Tests 1 & 2 & 3

where are the adrenal glands located

"on top of" the kidneys

What do all of these structures have in common? Alveoli, villi, nephron, capillaries

-all are microscopic -all are functional units of their respective organ systems -all depend on diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport to move materials in or out of the structure

Water soluble hormones:

-cannot enter cell directly -they bind to a receptor on the membrane

blood:

-is a liquid connective tissue -delivers oxygen to the cells of the body -delivers food to the cells of the body -helps remove waste from the body

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include

-the acidity of the stomach -tear fluid from the eye -an un-punctured skin -mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract

the hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that causes the reabsorption of more water by the kidney is

ADH

What would a whole blood cell transfusion be used to treat?

Anemia

(T or F) Each alveolus of the lung is a small sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is many layers thick, thereby providing structural support for the air sacs

False

(T or F) open circulatory systems are typical of mammals and birds

False

what is a sarcomere?

functional unit of a muscle

If a diuretic is a substance that causes you to lose more water through the urine, an antidiuretic (such as ADH) does what?

helps you to retain water

When a needle pierces the skin and introduces bacteria, what causes the capillary to dilate?

histamine released by the basophils

biochemicals produced in a gland that travel through the blood stream and alter the metabolism of specific target cells are

hormones

what is the advantage of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?

hormones remain in the blood stream and cells for long periods of time to maintain homeostasis unlike neural impulses

toxins released by black widow spider venom cause an explosive release of acetylcholine from neurons at the neuromuscular junction. What symptoms are consistent with this sort of toxin?

hyperactivity and inability to sit still

What structure is both part of the central nervous system and the endocrine system

hypothalamus

where are blood cells produced?

in bone marrow inside of bones

Where is calcium stored in the body?

in the bones

Where is a villus found?

in the small intestine

In sequence of their occurrence, the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are

ingestion, digestion, reabsorption, elimination

If you have sprained an ankle and your ankle is swollen, how does that fluid eventually get reabsorbed?

it is taken up by the lymphatic system and returned to the circulatory system

The major excretory organ of the human urinary system is the

kidney

The chamber of the heart that is the most powerful is the

left ventricle

Where is bile produced?

liver

What cells engulf bacteria?

macrophages

Typically a neuron is connected to how many other neurons?

many

What does the endocrine system maintain in animals?

metabolism, development, growth, and sexual characteristics

external fertilization in many marine organisms corresponds with what traits?

millions of gametes, with sperm and eggs being of similar size

arrangement of muscles from smallest to largest

myofibril > muscle fiber > bundle of muscle fibers > muscle

How does a negative feedback system differ from a positive feedback system?

negative feedback system is important in homeostatic mechanisms (and positive feedback systems are not)

The functional unit of a kidney is

nephron

Cells that can be very long but not contractile (able to be shortened) are

nerve cells

What animal tissues has control over the other tissues and is found in all organ systems?

nervous

What type of tissue is immediately above the hypothalamus

nervous

A flu vaccine includes antigens from a flu virus that has been killed. Can you get this particular strain of flu from the vaccine (assuming it works correctly)? Can you get the flu from a different strain?

no; yes

The process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed:

osmoregulation

in the human body, what organs have cells that undergo meiosis?

ovaries and testes

What organ has a role in both the digestive system and the endocrine system?

pancreas

which endocrine gland produces hormones that regulate blood glucose level?

pancreas

Endocrine glands:

pancreas, thyroid gland, ovaries, testes

the endocrine gland that produces hormones that help regulate blood calcium is the

parathyroid gland

Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propels food along the system are termed

peristalsis

What gland is beneath the hypothalamus but its tissue is continuous with the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

Diffusion passes oxygen between the alveoli of ________ and the capillaries of __________

respiratory system; circulatory system

In what forms do mammals excrete oxygen waste?

urea

the type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of elongate cells is

simple columnar

Patients with muscular dystrophy have decreased voluntary motion, while involuntary motions remain normal. Which tissues are affected by muscular dystrophy?

skeletal muscle only

one organ that is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells (+ other tissue types) is

skin

What is the main site of food absorption in the human digestive system?

small intestine --> microvilli

The human skeleton has several functions beyond support, protection, and movement. These include:

storage of minerals such as calcium and production of blood cells

Why do strokes tend to cause symptoms that are Not symmetrical? A stroke happens when blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.

strokes generally occur either the right side or the left side of the brain but not both

The junctions between one neuron and another neuron are called

synapses

What is immediately above the hypothalamus

thalamus

in humans, the tube which drains urine from the kidney to the bladder is

ureter

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens

How does a neuron fire?

Na+ ions cross the plasma membrane initiating a wave that travels down the axon.

what can you learn from a karyotype?

the numbers and shapes of your chromosomes

Major parts of the immune system:

thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph node

A dual-chamber pacemaker is surgically placed in a patient's chest. Wires then carry pulses to the right atrium and the right ventricle. If the pulses from the pacemaker reflect the usual way a heart beats, in what order would the stimuli happen?

The atrium would be stimulated first and then the ventricle.

Why would AIDS patients infected with HIV be at risk for opportunistic infections and rare cancers?

Their immune systems are supressed

(T or F) In an open circulatory system, the heart pumps fluid through open-ended vessels into spaces where the fluid bathes the body's cells.

True

(T or F) The human body has numerous capillary beds

True

Example of passive immunity?

a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person recieving an injection of antibodies

The action of insulin is an example of

a negative feedback loop important in homeostasis of glucose in the blood

What does the human reproductive system create?

a new gamete

The production and action of a hormone is most like:

a radio tower emitting a signal that reaches only a small area with specific receptors

What is the aorta

a vessel that has layers of smooth muscle

There are three different kinds of muscle found in the human body. What do cardiac and smooth muscle have in common?

a) both are striated b) both are under conscious control c)both have branched cells d) ^^^^^ NONE OF THE ABOVE IS CORRECT

What type of tissue stores fat in the body?

adipose tissue

what do lymphocytes, macrophages, and basophils have in common?

all are important as part of the immune system

What do these types of tissues have in common: blood, bone, cartilage:

all have an extracellular matrix

The functional unit of the lung, where there is exchange of oxygen from the atmosphere and the blood, happens in what structure?

alveoli

Sensory organs (interneurons) such as the eye and the ear receive one kind of energy and then translate that energy into

an action potential in the nervous system

the eye contains nerves, muscles, and blood cells. It is defined as what?

an organ

The study of an organism's structure is __________; while the study of function is ________________

anatomy; physiology

A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)

antigen

mature human sperm cells

are haploid

Animals that hunt and eat essentially only other animals are

carnivores

a phagocyte is a

cell that engulfs other cells and debris

In animals such as humans, you compare the number of cells that undergo mitosis and the number of cells that undergo meiosis, which is the larger number?

cells undergoing mitosis

ATP is required for muscle contraction. Where does the ATP come from?

cellular respiration and the breakdown of glucose

one way humans maintain body temperature when the outside temperature is high is by increasing blood flow to the skin and sweating. Which organ systems are interacting in this homeostatic process?

circulatory, integumentary, and nervous

what is the primary function of a vaccine

create immunological memory without causing diseases

what are the products of mitosis in animals

daughter cells with the same chromosomes as the parent cell

diuretics are commonly prescribed drugs for patients with hypertension (high blood pressure) because they

decrease blood volume and blood pressure

The part of the neuron that is usually highly branched and receives input from other neurons is the

dendrite

In herbivores, the gut tends to be much longer than is true for carnivores. Why?

digestion of cellulose is difficult and requires lots of bacteria living in the gut

the organ systems within the body that work together to acquire and use energy are

digestive, respiratory, and circulatory

if bones are a reservoir for calcium, what organ system controls the deposition and extraction of calcium?

endocrine

Melatonin and other hormones are produced in which of the following types of tissues?

epithelial

The tissue type that acts as a lining of organs and also serves in absorption and secretion that conducts gas diffusion is ____________, while the tissue type that receives, processes, and transmits information by providing a communication network among cells is ______________

epithelial; nervous

the process that unites the male gametes with the female gametes in organisms that reproduce sexually is termed

fertilization