Test Review

13. A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n): a. risk factor b. protective factor c. predictive factor d. epidemiological factor

a

22. Treatment ____________ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions. a. efficacy b. effectiveness c. reliability d. validity

a

26. Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be: a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. effective

a

29. ___________ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are expected to be related to one another. a. Convergent b. Construct c. Criterion d. Discriminant

a

33. To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n): a. EEG b. PET scan c. CT scan d. MRI

a

35. ___________ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism. a. PET scans b. EEGs c. CT scans d. MRIs

a

39. The degree to which findings can be generalized to children, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than the one in a particular study is referred to as: a. external validity b. internal validity c. face validity d. generalized validity

a

41. The use of ___________________ is rare in studies of child psychopathology. a. randomly selected samples b. samples of convenience c. reliable measures d. valid measures

a

48. When the conditions of a study only resemble or approximate the conditions of interest, questions may be raised about the ___________ of the study. a. external validity b. internal validity c. standardization d. randomization

a

51. In an A-B-A-B design, the "B" stands for: a. intervention b. baseline c. behavior d. observation

a

54. Aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of __________ research designs. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. experimental d. between group

a

56. Qualitative data are typically collected by: a. open-ended interviewing and observations b. already developed observational and assessment tools c. controlled and structured interviewing d. all of the above

a

6. Evaluating the mental health of children can be difficult due to: a. cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior b. the difference in psychological theories c. the limited amount of assessment tools available for children d. vague information often given by children

a

7. Factors such as SES, child's age, and cultural background affect the ______of symptoms and disorders. a. rate and expression b. pervasiveness c. outcome d. termination

a

8. Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through: a. epidemiological research b. regression analysis c. correlation studies d. efficacy studies

a

23. To know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment _____________. a. efficacy b. effectiveness c. reliability d. validity

b

27. An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered: a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. effective

b

3. Research presented in the media is typically: a. clearly presented and discussed by medical doctors b. oversimplified c. overly detailed and confusing d. adequately reported

b

37. One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that: a. they are not cost effective b. behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed c. results tend to be invalid d. all of these

b

38. Maturation is a threat to ________________. a. external validity b. internal validity c. convergent validity d. inter-rater reliability

b

4. In research terms, predictions about behavior that follow from a theory are called: a. speculations b. hypotheses c. assumptions d. proposals

b

49. Which of the following statements about case studies is false? a. involve intensive observation and analysis of an individual child b. use controlled methods without biases c. are rich in detail and provide valuable insights d. usually study rare childhood disorders

b

50. Qualitative research ________. a. provides a numerical approach to understanding research b. provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation c. uses normed assessment tools d. uses statistical analysis

b

52. In ____________ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development. a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. between groups d. cohort

b

9. Isabella appears sad and is having difficulty academically and with her peer group. Isabella has a close relationship with her mother. This relationship with her mother can be considered a: a. mediating variable b. protective factor c. moderator variable d. risk factor

b

10. __________ rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified time period. a. Comorbidity b. Comortality c. Incidence d. Prevalence

c

12. Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other are said to be: a. predictive b. moderating c. correlated d. comorbid

c

16. _________ evaluate treatment outcomes for children who are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. a. Efficacy studies b. Case studies c. Randomized controlled trials d. Correlational studies

c

19. The process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome is known as a _________ variable. a. comorbid b. correlated c. mediating d. moderating

c

2. The ______ of research findings are what advance the field of psychology. a. reliability b. standardization c. accumulation d. validity

c

21. A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies towards the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies are a: a. comorbid variable b. correlated variable c. mediator variable d. moderator variable

c

25. A ____________ assessment measure allows for the scores of one child to be compared to the scores of other similar children. a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. reliable and standardized

c

28. ___________ validity refers to whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research. a. Face b. Convergent c. Construct d. Discriminant

c

32. A limitation of psychophysiological measures is: a. deception by the child b. poor inter-rater reliability c. high level of inference for interpretation d. inappropriateness with young children

c

34. ___________ are used to examine the gross structure of the brain. a. EEGs b. PET scans c. CT scans d. MRIs

c

42. The greater the degree of control that a researcher has over the _____________, the more a study approximates a true experiment. a. subjects in the sample b. moderator variables c. independent variable d. dependent variable

c

46. Recall bias and distortion are potential limitations of ___________ studies. a. analogue b. case c. retrospective d. cohort

c

53. In ____________ research, different individuals at different ages or stages of development are studied at the same point in time. a. analogue b. within group c. cross-sectional d. between group

c

57. __________ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research. a. Uninformed consent b. Partial consent c. Assent d. Voluntary participation

c

59. Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should be used: a. only when necessary b. when a parent gives consent c. never d. when the researcher is very careful

c

correlation of -.75 between age and amount of time spent in REM sleep means that: a. older people spend more time in REM sleep b. younger people spend less time in REM sleep c. older people spend less time in REM sleep d. the relationship between age and time spent in REM sleep is weak

c

1. Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because: a. experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree b. research findings in abnormal child psychology are often in conflict with one another c. many conclusions from research with children are qualified with no definitive answers d. all of these

d

11. __________ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period. a. Comorbidity b. Comortality c. Incidence d. Prevalence

d

14. A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and decreases the chances that the outcome will occur is a(n): a. predictive factor b. risk factor c. epidemiological factor d. protective factor

d

15. Research into risk and protective factors requires large samples of children be studied and multiple areas of functioning be assessed over long periods of time because: a. the areas of child functioning that will be affected are not known in advance b. only a small amount of children who are at risk will actually develop the disorder c. when a disorder may occur or reoccur is not known in advance d. all of the above

d

17. Factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship of variables of interest are called: a. correlated variables b. mediator variables c. risk variables d. moderator variables

d

18. If a study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than for boys, sex would be a: a. protective factor b. risk factor c. mediating variable d. moderating variable

d

20. Children who receive treatment are: a. at the same level of functioning as those who are not treated b. less likely to discuss problems with their parents c. less likely to progress then children who are not in treatment d. better off then children who do not receive treatment

d

24. Ideally, a measure of psychopathology should be: a. reliable b. valid c. standardized d. all of these

d

30. Amy was observed by a researcher both at home and at school. This kind of research method is a: a. Clinical observation b. Structured observation c. Situational observation d. Naturalistic observation

d

31. ___________ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another. a. Convergent b. Construct c. Criterion d. Discriminant

d

36. What do neuroimaging techniques not provide us with? a. gross and fine analyses of brain structure b. changes in blood flow in the brain c. rate of glucose metabolism in the brain d. the cause of structural or functional changes in the brain

d

40. The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called: a. multifinality b. comortality c. multidiagnosis d. comorbidity

d

45. Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ________________ design. a. longitudinal b. cohort c. prospective d. retrospective

d

47. ___________ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize. a. Cohort b. Retrospective c. Circumscribed d. Analogue

d

5. Since there is no one correct approach to research, most problems in abnormal child psychology are best studied by using _______________________. a. utilizing rigorous experiments b. using case studies c. only one strategy d. multiple methods and strategies

d

55. Qualitative research is characterized by: a. operational definitions b. isolation of variables of interest c. careful control of subject matter d. none of the above

d

58. The final responsibility for ethical integrity of a research project is with: a. the parents b. the ethics board c. the government d. the investigator

d

60. Participation in research is to be voluntary, except with: a. children b. vulnerable populations c. high-risk populations d. none of the above

d

________________ increases the chance that characteristics other than the independent variable will be equally distributed across treatment groups. a. Random sample b. Equal distribution c. Natural assignment d. Random assignment

d