The Art of Public Speaking - Midterm 1
How many main points should most speeches contain?
2 to 5
Signpost
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
The most important ancient work on public speaking still used today is
Aristotle's Rhetoric
Speech goals and values may differ legitimately from person to person. What is the public speaker's responsibility in assessing a speech topic for a given situation?
Ask as many questions about the topic and audience as possible.
The oldest known handbook on effective speech was written 4,500 years ago in
Egypt
Bronson has a terrible headache. During class, he completely misses the teacher's homework instructions. Which of the following elements caused the communication process to be a failure for Bronson?
Internal interference
Which is not considered to be public speaking?
One on one conversations
Central idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
Which of the following are some of the positive effects of stategic organization?
The audience believes the speaker is more confident, the audience better understands the speech, and the speaker has more confidence.
In order to avoid plagiarism when using an Internet source to research your speech, you should record
The title of the Internet document, the author or organizational sponsorship of the Internet document, and the date the Internet document was last updated.
People who listen effectively
Work at listening
Which of the following are guidelines for ethical speaking?
You should be fully prepared for the speech, your goals should be worthy, and you should act ethically all the time
Specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
Brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
Problem-solution order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
Topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
Spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
Chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
Causal order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
Internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
Manipulating statistics in making a speech is
a subtle form of dishonesty that is unethical
An experienced speaker views nervousness as
a way to generate mental vitality for a speech
Connective
a word or phrase that connecs the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
Transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
Believing that your own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures is called
ethnocentrism
A speaker is expected to behave ethically
all the time
In the process of communication, interference is defined as
anything that impedes the communication of a message
Good listening skills
are important in order to evaluate the messages of others effectively, remain important in this information age in order to absorb information quickly and accurately, and are important in order to avoid repeating to others what you misunderstood someone say
Because main points are the central features of your speech, you should select them carefully, phrase them precisely , and
arrange them strategically
Good listeners
evaluate what they hear and assess evidence and reasoning
A speech about the causes and effects of earthquakes would most likely be organized in __________ order.
causal
What type of organizational pattern would you be using if you presented a speech in which the first main point covers those things that lead to diabetes and the second and final main point descrives the nature of the disease?
causal
The kind of listening used to understand the message of a speaker is called
comprehensive listening
An effective specific purpose statement
contains wording giving the general purpose, states what the speaker wants to say, and states what the speaker wants the audience to know
An effective central idea is stated as a(n) __________ sentence.
declarative
You should avoid biased or abusive language in public speaking because it
defames, demeans and demoralizes, reinforces prejudicial attitudes, and can stereotype
In highly specialized technical fields such as engineering and mathematics
employers rank very highly the ability to communicate technical knowledge
Incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
The broad goal of a speech is called its
general purpose
Active listeners
give the speaker their undivided attention, do not prejudge the speaker, and do not allow themselves to be distracted
When the speaker wants to let the audience know what topic will be discussed next in the speech, what type of connective would likely be used?
internal preview
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points is called a(n)
internal summary
While working on the body of your speech, you realize that the process you have just discussed is complex, so you decide to review the steps of the process before going to your next point. What type of connective would you likely add?
internal summary
A central speech idea
is a concise statement of what you expect to say in a speech
An effective central idea
is not in the form of a question
An effectively communicated message
is one the speaker intends to communicate and is generated verbally and nonverbally
"The problem with obesity" is an effective central idea because
it is not written as a complete sentence and it does not reveal enough about content or general purpose
Effective note-takers tend to
listen for and record main points and evidence
Focusing on a person's unique accent or manner of speaking can cause a listener to
lose the point of the message, judge the speaker's intellect, and judge the speaker's message unfairly
Supporting materials should be well-organized and directly relevant to the __________ that they are supporting.
main points
When a set of main points follows a consistent pattern of wording throughout, it can be described as __________.
parallel
The problem-solution pattern of organization for ordering main points is primarily used for __________ speeches.
persuasive
Plagiarism
presenting another person's language or ideas as your own
A connective statement in the middle of a speech that explains what you are about to discuss is called an internal
preview
Ethical decisions are an important part of public speaking because
public speaking is a form of power and it can be abused
When deciding the order of main points in your speech you should consider 3 thing: your topic, your audience, and your
purpose
Strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
Personal inventory, clustering, reference, and Internet searches for speech topics
require that you start brainstorming early in the preparation process
Public speakers who do not consider cultural differences before speaking
run the risk of alienating their audience
A speaker who combines two ideas into one main point is not following the guidelines for keeping main points
separate
When you are giving a speech and say, "My first point is," which of the following are you using?
signpost
A listener has a responsibility to encourage the speaker by
sitting in an attentive posture, maintaining consistent eye contact with the speaker, and showing support with appropriate facial expressions.
The central idea
sometimes becomes apparent after you have done your research, reveals more about the speech content than th specific purpose does, and sharpens the focus of the specific purpose
Ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
If you are giving a speech whose specific purpose is "to inform my audience how to travel from region to region," which organizational pattern would you likely use?
spatial
The order of main points that follows a directional pattern is callled
spatial order
Global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
Patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
The most effective speech topics can be generated from
subjects that the speaker wants to know more about
Ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
General purpose
the broad goal of a speech
Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution
Main points
the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points
Supporting material
the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
The channel in the process of communication is defined as
the means by which a message is communicated
In the process of communication, feedback is defined as
the message that is sent back to the speaker
Typically, speech topics are determined by
the speaker's qualifications, the occasion, and the audience
In public speaking preparation, which of the following is generally not a matter of ethical consideration?
the speaker's voice
A single infinitive phrase expressing exactly what the speaker wishes to accomplish in her/his speech is called
the specific purpose
Topic
the subject of a speech
In the process of communication, situation is defined as
the time and place in which speech communication takes place
Name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
Patchwork plagiarism occurs when a speaker
ties together words and ideas from several sources without citation
If you decide to use a chronological order of main points in your speech, you are using an arrangement based on a(n) __________ pattern.
time
Paraphrase
to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
A speech about the 4 major factors to consider when choosing a cell phone would most likely be arranged in __________ order.
topical
Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech that describes the events in a gymnastics competition?
topical
Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship betweent them are called __________.
transitions
Which of the following concern the idea of suspending judgement when listening?
trying to understand the speaker's ideas, assessing the speaker's reasoning, and examining the speaker's evidence
Which of the following are the best ways to avoid global plagiarism?
using and citing more than one source in your speech and avoiding waiting until the last minute to research and prepare your speech
Examples of incremental plagiarism include
using the exact words of others as your own and rephrasing the words of others without credition the sources
Which of the following are characteristics of plagiarism?
using wording from other sources as your own and presenting ideas from other sources as your own
In U.S. history, restricting free speech
was used to keep women from voting, was used to stop civil rights leaders, and was used to keep abolitionists from exposing the evils of slavery
At times we miss a speaker's main point because
we listen for too many details
It is difficult to resist distractions while listening because
we think so much faster than a speaker can talk
Residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
If you use the views or ideas of others
you should verbally acknowledge all sources whether you quote or paraphrase them
