test #5

is an evolutionary process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment over time. An ________ is also a trait that has evolved as a result of this process

Adaption adaptation

results in biological evolution

Artificial selection

Which of the following are MOST closely related? a. Homo habilis and Homo sapiens b. Homo erectus and Homo sapiens c. Australopithecus africanus and Homo habilis d.Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis

B

uses knowledge about evolution and plate tectonics to make predictions about the geographic locations where fossils will be found

Biogeography

Which of the following anatomical changes was an especially important contributor to the development of full bipedalism in hominids? a. face pulled forward with spinal cord entering rear of skull b. gain of opposable big toes c. restructuring of the pelvis accompanied by a change in the angle of knee joints that support body weight d.having no arch in the foot

C

Which of the following is an example of the last segment of an arthropod's body having evolved into a beneficial trait? a. human thorax with an arm b. bird thorax with a wing c. lizard abdomen with a leg d.wasp abdomen with a stinger

D

the earliest stage of development of an individual after fertilization, up to 2 months of age in humans

Embryo

are placental and born in a well developed states

Eutherians

a change in the overall inherited characteristics of a group of organisms over multiple generations

Evolution

the second stage of development of an individual, from 2 months to birth in humans

Fetus

________ are the preserved remains (or their impressions) of formerly living organisms. The ________ ________ enables biologists to reconstruct the history of life on Earth, and it provides some of the strongest evidence that species have evolved over time

Fossils fossil record

a form of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals established a new population isolated from its original, larger population

Founder effect

is the exchange of alleles between separate populations

Gene flow

the exchange of alleles between populations

Gene flow

a form of genetic drift that occurs when a drop in the size of a population causes a loss of genetic variation

Genetic bottlenecks

a change in allele frequencies produced by random differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population

Genetic drift

is a change in allele frequences produced by random differences in survival and reproduction in a small population, and most dramatically occurs through one of two processess: a genetic bottlencek or the founder effect

Genetic drift

It is possible that modern humans may have commingled with which other ancestors?

Homo neanderthalensis

The correct two-word Latin scientific name for modern humans is

Homo sapiens

NOT a mechanism of evolution

Male mitochondrial DNA

have a simple placenta and finish development in a pouch

Marsupials

lack a placenta and lay eggs

Monotremes

Which mechanism of evolution results in VRSA?

Natural Selection

is the process by which individuals with advantageous genetic characteristics for a particular environment survive and reproduce at a higher rate than competing individuals with other, less useful characteristics

Natural selection

the process by which individuals with advantageous genetic characteristics for a particular environment survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do individuals with other, less useful characteristics

Natural selection

the passing down of DNA from the nucleus in an egg or sperm cell to a new generation. Sequencing of nuclear DNA can determine how related an individual is to all of its ancestors, both male and female.

Nuclear DNA inheritance

a hormone secreted by the fetus and, later in the birth process, by the mother's pituitary gland that stimulated the uterine muscles and causes the placenta to secrete prostaglandins, which reinforce contractions

Oxytocin

In order to contribute to the evolution of one's species, an individual must survive in its environment long enough to

Reproduce

Is it possible for Homo sapiens and Neanderthals to be related even if humans are not the direct descendants of Neanderthals?

Yes (humans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor)

the single cell that results from fertilization

Zygote

Males have more _______________ than _______________ Females have more _______________ than _______________

androgens estrogens estrogens androgens

Which organisms are extant eutherian mammals and most closely related to humans?

chimpanzees

Many similarities among organisms is due to the fact that the organisms evolved via ________ descent from a ________ ancestor.

common

Natural selection for inherited traits occurs in three common patterns:

directional stabilizing disruptive

Biological ________ is the change in characteristics of a population of organisms over inherited generations

evolution

During the ________ trimester of human development in the uterus, cells of the embryo rapidly differentiate into the various organs and structures present at birth. From the ninth week of development, the developing human is called a fetus. During the ________ and ________ trimester, the fetus grows rapidly

first second third

When one species splits into two, the two resulting species share similar features, called ________ traits. If a ________ trait is no longer useful, it is called a ________ trait

homologous vestigial

Possums are found throughout much of Central and North America. Although their bodies are covered in hair, their tails and ears are hairless. They have many teeth and opposable clawless "thumbs" on their rear appendages. They produce poorly developed young that live in mom's pouch for about two and a half months before climbing on her back. Possums are

marsupials

MRSA is a bacterial strain resistant to ________, VRSA is resistant to ________

methicillin vancomycin

the passing down of DNA from the mitochondria in an egg cell to a new generation. ________ DNA passes virtually unchanged from mother to child, so it can be tracked from one generation, or one species to another. Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA can determine how related an individual is to its female ancestors on its mother's side

mitochondrial DNA inheritance

mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the ________ never the ________

mother father

All mechanisms of evoluation depend on the genetic variation provided by new alleles created by

mutation

Can an individual evolve?

no

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen in the woman's blood rises. This increase causes the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone

oxytocin

Humans choose which organisms survive and reproduce - a process known as

selective breeding

Your friend Tula, who is pregnant, learns that you are studying biology and tries to quiz you about your knowledge of pregnancy. She tells you that her baby has just started kicking, and she asks you to guess how far along she is. Based on your understanding of life in the womb, you would answer that she is about her ________trimester.

third

If a female's mitochondrial DNA was sequenced and compared to the sequence of mitochondrial DNA isolated from her mother's paternal grandmother (the mother of her mom's dad), she likely ________ be a significant match because ________.

would not; a person's mitochondrial DNA is inherited from her mom who inherited it from her mom