Texas Govt 2306: Chapter 8

_____ state(s) that candidates must be given an opportunity to respond to any criticism made by a media outlet.

The right of rebuttal

The media are typically categorized by

type of message and type of media.

The Telegraph and Texas Register is remembered as the originator of what rallying cry?

"Remember the Alamo!"

At the time of the founding of the nation, journalists were called

"newsmongers."

As of 2016, about _____ percent of the adult population in the United States subscribed to satellite radio.

19

In 2017, a UT/Texas Tribune poll found that what percent of Texans favor legalization of marijuana for medical purposes?

80 percent

What does the term "concentration" mean when discussing media in the U.S.?

A few conglomerates have emerged as the major providers of information.

Which of the following best describes the future of media?

Consumers are just as important as owners and producers.

In its 2017 polling, the UT/Tribune survey determined what about Texans' approval of the U.S. Supreme Court?

Democrats have a much higher rate of approval.

True or false: Only the federal government, not the states, may pass laws to regulate the Internet.

False

_____ are carefully planned discussions designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of interest in a permissive, non-threatening environment.

Focus groups

__________ is the media's attempts to focus attention on certain events and place them in context for meaning.

Framing

What is the most widely circulated newspaper in Texas today?

Houston Chronicle

Which of the following contributed to changes in polling in the 1970s?

Politicians began taking polling more seriously. The relative complexity of political issues in the U.S. increased.

_____ factors include things like income, education, race, and ethnicity; they can affect voter turnout.

Socioeconomic

_____ are perhaps the greatest threat to traditional media's longevity.

Streaming services

In its 2016 polling, the UT/Tribune survey determined what about support for Republican Governor Abbot?

Texas Republicans supported him overwhelmingly.

A fundamental function of the media is to decide what is news. This is called

agenda setting.

The collection, dissemination, and analysis of news and information by the general public, especially by means of the Internet, is called _____ journalism.

citizen

What was the location of the earliest radio stations in Texas?

college campuses

Which of the following are among the influences that affect individual Texans' opinions?

conservatively biased media coverage a traditionalistic culture

The general trend in the U.S. is that network television viewership is

declining

The purpose of mass media gatekeeping is

determining newsworthiness.

The echo chamber effect results in

diminished exposure to conflicting information.

When users self-select information on social media, the result is a(n)

echo chamber.

Which of the following are agents of socialization in the U.S.?

education religious institutions peer groups family the media

Facebook, especially after it changed its algorithms, has _____ the echo chamber effect.

exacerbated

The category of public opinion that is defined as "rhetorical construction used so freely in our newspapers and on television as to be meaningless" is called

fiction.

Research has shown that newspapers from counties near the U.S.-Mexico border tend to have an overall negative slant toward immigrants. This "slant" is an example of

framing.

What did "freedom of the press" mean at the time of the founding of the U.S.?

freedom to use an actual printing press

After the _____ determines newsworthiness, it uses agenda setting, priming, and framing to transform the remaining information into news stories.

gatekeeper

The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) sought to protect children from

harmful materials online.

Which of the following best characterizes a "public"?

its communicative nature

The category of public opinion that is defined as "a projection of what journalists, politicians, and 'elites' believe" is called

media/elite opinion.

In a landmark 1986 survey of journalists, researchers found that journalists overwhelmingly perceived themselves to be _____ the owners of the media and the public in general.

more liberal than

As compared to newspapers, news magazines

offer more substantive coverage.

In 2009, utilizing its police powers, the Texas Legislature passed HB 2003. What issue(s) did it address?

online harassment and stalking

What type of survey reinterviews people to determine changes in opinion over time?

panel survey

A digital audio file made available on the Internet for downloading to a computer or portable media player, typically available as a series, is a

podcast.

When the local newspaper and local television station repetitively cover a story about a new stadium opening, that repetition is an example of

priming.

The right of rebuttal does not apply to

print media.

What type of survey interviews a scientifically determined sampling of people within a population?

probability sample survey

According to Jan E. Leighley's research, when the mass media are pushers of a particular individual/politician, product, or idea, they are following the _____ model.

propagandist

Political scientist Thomas Patterson argues that the _____ that citizens can access affects their interest in the news.

quality of information

The media cultivate and influence the public's social reality and mirror society's culture back to the viewer through

resonance.

Push polls are considered outright illegitimate because

they attack opposing candidates and ideas. scientific sampling is not used.

How many notable news magazines are published in Texas?

two

Which of the following would be most likely found in a positive issue ad?

"Ms. Roberts has long been an advocate for improving our schools." "Representative Nadal has been a breath of fresh air in the state house." "Malia is dedicated to finding ways to improve our community healthcare system."

The power of the media to bring issues and problems to the public's attention is called ________ _________

Agenda setting

What is a potential pitfall for candidates who use digital campaigning?

Any problematic statement or action, if digitally recorded, can come back to haunt them.

The impact that round-the-clock news coverage has had on the media is called the _____ effect.

CNN

True or false: There is overwhelming evidence that partisan media are making ordinary Americans more partisan.

False

How did the 2014 decision in Verizon v. FCC affect net neutrality?

It effectively ended it.

How has the Internet affected political campaigns' ability to control their messages?

It has increased it.

The 1996 Telecommunications Act did what?

It relaxed the limit on how many radio and TV stations one company could own.

Why is Texas a state in which digital media can be especially cost-saving for statewide campaigns?

It's very large and costly to travel to all areas in person.

Though over 10 billion tweets go out on Twitter every day, what did researchers at Carnegie Mellon University discover about people's opinions of many of those tweets?

Less than one-third of the tweets reflected information worth reading.

_____ is a published false statement that is damaging to a private individual's reputation.

Libel

__________ media is a means of communication that reaches many individuals.

Mass

What U.S. Supreme Court decision established the definition of obscenity?

Miller v. California

In 1948, Texas's first television station began operating and broadcast a speech by whom?

President Harry Truman

_____ provides a specific context and background through which audiences engage with a particular topic or story.

Priming

is the ability of the media to help shape public opinion respecting an event or a person in the public sphere.

Priming

In which of the following ways have social media proven to be disruptive to the traditional forms of media?

They allow citizens to shape the news agenda. They expose many to news outside of mainstream sources. They have made people part of the news as it happens.

What is one problem associated with focus groups?

They are less quantitatively measured.

In the 2016 election cycle, campaigns were expected to spend over $4 billion on television advertisements. How effective, generally, are these ads?

They don't seem to have much impact.

How do social media sites like Facebook and Twitter deal with posting problematic material, including sexually violent or criminal activity?

They list prohibitions in their terms of service.

Which of the following correctly describes how the news media treat negative ads?

They often denounce them on air.

True or false: Connecting with the public directly is the most important advantage that the Internet offers political campaigns.

True

True or false: Consumers drive media content as much as owners and producers do.

True

Texas gubernatorial candidate Wendy Davis received a big boost in popularity after her senatorial filibuster speech went viral on

Twitter.

Citizen journalism is especially problematic on _____, as described in the text, because people generally ignore the site's guidelines about attribution.

YouTube

Baum and Potter argue that the mass media, as an institution in our democracy, traditionally act as a conduit for information up and down between the political elite and their constituents. This describes

a linkage mechanism.

Candidate Ronald Reagan's 1984 "Morning in America" campaign commercial was designed to make viewers feel good about Reagan. What type of ad was this?

a positive issue ad

What category of public opinion is "the simple sum of many individual opinions"?

aggregation

Which of the following would be classified as "hard news"?

an interview with the head of a foreign nation coverage of a U.S. Senate election an investigative report on wasteful spending by the Department of Defense

In the 1990 GOPAC push to get Republican candidates elected, Newt Gingrich helped develop _____ into a fine art.

attack ads

Which of the following contribute to media selection bias?

budgetary constraints time personnel

The 2016 simulcast of presidential debates in Spanish is an example of how

consumers drive media content.

Which of the following would be classified as spending on traditional media for a political campaign?

direct mail television ads billboards

How many broad definitions of public opinion are there?

five

When candidates and campaigns use social media sites to share news with the public, they are better able to control

how a story is covered. what is covered. who sees the news.

What is the first step in the survey process?

identifying the population

The Founders named the _____ as preeminent in American democracy.

legislature

In Texas, concentration in media has resulted in

less local news. a selection bias that has a national slant.

This American Life and Serial are examples of very popular

podcasts.

The act of writing or presenting news stories that reflect a significantly distorted view of reality, favoring one party over another in the case of political parties, is called _____ bias.

presentation

In terms of medium, which of the following are categorizations we use?

print electronic

The _____ is a community's arena. It allows individuals to freely discuss and identify societal problems and influence political action.

public sphere

The reinforcement and magnification of existing beliefs about the reality and commonality of events due to the presentation of reality by the media is called

resonance.

What is the literal meaning of "democracy"?

rule by the people

One big advantage of the use of digital media for political campaigns is that it

saves money.

What are the three broad functions the media serve within their communities?

shaping perception acting as linkage institutions providing information

The earliest form of public opinion polling (as we know it today) consisted of newspapers setting up outside polling places and interviewing voters after they cast their ballots. These polls are called

straw polls.

Push polls are best described as

targeted attacks.

In 2015, the FCC reclassified broadband Internet transmission as a _____, but the protections offered by that decision ended in December 2017.

telecommunications service

Recent research shows that _____ remain(s) the most effective single medium available for the acquisition of political information.

television news

What entity is responsible for issuing regulations concerning broadcast media?

the Federal Communications Commission

A crucial element to the success of streaming services is

the use of smartphones.

Citizens consider information they receive directly from the media in light of _____, exacerbating media bias.

their own ideological biases.

What is the point of a push poll?

to attack a candidate or issue

Approximately what portion of American adults use at least one form of social media to share information?

two-thirds