The Cardiovascular System-The Blood

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The normal average temperature of blood is around

100.4 degrees Farenheit

The average life span of an erythrocyte in the circulation is

120 Days

The normal pH range for blood is

7.35-7.45

What percentage of blood plasma is water?

91.5%

A megakaryoblast will develop into

A Platelet

Anemia is defined as

A condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

Which blood type is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?

AB Negative

What is agglutination?

Agglutination refers to clumping of red blood cells.

The most abundant plasma protein is ________.

Albumin

Along with platelet plug formation, which two mechanisms contribute to hemostasis?

Along with platelet plug formation, vascular spasm and blood clotting contribute to hemostasis.

Destruction of red bone marrow due to radiation results in

Aplastic Anemia

What blood type is a person if their plasma contains only anti-A agglutinin?

B

Which blood cells release granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?

Basophil

Why is the firstborn baby unlikely to have HDN?

Because the mother is most likely to start making anti-Rh antibodies after the first baby is already born, that baby suffers no damage.

What are the protective functions of blood?

Blood can clot, which protects against its excessive loss from the cardiovascular system after an injury. Its white blood cells protect against diseases by carrying on phagocytosis. Several types of blood proteins, including antibodies, interferons, and complement, help protect against disease in a variety of ways.

What are the common components of circulating blood?

Blood plasma, platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells.

What is the approximate volume of blood in your body?

Blood volume is about 8% of your body mass, roughly 5-6 liters in males and 4-5 liters in females. For instance, a 70-kg (150-lb) person has a blood volume of 5.6 liters (70 kg X 8% X 1 liter/kg).

The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called

Emigration

Which blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and are effective against parasitic worms?

Eosinophil

Which formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?

Erythrocytes

Which hormone stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?

Erythropoietin

Which clotting factor is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?

Factor XIII

True or False: Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs.

False

True or False: Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries.

False

True or False: Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen.

False

True or False: The only RBC "graveyard" is the liver.

False

True or False: The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.

False

True or False: Transfusion of compatible blood can be fatal.

False

Which plasma protein plays a role in blood clotting?

Fibrinogen

The major function of red blood cells is

Gas Transport

Which plasma protein plays a role in disease resistance?

Globulins

Stercobilin, a brown pigment that gives feces its characteristic color, and urobilin, a yellow pigment that gives urine its color, are both breakdown products of which component of blood?

Heme

The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.

Hemoglobin F

The process by which the formed elements of the blood develop is called

Hemopoiesis

What is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?

Heparin

What can be expected with polycythemia?

High blood pressure, increased blood volume, and high hematocrit.

What organ in the body is the primary regulator of erythrocyte production?

Kidney

Which precursor cells give rise to agranular leukocytes?

Lymphoblast

Which blood cells are the main soldiers in the immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders?

Lymphocyte

In what way is the "traffic pattern" of lymphocytes in the body different from that of other WBCs?

Lymphocytes recirculate from blood to tissues and back to blood. After leaving the blood, other WBCs remain in the tissues until they die.

Which blood cells are phagocytes?

Mast cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.

Which precursor cells eventually give rise to the platelets?

Megakaryoblast

A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes production of large abnormal red blood cells is called

Megaloblastic Anemia

Which situation could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.

Monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

Which cells are agranular leukocytes?

Monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells.

Which precursor cells give rise to granular leukocytes?

Myeloblasts

Which WBCs are called granular leukocytes? Why?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called granular leukocytes because all have cytoplasmic granules that are visible through a light microscope when stained.

What is a characteristic of BOTH erythrocytes and thromobocytes?

No Nucleus

How might your hematocrit change if you moved from a town at sea level to a high mountain village?

Once you moved to high altitude, your hematocrit would increase due to increased secretion of erythropoietin.

How many molecules of oxygen can one hemoglobin molecule transport?

One hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of four oxygen molecules, one oxygen bound to each heme group.

Reduced vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in condition called

Pernicious Anemia

Serum is

Plasma without the clotting factors

Which blood cell is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?

Platelet

Which formed elements of the blood are cell fragments?

Platelets are cell fragments.

What is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?

Pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast)

From which connective tissue cells do pluripotent stem cells develop?

Pluripotent stem cells develop from mesenchyme

Place the following in correct developmental sequence: reticulocyte, proerythroblast, normoblast, late erythroblast.

Proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte

What opposes the action of thromboxane A2 by inhibiting platelet adhesion and release?

Prostacyclin

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of

Prothrombinase

The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by

RBCs

During hemopoiesis, the myeloid stem cells will eventually develop into

Red blood cells, platelets, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.

Towards the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a

Reticulocyte

What is serum?

Serum is blood plasma minus the clotting proteins.

What are some symptoms of sickle-cell disease?

Some symptoms of sickle-cell disease are anemia, jaundice, bone pain, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, abdominal pain, fever, and fatigue.

Ferritin is a protein used to

Store iron in the liver

Blood is what type of mixture?

Suspension

What is the outcome of the first stage of blood clotting?

The outcome of the first stage of blood clotting is the formation of prothrombinase.

A cord-blood transplant involves obtaining the stem cells to transplant into the diseased patient from

The umbilical cord of a donor shortly after birth

Which formed elements in blood are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?

Thrombocytes

Which hormone stimulates the development of megakaryoblasts?

Thrombopoietin

What is the function of transferrin?

Transferrin is a plasma protein that transports iron in the blood.

What are the major functions of blood?

Transportation, Regulation, and Protection

True or False: All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.

True

True or False: Blood plasma is about 90% water.

True

True or False: Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions of white blood cells.

True

True or False: Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.

True

True or False: Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.

True

Which antibodies are usually present in type O blood?

Type O blood usually contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

List the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting

Which antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood?

anti-A and anti-B


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