The Appendicular Skeleton
Define fontanelles and indicate their significance.
Fontanelles allow for brain growth and ease the birth passage.
Discuss how age-related skeletal changes may affect health.
Long bones lengthen until late adolescence. head and torso 1 1/2 time length of lower limbs, equal in length by age 10.
Name the important markings of the bones of the upper limb.
Major markings : Arm: 1. Proximal humerus includes a. head b. anatomical and surgical necks c. greater and lesser tubercles d. intertubercular groove 2. Distal humerus includes a. capitulum b. trochlea c. medial and lateral epicondyles d. coronoid and olecranon fossae 3. Medial portion includes a. radial groove b. deltoid process Forearm: Ulna Major markings: a. olecranon b. coronoid process c. trochlear notch d. radial notch e. styloid process Forearm: Radius Major markings: a. radial tuberosity b. ulnar notch c. styloid process
Identify important bone markings of the pectoral girdle.
Major markings: suprascapular notch, supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, spine, acromion, coracoid process.
Identify the lower limb bones and their important markings.
Thigh is femer - largest and strongest bone in the body. leg is tibia (shinbone) and fibula. foot bones includes tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Name the arches of the foot.
medial longitudinal arch,lateral longitudinal arch, transverse arch
Describe differences in the male and female pelvis and relate these to functional differences.
1. Female Structure and functional modifications: Tilted forward; adapted for childbearing; true pelvis defines the birth canal; cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has a greater capacity. 2. Male Structure and functional modifications: Tilted less far forward; adapted for support of a male's heavier build and stronger muscles; cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep.
Identify or name the bones of the upper limb.
30 bones in the upper limb bones are described regionally as: 1. Arm (brachium) (has only 1 bone) A. Humerus 2. Forearm (antebrachium) (has only 2 bones) A. Ulna B. Radius 3. Hand (manus) (has 27 bones) A. Carpals (Wrist bones) (8) Proximally : 1. Scaphoid 2. Lunate 3. Triquetral 4. Pisiform Distally: 1. Trapezium 2. Trapezoid 3. Capitate 4. Hamate B. Metacarpals (Bones of the palm) (5) Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm (thumb starts first then continues) 1. Metacarpal 1- palm bone area of the thumb (pollex) C. Phalanges (Bones of the fingers) (14 miniature long bones) Number (1-5) each finger has 3 phalanges (distal, middle, proximal) except thumb which has 2 (distal proximal)
Name the bones contributing to the os coxae (hip bones), and relate the pelvic girdles strength to its function.
Consist of 3 separate irregular bones during childhood in adulthood they are fused (together they create the os coxae (hip bone) ) 1. ilium 2. ischium 3. pubis Pelvic girdle: Paired with 2 Os coxae (hip bones) and partner posteriorly with the Sacrum and coccyx The pelvic girdle, or hip girdle, attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the full weight of the upper body to the lower limbs, and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis.
Describe how skeletal proportions change through life.
Present at birth. Growth of cranium is related to brain growth. Vertebral column c shaped at birth. secondary curvature form when baby can raise head and walk.
Identify bones forming the pectoral girdle and their arrangements to the function of this girdle.
The pectoral girdle is very light and has a high degree of mobility due to the openness of the shoulder joint and the free movement of the scapula across the thorax. 1. Scapulae: The scapulae (shoulder blades) are thin, flat bones that lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, articulating with the humerus via the glenoid cavity, and the clavicle via the acromion. 2. Clavicle: The clavicles (collarbones) extend horizontally across the thorax, articulating medially with the sternum, and laterally with the scapula, bracing the arms and scapulae laterally.
