TESU Communication exam 2

Individualism/Collectivism

the degree to which a person believes that people should be self-sufficient and that loyalty to one's self is more important than loyalty to team or company

Masculinity/Femininity

the degree to which a society values assertiveness and materialism over quality of life and family

uncertainty avoidance

the degree to which societies are willing to tolerate uncertainty and risk

polychronic cultures

view time as a continuous flow of events not a second count down.

monochronic cultures

view time as a series of small units that occur sequentially. not to be wasted

Paraphrasing does two things: .

1) Allows the listener to understand the message as the speaker intended and 2) strengthens the relationship by showing effort and commitment

You are a good intercultural communicator if you do what five things

1) Avoid ethnocentricism 2) if you are nondefensive about your homeland 3) curious about other parts of the world and brave 4) emphatic, understanding, and nonjudgmental 5) patient and learn to live with ambiguity and meetings not going well

Six functions of nonverbal communication:

1) Complement 2) Accent 3) contradict 4) repeat 5) regulate 6)substitute

Why is listening important?

1) Data necessary for making decisions comes from listening to employees 2) makes someone more dependable - listen well; follow well 3) more respected and liked 4) better informed about the world and individual circumstances 5) Spares embarasments (miss a name or repeat critical info)

Intercultural Myths:

1) Global village concept 2) end of history view and 3( universaility myth.

Differences between cultures

1) High vs low power distance 2) High vs low uncertainty avoidance 3) Collectivism vs individualism 4) Masculinity versus femininity 5) High vs low context 6) Polychronic vs monochronic

Specific techniques for active listening:

1) Identify the main and supporting points 2) organize the message 30 summarize the message 4) visualize the message 5) personalize the message 6) take notes

So if listening is so important, what are the barriers that prevent us from listening?

1) Listening - speaking differential (25-75 problem) 2) Motivation 3) Willingness 4) Internal and external noise 5) Detouring 6) Debate 7) Time

Why would someone lack the willingness to listen?

1) Most people prefer to talk to listening 2) stereotype speaker as having no value or contribution 3) may not want to receive=eive negative feedback

How to prepare for listening

1) Pick the best possible place 2) pick the best possible time 3) think about personal biases that might be present 4) Review the listening objectives. Ie factual, casual, and emphatic.

Four Proxemic Zones

1) Public zone (beyond 12 ft) 2) Social zone (4-12 ft) 3) Personal zone (2-4 ft) 4) Intimate zone (18 inches to 2 ft

35 studies reveal that listening is the form of communication that is

1) The most important entry-level position 2) Most critical in distinguishing effective from ineffective subordinates and 3) Most critical for managerial competency.

Gestures include:

1)Emblems 2) illustrators 3) regulators 4) affect displays 5) adapters.

Specific techniques for interactive listening

: 1) Paraphrasing 2) ask open and closed questioning 3) ask primary and secondary questions(secondary question asks more about the primary) 4) ask neutral and directed questions. (Neutral questions don't lead the speaker while directed do)

Importance of non verbal communication

: 1) Richness of meaning would be lost 2) complicates conversation 3) slows conversation by needing to repeat for clarity 4)

Rumors

= ambiguity x interest

Mimicry:

A form of gesturing where two people mirror each others movements.

Willingness:

A manager may not want to listen. Before someone loses motivation they may lack it completely.

What are the two types of listening?

Active and interactive list ening

Acting confident makes us feel more confident.

Amy Cuddy. Confidence speech.

Communication redundancy:

An additional benefit of non verbal communication. When the message is redundant and clear because of it's redundancy then it breaks through barriers.

Emblems

Are an exception to the rule that the gestures give direct meaning. The OK symbol or the timeout symbol give direct meaning. Illustrators: Compliment verbal communication by providing an example of or reinforcing what is being said. Drawing something in the air.

End of History view

As we are blend into one with trade differences in ideas and wars of ideas will disappear. Russia and tearing down of the Berlin wall. Did not go as he expected as Russians had a hard time adapting.

Accent:

Brings attention to a specific matter under discussion. Pounding a desk. Loudness and tone.

Macro Listening Climate:

COME BACK

Three levels of listening?

Casual, factual, and emphatic

Internal Noise:

Difficulty listening from internal noises like Headache, feet ache, empty stomach,

Regulators:

Gestures both subtly and obviously control what the speaker says. Comes from the hands. Telling someone to stop talking or gesturing for someone to come closer

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

Hearing is passively perceiving a sound like a honk or a horn. Listening is a concentrated effort that requires physical and mental work.

Things to be aware of:

How you great, how you dress, space, touch, posture, gestures, food, gifts and more.

Time:

I just don't have the time for this right now so I am not going to listen. If you feel something is taking too long it may lead to a hasty conclusion which can be harmful to the speaker and you.

External noise:

If someone is speaking softly or a phone has static or loud background noise

Three dimension of a message:

Imagine a triangle: One side has verbal and nonverbal, a second side has formal and informal, a third side is obvious and hidden.

Paraphrasing:

Is not just repeating what the speaker said but what the speaker intended to say. Uses different words to provide clarity. Also clarify the emotion and attitude.

Three types of grapevine distortions:

Leveling (dropping info to make it simple), sharpening (making info more vivid and dramatic, assimilating adjusting or modifying rumors to suit your personal needs.

LAW of listening:

Listening = Ability + Willingness

Lack of motivation:

Maintaining the motivation to pay attention the entire time can be difficult especially when we feel we can go faster. Our minds tend to drift. Statistically people pay more attention when they are going to be tested or reward for paying attention.

Detouring:

May become distracted by a phrase or concept and detour toward the distraction. Stimulates thought on another more interesting topic YOU DO THIS ALL THE TIME

Debate:

May find yourself disagreeing with the speaker and begin to plan a rebuttal

Regulating:

Occurs during conversations to signal to our partner to slow, stop, wait your turn. Hold your hand up, get louder to make it clear you aren't done.

Repeating:

Occurs when we have already sent a message and wish to emphasise the point being made. Example: A demonstration of a tool after you described the tool. Different then complimenting because it happens after verbally talking as opposed to during.

Micro Listening Climate:

People complain that managers finishes their sentence or don't put things down to give their attention.

Spatial Messages:

People normally only think of the personal bubble around them but it is much more than that.

Universality Myth:

People who spend very little time in another country are initially shocked by differences then they start to see similarities and assume that under the skin we are all the same But this is nott the case.

Benefits and drawbacks of notes:

Provides a written record of the conversation, shows how well you are listening, helps stay involved, shows you are interested, but it can be overdone and distracting.

Proxemic:

Refers to the space around us and how we and others relate to it.

Complement non verbal:

Repeats the information. Holding up a thumb after saying we are all good, Using fingers to illustrate several points, warm handshake after greeting someone.

Expert definition of nonverbal communication:

The exchange of information through non linguistic signs. Even color can be a nonlinguistic sign

Power Distance:

The extent to which a society accepts the fact that the power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Not only is it important to listen to formal conversation carefully,

informal conversation should also be monitored to avoid rumors

Yet, despite the studies these skills are lacking in ______ and _____

subordinates AND managers

True or false: Spatial zones vary per culture?

True. People in Middle East much closer than U.S or England.

True or false: Spatial zones vary by gender?

True.Men tend to maintain larger personal bubbles than women do.

25-75 Problem:

We can talk about 25% as fast as we can think. Which means our mind is prone to wander if we think things are going too slowly.

So when a manger approaches a situation they should ask:

What level of listening does this require? What is the goal of my listening?

What is culture?

What we grow up in. What we expect and what is expected from us. Knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, and moral attitudes.

Adapter:

When a situation is disapproving or uncomfortable we tend to adapt. We hug ourselves we twist the paperclip of the person reprimanding us.

Emphatic:

When someone wants to understand another person from that person's frame of reference rather than from the managers own frame of reference. Listener expresses empathy such as "I follow you, I am with you, I understand". Sermon or counseling session.

Factual:

When specific information needs to be attained. Informative presentation or conference.

Active listening:

When the manager has little or no opportunity to respond to the speaker. People in a large audience, radio, audio/visual,

Interactive Listening:

When the manager has the opportunity to interact verbally with the speaker by asking questions or summarizing. Meeting with one person or many persons

Casual listening:

When the subject being discussed is not technical or specific. Radio program and social conversations

Substituting:

When we can't use verbal we will use nonverbal. Too loud to say something? Give the ok sign.

Vizualizing the message:

When you hear the words take a moment to vizualize it. This helps negative the 25-75 problem and it allows you to remember the info better. Acronyms are an important part of vizualizing a message. Think my very eager mother just served us nine pizzas.

Developing a listening climate:

You don't want to seem like you never want to listen or can't listen or that when you do listen you are mean or too humorous.

Personalizing the message helps combat:

Your unwillingness and lack of motivation because if you feel you can get something out of it then you will pay attention.

low-context culture

a culture in which people are expected to be direct and to say what they mean

Mnemonic:

a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something.

Two ways listening to the grapevine can be helpful

l 1) can be a helpful poll of the employees are they worried about losing their jobs or the new office romance 2) 70-90% of information in the grapevine is correct

Contradict:

non verbal messaging that says the opposite of which is verbally being expressed.

high-context culture

people rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when communicating with others

Global village concept:

proposes that advancments in communication and technologies will shrink the world to a point where we are one big happy global village. No true because the quick travel only makes us realize our differences not similarities.

Affect Displays:

signal to another person what we are feeling. Can show joy, anger, boredom, excitement. Not hard to see in others. Hard to control in ourselves.

Common definition Nonverbal communication is all communication except the _____

spoken word