble Soluble in nitric acid only.

Fat-soluble

Levels of 89% carboxyhemoglobin saturation of whole blood are commonly found in which of the following? Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning Nonsmoking residents who live in the country Nonsmoking residents of large cities Cigarette smokers

Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning

The pharmacological response of drug is initiated when the drug is in which form? Bound to fatty acids Bound to proteins Bound to carbohydrates Free

Free

Which form of drugs is most available to reach target tissues? Protein-bound drug Free drug Ionized drug Bound and free drug

Free drug

The term associated with indirect methods for assessment of vitamin status is termed: Proportional assays Functional assays Reciprocal assays Bioassays

Functional assays

Which of the following techniques is a definitive means for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse? Thin layer chromatography (TLC) Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry Spectrophotometry Osmometry

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

The basement membrane of the nephron is rich in collagen. The production of autoantibodies leads to Sjögren syndrome. Goodpasture syndrome. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. delayed hypersensitivity type III.

Goodpasture syndrome.

_________ is usually characterized by an increase in uric acid. Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Gout Ankylosing spondylitis

Gout

The reason that carbon monoxide is so toxic is because it: Is a protoplasmic poison Combines with cytochrome oxidase Has 200-250 times the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin binding sites. Sensitizes the myocardium

Has 200-250 times the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin binding sites.

An example of an organ-specific disease with autoimmune antibodies is Hashimoto's thyroiditis rheumatoid arthritis Wegener's granulomatosus systemic lupus erythematosus

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Board Review Question: An example of an organ-specific disease with autoimmune antibodies is systemic lupus erythematosus Hashimoto's thyroiditis Wegener's granulomatosus rheumatoid arthritis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

What is the difference between an ischemic versus a hemorrhagic stroke? Hemorrhagic: blockage of a cerebral artery; ischemic: blood leakage into brain tissue Hemorrhagic: embolism of a cerebral artery; ischemic: blood leakage into brain tissue Hemorrhagic: blood leakage into brain tissue; ischemic: blockage of a cerebral artery Hemorrhagic: a thinning of a cerebral artery leading to ballooning; ischemic: blockage of a cerebral artery

Hemorrhagic: blood leakage into brain tissue; ischemic: blockage of a cerebral artery

Which of the following tubes can be used for measuring total calcium in plasma with interference? Heparin Citrate EDTA Oxalate

Heparin

The toxic effect of acetaminophen overdose is: Cardiac arrest. Hepatocystic necrosis. Renal necrosis. Hypotension.

Hepatocystic necrosis

Which route of administration bypasses the first phase of drug processing? Oral administration IV injection Rectal insertion Transdermal administration (on the skin)

IV injection

Board Review Question: The immunoglobulin class typically found to be present in saliva, tears and other secretions is: IgD IgM IgG IgA

IgA

Board Review Question: Which of the following immunoglobulins classes are associated with a secretory component (transport piece? IgE IgG IgD IgA

IgA

Board Review Question: Which class of immunoglobulin is thought to function as an antigenic receptor site on the surface of immature B lymphocytes? IgG IgA IgD IgM

IgD

Board Review Question: Measurement of serum levels of which of the following immunoglobulins can serve as a screening test for multiple allergies? IgM IgA IgG IgE

IgE

Board Review Question: The immunoglobulin class associated with immediate hypersensitivity or atopic reactions is IgA IgD IgM IgE

IgE

Which immunoglobulin responds within a few minutes after exposure to an antigen and constitutes a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? IgG IgA IgM IgE

IgE

Board Review Question: To which of the following classes do red cell antibodies usually belong? IgE IgG IgA IgD

IgG

Board Review Question: Rheumatoid factor is capable of forming circulating immune complexes only when IgM-type autoantibody is present an antigen found in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis IgG or IgM autoantibody identical to the rheumatoid arthritis precipitin

IgG or IgM autoantibody

Board Review Question: Patients suffering from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia demonstrates excessively increased concentrations of which of the following? IgA IgM IgG IgD

IgM

Board Review Question: Which of the following immunoglobulins is the most efficient agglutinin? IgM IgE IgA IgG

IgM

FK506 (tacrolimus) is classified as a/an: Immunosuppressant. Sedative hypnotic. Cardiac glycoside. Antiasthmatic.

Immunosuppressant

A deficiency of vitamin K (menaquinone) can result in which of the following? Scurvy Pellagra Increased clotting time Hyperglycemia

Increased clotting time

Which of the following is an effect of increased parathyroid secretion? Decreased intestinal absorption of calcium Increased intestinal absorption of calcium Decreased blood calcium levels Decreased bone resorption

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium

What is the primary route of exposure in humans to mercury? Inhalation of vapors Contact with the skin of elemental mercury (e.g., mercury containing thermometers). Ingestion of mercury containing medications Direct injection of mercury from contaminated needles

Inhalation of vapors

A person who is deficient of chromium may develop which of the following? Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance Cardiovascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Acute renal failure

Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance

Which route of administration delivers drugs the fastest to the blood? Oral Intravenous Subcutaneous Intramuscular

Intravenous

Board Review Question: Absorption of vitamin B12 requires the presence of: Folic acid Secretin Gastrin Intrinsic factor

Intrinsic factor

What is the mechanism of action for cocaine at the junction between nerves? It blocks the reuptake. It blocks update at dendritic receptors. It enhances release from vesicles. It inhibits release from vesicles.

It enhances release from vesicles.

Which is true concerning muscular dystrophy? It occurs in males because it is a Y-linked disease. It is associated with muscle fiber atrophy. Symptoms mimic acute myocardial infarction. Creatine kinase levels are normal or mildly increased.

It is associated with muscle fiber atrophy.

Which of the following statement about selenium is FALSE? It is present in several selenoproteins in humans It is a nonmetal. It is not important for proper maintenance of health in humans. Selenocysteine is a biologically active compound in humans.

It is not important for proper maintenance of health in humans.

Ionized or free calcium is clinically useful for which of the following reasons? It is the best indication of phosphate status because it is biologically active and tightly regulated by PTH and Vitamin D. It is the best indication of calcium status because it is biologically active and tightly regulated by thyroid hormones. It is the best indication of calcium status because it is biologically inactive and tightly regulated by PTH and Vitamin D. It is the best indication of calcium status because it is biologically active and tightly regulated by PTH and Vitamin D.

It is the best indication of calcium status because it is biologically active and tightly regulated by PTH and Vitamin D.

Which vitamin is involved in hemostasis? A C D K

K

Select all the fat soluble vitamins K E A B D C

K,E,A,D

Increased serum peak and trough levels of aminoglycosides (e.g., tobramicin) are often associated with toxic effects to which of the following organs? Heart Kidney Spleen Liver

Kidney

Board Review Question: Zinc protoporhyrin or free eryhtrocyte protoporphyrin measurements are useful to assess blood concentrations of mercury beryllium arsenic lead

Lead

Eicosanoids such as the prostaglandins are derived from Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Heavy metals

Lipids

Board Review Question: A carbonate salt used to control manic-depressive disorders is Digoxin Acetaminophen Phenytoin Lithium

Lithium

Which of the following compounds is prescribed to control patients with manic-depressive tendencies? Digoxin Acetaminophen Lithium Phenytoin

Lithium

__________ is also an antidepressant. Sodium Potassium Cesium Lithium

Lithium

Which of the following is true regarding calcium homeostasis? Low calcium inhibits PTH secretion. Low calcium stimulates release of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. Low calcium releases calcitonin. Low calcium can be caused by excessive antacid use.

Low calcium stimulates release of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D.

Berylliosis in humans affects which of the following organs? Brain Heart Urinary bladder Lungs

Lungs

Which of the following electrolyte measurements would be of clinical usefulness to the clinician who is treating patients for pregnancy-induced hypertension? Ionized calcium Potassium Magnesium Phosphorus

Magnesium

__________ is used to treat pregnant women for eclampsia. Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium

Magnesium

Methotrexate is a drug used for which of the following? Management of lymphoblastic leukemia in children Management of pernicious anemia Management of breast cancer Management of hypervitaminosis D

Management of lymphoblastic leukemia in children

Board Review Question: Lithium therapy is widely used in treatment of Manic depression Aggression Hypertension Hyperactivity

Manic depression

Which inborn error of metabolism is associated with a defect in branched-chain-α-ketoacid dehydrogenase? Tay-Sachs Maple syrup urine disease Phenylketonuria Alkaptonuria

Maple syrup urine disease

THC (∆ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the principal active metabolite of which of the following? Benzodiazepine Marijuana Acetaminophen Morphine

Marijuana

Which form of mercury is the most toxic? Methylmercury Inorganic mercury Mercury present in salts Mercury vapors

Methylmercury

What is a designer drug? FDA-approved medications that are generic to the ones originally approved Drugs that are altered by the pharma industry to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity Modified versions of known drugs intended for recreational abuse purposes Drugs that are designated to be tested for workplace drug testing programs

Modified versions of known drugs intended for recreational abuse purposes

Nerve impulse conduction principally relies on which two electrolytes? Na and Mg Na and K K and Mg Na and Cl

Na and Mg

Which of the following feedback mechanisms regulate the production of 1, 25(OH) 2D 3? Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus. Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcitonin. Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of magnesium. Positive feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus.

Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus.

Board Review Question: Pellagra is associated with deficiency in which of the following vitamins? Niacin Vitamin A Vitamin B1 Thiamine

Niacin

Niacin is converted to which of the following two cofactors? Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Vitamin B12 and ubiquinone Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate Thiamine pyrophosphate and biotin

Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Which one of these is an example of adaptive immunity? Not getting chicken pox again after you have had it as a child sneezing in reaction to the flu virus stomach acid dissolving Strep bacteria running a fever after getting the flu

Not getting chicken pox again after you have had it as a child

Zinc plays a vital role in the synthesis of which of the following? Glucose Low density lipoproteins Nucleic acid Carboxyhemoglobin

Nucleic acid

Insufficient amounts of vitamin A can lead to degenerative changes to the cornea, which leads to poor dark adaptation, or night blindness, also known as: Myocarditis Dyslexia Photophobia Nyctalopia

Nyctalopia.

_____________ is most often due to excessive mechanical wear and tear. Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Gout Ankylosing spondylitis

Osteoarthritis

Which of the following is the correct characterization of bone cells? Osteoclasts are responsible for bone formation. Osteocytes are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone resorption. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation.

Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation.

Biomarkers of bone formation include which of the following? Hydroxproline Carboxyl-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen Bone sialoprotein Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin

"A progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptible to fracture" describes which of the following diseases? Osteosarcoma Osteoporosis Renal osteodystrophy Paget's disease

Osteoporosis

____________ produces the highest alkaline phosphatase level in serum. Osteoporosis Paget disease Normal puberty Rickets

Paget disease

Coenzyme A (CoA) contains which of the following? Pantothenic acid Thiamin Riboflavin Vitamin D

Pantothenic acid

_____________ is most commonly associated with tremors and uncontrollable shaking. Senile dementia Parkinson disease Alzheimer disease Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Parkinson disease

A patient presents with the following symptoms: • Loss of appetite• Generalized weakness and irritability• Abdominal pain and vomiting• Bright red tongue (glossitis)• Skin rash ("Casal's necklace") Which of the following is associated with these symptoms? Scurvy Rickets Pellagra Dermatitis

Pellagra

Board Review Question: Phenobarbital is a metabolite of Phenytoin Secobarbital Amobarbital Primidone

Primidone

What is the infectious agent that causes Creutzfeld-Jakob disease? Bacteria Virus Parasite Prion

Prion

Which of the following is an example of an antiarrhythmic drug that has a metabolite with the same pharmacological action? Procainamide Phenobarbital Quinidine Caffeine

Procainamide

Three natural forms of vitamin B 6 are: Cholic acid, tauracholic acid, and glycocholic acid. Pyridoxine (pyridoxol) (PN), pyridoxamine (PM), and pyridoxal (PL). Caffeine, xanthene, and ubiquinone. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin.

Pyridoxine (pyridoxol) (PN), pyridoxamine (PM), and pyridoxal (PL).

What is the mechanism for injury when an incompatible unit of blood is transfused into a recipient? Type III hypersensitivity reaction Autoimmune reaction Red cell lysis following complement activation Mast cell release

Red cell lysis following complement activation

What might be considered thirdhand smoke? Vapors from chewing tobacco Residual nicotine on household surfaces Similar to secondhand smoke but from pipes and cigars Dermal exposures

Residual nicotine on household surfaces

Ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is associated with which of the following? Myocardial infarction Reyes syndrome Alcoholism Atherosclerosis

Reyes syndrome

Vitamin D deficiency leads to which of the following conditions? Scurvy Peritonitis Rickets Hives

Rickets

Which methods are used for drug screening and confirmation? Screen: immunoassay; confirmation: chromatography/mass spectrometry Screen: chromatography/mass spectrometry; confirmation: immunoassay Thin-layer chromatography for both Screen: GC/MS; confirmation: LC/MS/MS

Screen: immunoassay; confirmation: chromatography/mass spectrometry

Phenobarbital is classified as a: Cardiac glycoside. Anti arrhythmic. Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. Sedative and hypnotic.

Sedative and hypnotic.

A blood sample for a trough drug level should be drawn: During the distribution phase of the drug. Shortly before drug administration. 1 hour after drug administration. During phase I biotransformation.

Shortly before drug administration.

Which of the following trace elements is NOT classified as essential? Fluorine Silver Chromium Cobalt

Silver

Decreased serum levels of vitamin B 12 and folic acid are seen in patients with which of the following? Coronary artery disease Sprue Beriberi Wilson's Disease

Sprue

Monitoring intraoperative PTH is useful for: Surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgical management of thyroid disease. Surgical management of prostate cancer. Surgical management of coronary heart disease.

Surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Which of the following drugs is used as an immunosuppressant in liver transplants? Thiocyanate Tacrolimus Cyclosporine Primidone

Tacrolimus

Board Review Question: A 9-month-old boy from Israel has gradually lost the ability to sit up and develops seizures. He has an increased amount of a phospholipid called GM2-ganglioside in his neurons, and he lacks the enzyme hexoaminidase A in his leukocytes. These findings suggest pheylketonuria Hurler's syndrome Tay-Sachs disease Niemann-Pick disease

Tay-Sachs disease

Board Review Question: Which of the following statements about immunoglobulins is true? immunoglobulins are produced by T-lymphocytes The IgA class is determined by the gamma heavy chains The IgA class exists as serum and secretory molecules There are 2 molecules of IgG

The IgA class exists as serum and secretory molecules

Which is false regarding the erythrocyte sedimentation rate? The analysis can be done manually. Low levels indicate the presence of inflammation or infection. The analysis is conducted in serum or plasma. The units of measure is millimeters fallen per hour.

The analysis is conducted in serum or plasma.

If the pH of a sample decreases, what is the predicable response to the serum magnesium concentration? The concentration will increase 1 mmol/L for each whole unit of pH change The concentration will not be altered The concentration will decrease The concentration will increase

The concentration will increase

f the pH of a sample decreases, what is the predicable response to the serum magnesium concentration? The concentration will increase 1 mmol/L for each whole unit of pH change The concentration will not be altered The concentration will decrease The concentration will increase

The concentration will increase

Which of the following is considered a significant problem with using biomarkers of bone turnover in the management of patients with osteoporosis in a clinical setting? They can be repeated over short time intervals thus providing quick results. They are noninvasive. They require no special patient preparation. The measurements are affected by several preanalytical variables both controllable and uncontrollable

The measurements are affected by several preanalytical variables both controllable and uncontrollable

A blood specimen is received in the laboratory from a maternity patient in the obstetric unit with blood magnesium ordered by the attending physician. The serum magnesium levels is 5.90 mmol/L (RI = 3.0 - 5.0 mmol/L).). Which of the following explains the elevated serum magnesium? The patient has primary hyperparathyroidism The patient has had a massive heart attack The patient is on magnesium sulphate intravenous infusion because she is experiencing pre eclampsia The patient has Paget's disease

The patient is on magnesium sulphate intravenous infusion because she is experiencing pre eclampsia

The internal standard of a chromatogram involves the addition of a known concentration of a drug absent in the sample and enables correction for variable extraction recovery. If the internal standard is half the expected concentration, which of the following is true? The peak heights of each drug found in the sample will be twice as high. The peak heights of each drug found in the sample will be half as high. An external calibration curve without the internal standard is required. The run must be repeated.

The peak heights of each drug found in the sample will be half as high.

Which of the following compounds relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchial passages? Acetaminophen Lithium Phenytoin Theophylline

Theophylline

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium all have which of the following in common? They all exist in circulation as only free or ionized forms. They all exist as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins and complexes to radicals to form salts. Calcium exist as bound and free only, phosphorus exits only as bound and complexes to radical to form salts and magnesium exists as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins and complexes to radicals to form salts. Calcium blood levels are regulated by parathyroid hormones, phosphorus is regulated by testosterone, and magnesium is regulated by insulin.

They all exist as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins and complexes to radicals to form salts.

Screening methods for drug abuse testing requires which of the following assay characteristics? They must be very specific They must be analytically sensitive They must be free of interferences They must be very accurate

They must be analytically sensitive

Board Review Question: Beriberi is associated with deficiency of Niacin Vitamin C Vitamin A Thiamine

Thiamine

Lipid-soluble drugs are excreted from the body Through the lungs Into the urine Through the skin Through the bile

Through the bile

Possible risks of hepatocellular damage due to toxic blood levels of acetaminophen are evaluated based on blood levels and which of the following? Urine levels Months postingestion Time (hours) post ingestion Degree of level of consciousness (LOC)

Time (hours) post ingestion

All of the following are considered reasons for monitoring drug levels EXCEPT: To prevent toxicity of drugs with a low therapeutic index. To determine whether a patient is complying with the physician's instructions. To adjust dose if individual differences or disease alter expected response. To detect the presence of potential interferences.

To detect the presence of potential interferences.

Imiprimine is classified as: Tetracyclic aminoglycosides. Tricyclic antidepressant. An opioid. Antiepileptic.

Tricyclic antidepressant.

What is the correct relationship regarding peak and trough drug levels? Peak: immediately after a dose Peak: just before the next dose Trough: baseline levels before the first dose Trough: just before the next dose

Trough: just before the next dose

Some patients with HIV who are treated with Abacavir develop a significant life-threatening rash and disease known as Stevens-Johnson syndrome that is mediated by T-lymphocytes. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this an example of? Type I Type II Type III Type IV

Type IV

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is cell-mediated and is delayed in the rate of development? Type I Type II Type III Type IV

Type IV

An individual who consumes massive amounts of vitamin C may develop kidney stones consisting of: Glycolic acid. Uric acid. Oxalic acid. Linoleic acid.

Uric acid.

Which of the following biological fluids is the specimen of choice for screening and/or analyzing drugs of abuse? Serum Whole blood Urine CSF

Urine

Depakene or Depakote are proprietary names for which of the following compounds? Phenobarbital Dilantin Valproic acid Carbamazepine

Valproic acid

What is the drug of choice to treat MRSA? gentamicin vancomycin tobramicin chloramphenicol

Vancomycin

Which of the following is bacterialcidal for Streptococci, Corynebacteria, Clostridia, Listeria, and Bacillus species? Tobramycin Cyclosporine Vancomycin Methotrexate

Vancomycin

Prior to their release, where are neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine stored within a neuron? Synapse space Vesicles Cytoplasm Dendrites

Vesicles

Which laboratory test is used to determine the progress of an HIV infection? Western blot CD4 and CD8 counts ELISA Viral load

Viral load

Cobalt is found in which of the following vitamins? Vitamin E Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D3

Vitamin B12

A deficiency in ___________ causes a macrocytic anemia. Vitamin B12/Folate Vitamin B1 Biotin Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin B12/Folate

Which vitamin is a component of two redox coenzymes? Folic Acid Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2

Pellagra is associated with a deficiency of which of the following vitamins? Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3 Vitamin B12 Vitamin D

Vitamin B3

Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency in which of the following? Vitamin K Vitamin B2 Vitamin C Vitamin A

Vitamin C

The amount of a chemical capable of killing one half of the members of a tested population is called: a lethal dose a toxic dose a median lethal dose a poison

a median lethal dose

Myasthenia gravis is caused by antibodies that bind to the neurotransmitters, e.g., acetylcholine. acetylcholine presynaptic receptor. acetylcholine postsynaptic receptor. both the pre- and postsynaptic junctions.

acetylcholine postsynaptic receptor.

Plasma calcium is about half ionized calcium and half bound to albumin about a third complexed to anions and two-thirds bound to albumin all as free calcium all bound to albumin

about half ionized calcium and half bound to albumin

If a patient has an inflammatory bowel disorder, which stage of drug metabolism will be affected? absorption distribution biotransformation excretion

absorption

The neurotransmitter that is released by the synaptic vesicles of the motor neurons and that induces muscle contraction is acetylcholine adrenaline dopamine somatostatin

acetylcholine

A patient is exposed to a foreign chemical antigen resulting in the production of an antibody. This is an example of innate immunity. adaptive immunity that is humoral-mediated. adaptive immunity that is cell-mediated. All of these are correct.

adaptive immunity that is humoral-mediated.

Steady state is achieved for a drug after 4 to 6 times the drug's half-life immediately after a bolus dose just before the next dose after 1 week

after 4 to 6 times the drug's half-life

Select the characteristics that are the hallmark of metabolic syndrome hypertension low HDL, high triglycerides high waist circumference fasting hyperglycemia atherosclerosis male gender

all

Eicosanoids made from arachidonic acid increase inflammation raise blood pressure induce labor activate platelet aggregation all of the above

all of the above

In the body calcium is found: in hydroxyapatite in skeletal muscles in plasma all of the above

all of the above

Which of these are routes of exposure to toxins? absorption through the skin absorption through the GI tract (ingestion) inhalation through the lungs injection into a vein all of these

all of these

Which of these is a toxic alcohol ? methanol (wood alcohol) isopropanol (desinfectant) ethanol (wine, beer, liquor) all of these are

all of these are

Board Review Question: The following results from a 21-year old patient with a back injury who appears otherwise healthy: Whole blood glucose = 77 mg/dL serum glucose = 88 mg/dL CSF glucose = 56 mg/dL The best interpretation of these results is that the whole blood and serum values are expected but the CSF value is elevated the serum and whole blood values should be identical the whole blood glucose value should be higher than the serum value all values are consistent with a normal healthy individual

all values are consistent with a normal healthy individual

Board Review Question: Which of the following terms describes a graft between genetically unidentical individuals belonging to the same species? autograft isograft xenograft allograft

allograft

Which reaction is characteristic of a solid organ (like a kidney) transplant rejection? allergy anaphylaxis alloimmunity autoimmunity

alloimmunity

Which of these metals is toxic? aluminum chromium 3+ copper zinc

aluminum

Board Review Question: Following repeat exposure to an antigen, rapid antibody production to an elevated level that persists for a long period of time is called: an anamnestic response an Arthus reaction a primary response hypersensitivity

an anamnestic response

Board Review Question: Cerebrospinal fluid assay for glucose should be refrigerated analyzed immediately heated to 56C stored at room temperature after cenrrifugation

analyzed immediately

Board Review Question: Immediate hypersensitivity is most commonly associated with transfusion reaction contact dermatitis bacterial septicemia anaphylactic reaction

anaphylactic reaction

Board Review Question: Tricyclic antidepressants are classified as basic drugs neutral drugs structurally cycloparaffinic acidic drugs

basic drugs

In a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage, testing for _________ can differentiate between a traumatic bleed and blood from a subarachnoid hemorrhage that has had time to metabolize. oxyhemoglobin reduced hemoglobin bilirubin urobilinogen

bilirubin

Transformation of potentially harmful chemicals into inactive metabolites is called ______________ biotransformation drug inhibition first-order kinetics zero-order kinetics

biotransformation

If a patient has cirrhosis of the liver, which stage of drug metabolism will be affected? absorption and biotransformation distribution and excretion biotransformation and excretion absorption and excretion

biotransformation and excretion

Board Review Question: Antihistamines block histamine receptors stimulate IgE antibody production bind histamine stimulate IgG blocking antibodies

block histamine receptors

Board Review Question: Antibodies composed of IgG immunoglobulins can be detected in saline crossmatches are larger molecules than IgM antibodies can cross the placenta from mother to fetus Occur during the primary response to antigens

can cross the placenta from mother to fetus

Board Review Question: A hospitalized patient is experiencing increased neuromuscular irritability (tetany). Which of the following tests should be ordered immediately? glucose calcium BUN phosphorus

calcium

Board Review Question: A reciprocal relationship exists between sodium and potassium calcium and phosphorus calcium and magnesium chloride and CO2

calcium and phosphorus

Which trace mineral enhances the action of insulin? chromium Manganese Selenium Zinc

chromium

Board Review Question: Which of the following is decreased in serum during the active stages of systemic lupus erythematosus? antinuclear antibody complement C3 immune complexes anti-DNA

complement C3

Board Review Question: Delayed hypersensitivity is related to bacterial septicemia contact sensitivity to inorganic chemicals transfusion reaction anaphylactic reaction

contact sensitivity to inorganic chemicals

Board Review Question: The enzyme that exists chiefly in skeletal muscles, heart and brain, is grossly elevated in active muscular dystrophy and rises early in myocardial infarction is: creatine kinase lipase transaminase lactate dehydrogenase

creatine kinase

Board Review Question: The enzyme that exists chiefly in skeletal muscles, heart and brain, is grossly elevated in active muscular dystrophy and rises early in myocardial infarction is: transaminase lactate dehydrogenase lipase creatine kinase

creatine kinase

Board Review Question: A serum sample drawn in the emergency department from a 42 year old man yielded the following laboratory results: CK 185 IU/L (normal = 15-160) AST 123 IU/L (normal = 0-48) CK-MB 6 IU/L (normal = 2-12) Which of the following conditions might account for these values? crush injury in the thigh cerebrovascular accident (CVA) early acute hepatitis Pulmonary infarction

crush injury in the thigh

Board Review Question Macrophages are characterized by cytoplasmic receptor for the C3 complement surface CD3 expression larger amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulins

cytoplasmic receptor for the C3 complement

If a patient has a low albumin level, which stage of drug metabolism will be affected? absorption distribution biotransformation excretion

distribution

Oligoclonal bands are found in serum and CSF. found in CSF only. associated with multiple myeloma. indicative of a recent demyelinating event.

found in CSF only.

Board Review Question: Substances that are antigenic only when coupled with a protein carrier are haptens allergens adjuvants opsonins

haptens

Board Review Question: The reason carbon monoxide is so toxic is because combines with cytochrome oxidase is a protoplasmic poison sensitizes the myocardium has 200 times the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin binding sites

has 200 times the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin binding sites.

Board Review Question: In which of the following conditions would a normal level of creatine kinase be found? acute myocardial infarct hepatitis intramuscular injection progressive muscular dystrophy

hepatitis

Board Review Question: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients often have which of the following test results? high titers of anti-smooth muscle antibodies high titers of anti-mitochondrial antibodies decreased serum immunoglobulin levels high titers of DNA antibody

high titers of DNA antibody

Board Review Question: A patient has the following results: increased serum calcium levels decreased serum phosphorus levels increased levels of parathyroid hormone The patient most likely has hyperparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism nephrosis steatorrhea

hyperparathyroidism

Board Review Question: Which immunologic mechanism is usually involved in bronchial asthma? immediate hypersensitivity immune complex delayed hypersensitivity antibody-mediated cytotoxicity

immediate hypersensitivity

Board Review Question: A transfusion reaction to erythrocyte antigens will activate which of the following immunopathologic mechanism? delayed hypersensitivity immediate hypersensitivity immune cytolysis Arthus reaction

immune cytolysis

Board Review Question: immunoglobulin production begins at birth early in neonatal life at about 2 years of age in early fetal life

in early fetal life

Which of these hormones is the storage hormone that helps convert glucose to fat? epinephrine insulin glucagon growth hormone

insulin

Which of these metals is NOT toxic? arsenic iron lead mercury

iron

Cortical bone is also known as compact bone is located in the interior of bones makes up 50% of your bone mass contains spiculaes

is also known as compact bone

Magnesium is the most abundant intracellular cation is the second most abundant intracellular cation is the most abundant extracellular cation is the second most abundant extracellular cation

is the second most abundant intracellular cation

If a drug concentration is above the therapeutic range _____________ it will have no pharmacologic effect it will have a smaller pharmacologic effect it will have toxic pharmacologic effects it will cause liver toxicity

it will have toxic pharmacologic effects

Eicosanoids such as the prostaglandins are derived from proteins. lipids. carbohydrates. heavy metals.

lipids.

Board Review Question: Antinuclear antibody tests are performed to help diagnose acute leukemia hemolytic anemia rheumatoid arthritis lupus eythematosus

lupus eythematosus

Board Review Question: Which of the following mediators is released during T-cell activation? thymosin immunoglobulins lymphokines serotonin

lymphokines

Which one of these is an example of innate immunity? vaccination against hepatitis B macrophages eating bacteria in a knee scrape B-Lymphocytes making antibodies to Staph aureus T-Lymphocytes killing a HSV infected cell

macrophages eating bacteria in a knee scrape

Which of the following is most likely to be ordered in addition to serum calcium to determine the cause of tetany? phosphorous sodium vitamin D magnesium

magnesium

Board Review Question: When performing a manual protein analysis on a xantochromic spinal fluid the technician should dilute the specimen with deionized water perform the test as usual centrifuge the specimen make a specimen blank

make a specimen blank

Trabecullar bone is the outer layer of bones makes up 20% of our bone mass is made of osteons contains lamellae

makes up 20% of our bone mass

Board Review Question: Analysis of CSF for oligoclonal bands is used is used to screen for which of the following disease states? multiple myeloma von Willebrand's disease myasthemia gravis multiple sclerosis

multiple sclerosis

Board Review Question: The presence of increased CK-MB activity on a CK electrophoresis pattern is most likely found in a patient suffering from acute muscular stress following strenuous exercise malignant liver disease myocardial infraction severe head injury

myocardial infraction

Board Review Question: Nonspecific killing of tumor cells is carried out by antibody and complement helper T cells natural killer cells cytotoxic T cells

natural killer cells

Board Review Question: Which of the following is an important cellular mediator of immune complex tissue injury? monocyte eosinophil neutrophil basophil

neutrophil

Board Review Question: Which of the following is an important cellular mediator of immune complex tissue injury? neutrophil basophil monocyte eosinophil

neutrophil

Board Review Question: Cells known to be actively phagocytic include: monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils neutrophils, monocytes, basophils neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

Board Review Question: Pellagra is associated with deficiency in which of the following vitamins? niacin B1 A thiamine

niacin

Board Review Question: Oligoclonal bands are present on electrophoresis of concentrated CSF and also on concurrently tested serum of the same patient. The proper interpretation is: CNS involvement by acute leukemia nondiagnostic for multiple sclerosis diagnostic for primary CNS tumor diagnostic for multiple sclerosis

nondiagnostic for multiple sclerosis

Board Review Question: The prevalence of immune complexes indicates polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia inflammatory tissue injury protection from complement-dependent neutrophil chemotaxis normal host response to antigenic exposure

normal host response to antigenic exposure

Board Review Question : Macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria in enhanced by which of the following hapten opsonins antigen secretory piece

opsonins

Which cell promote bone formation? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes all of the above

osteoblasts

Which of these cells has a function in bone building? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes osteons

osteoblasts

Which cell promote bone resportion? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes all of the above

osteoclasts

Which of these cells has a function is bone resorption (tear down)? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes osteons

osteoclasts

Which cell is encased into the bone? osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts all of the above

osteocytes

The enzyme creatine kinase is used in muscles to build stronger muscle shorten myofibrils during contraction store and release energy release calcium for muscle contraction

store and release energy

Muscles are anchored to bones by fascia ligaments periosteum tendons

tendons

Sensory neurons are found in the ascending tracts of the spinal cord the descending tracts of the spinal cord both ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord the peripheral nervous system only

the ascending tracts of the spinal cord

Board Review Question: Bioavailability of a drug refers to the availability of therapeutic administration the fraction of the drug absorbed into the systemic circulation drug transformation availability of the protein-bound fraction of the drug

the fraction of the drug absorbed into the systemic circulation

If a drug is metabolized in first order kinetics the higher the drug concentration the faster the liver metabolizes it. the lower the drug concetration the faster the liver metabolizes it. the drug concentration does not affect the rate of metabolism by the liver. it will be processed by the kidneys.

the higher the drug concentration the faster the liver metabolizes it.

What is bioavailability? the portion of the drug that is absorbed by the GI system the portion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation the portion of the drug that reaches the target tissue the portion of the drug that gets in the cell

the portion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation

Board Review Question: A drug that relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchial passages is acetaminophen lithium theophylline phenytoin

theophylline

When measuring drugs in serum, the target range is normal range. reference range. therapeutic range. multiples of the median

therapeutic range.

Board Review Question: Assay of transketolase activity in blood is used to detect deficiency of thiamine folic acid riboflavin ascorbic acid

thiamine

Board Review Question: The most widely employed screening technique for drug abuse is thin-layer chromatography gas-liquid chromatography UV spectrophotometry HPLC

thin-layer chromatography

Board Review Question: High titers of antimicrosomal antibodies are most often found in chronic hepatitis systemic lupus erythematosus thyroid disease rheumatoid arthritis

thyroid disease

Board Review Question: Blood specimens for digoxin assays should be obtained between 8 hours or more after drug administration because tissue and serum levels need to reach equilibrium serum digoxin concentrations will be falsely low prior to 6 hours all of the digoxin is in the cellular fraction prior to 6 hours digoxin protein-binding interactions are minimal prior to 6 hours

tissue and serum levels need to reach equilibrium

The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on health is pharmacology pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics toxicology

toxicology

A ____ level is drawn before the antibiotic dose is administered and a ____ level is drawn soon after it has done infusing.

trough, peak

calcium is present in the bones as hydroxyapatite. True False

true

Coumadin (warfarin) acts on _________ to inhibit coagulation. vitamin D vitamin K niacin vitamin A

vitamin K

Which of the following functions as a chain-breaking antioxidant and is a pyroxyl radical scavenger that protects LDL and polyunsaturated fats in membranes from oxidation? Vitamin D α-tocopherol Thiamin Menaquinone

α-tocopherol

___________ is not considered a date rape drug. Chloral hydrate Rohypnol β-hydroxybutyrate Alcohol

β-hydroxybutyrate