The Civil Rights Movement

Why were there workshops?

- Practice/Prepare of an event of a possible physical attack - Resisting Anger - Planned to make the public realize and sympathize misdeeds and the harm that comes to African Americans

When your not allowed to vote,

- You don't count - No one represents you - You have no impact on your town, state

How did the Civil Rights Movement change America politically, socially, and economically?

-African Americans were given higher positions in government and more African Americans started voting, meaning that more African Americans voice in who ruled in government. The gave the Northern Democrats more political power. -The Civil Rights Movement gave more rights to women, religious minorities, and racial minority groups

Six Principles of Non-Violence

1) Non-Violence is a way of life for courageous people 2) Non-Violence seeks to win friendship and understanding 3) Non-Violence seeks to defeat injustice, not people 4) Non-Violence holds summary (voluntary suffering) can educate and transform 5) Non-Violence chooses love instead of hate 6) Non-Violence believes that the universe is on the side of justice

CORE Rules

1) Power of active goodwill and non-retaliation 2) Public opinion against injustice 3) Power of refusing to be a party of injustice

What ways were African Americans prevented from voting in the South?

1) Violence- Fire Bombing 2) Poll Taxes 3) Unfair Literacy Test 4) Reading and Interpreting Constitution 5) Voting Lists could be "Purged" of Black votes 6) Can Lose your Job if you Vote 7) Denied Loans 8) Doubled Rent 9) Cut off Food Assistance Program 10) People who registered to vote and people who helped blacks register were jailed

Separate But Equal

A doctrine established by the 1896 Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson that permitted laws segregating African Americans as long as equal facilities were provided

Selma March

A march in response to a need to protect African American voter rights. March in Selma Alabama because although African Americans made up a majority of Selma's population, they made up only 3 percent of registered voters. led to the arrest of more than 3000 African Americans

W.E.B DuBois

A scholar, activist, and journalist Attended Harvard University (first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895)

Why did the Civil Rights Movement make gains in postwar America?

African American leaders began to use their political power to help end discrimination in wartime factories. They also increased opportunities for African Americans in the military.

Malcolm X

African-American leader and prominent figure in the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X articulated concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the 1950s and '60s.

Why the Civil Rights Movement Matters?

After World War II, African Americans and other civil rights supporters challenged segregation in the United States. Their efforts were strongly opposed by Southern segregationists. Eventually, the federal government began to take a firmer stand for civil rights.

Filibuster

An attempt to kill a bill by having a group of senators take turns speaking continuously so that a vote cannot take place

King's Assassination

At the time, the SCLC had been planning a national "Poor People's Campaign" to promote economic advancement for impoverished Americans. The purpose of this campaign was to lobby the federal government to commit billions of dollars to end poverty and unemployment in the United States. Sniper had killed him

Why did New Civil Rights Issues Matter?

By the mid-1960s, much progress had been made in the area of civil rights. However, leaders of the movement began to understand that merely winning political rights for African Americans would not completely solve their economic problems. African American leaders would continue to try to end economic inequality.

Sit-In's

Challenged segregation by gathering African Americans to sit in a restaurant (whites only) and asked to be served just like whites (Held in over 100 cities). The sit ins were intended to shame managers into integrating their restaurants. -started by four college students -popularized by union workers in the 1930s to desegregate restaurants that refused to serve African Americans

James Farmer

Civil rights activist that founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in Chicago

March on Washington

Civil rights leaders kept the pressure on legislators and the president by planning a large-scale march on Washington. On August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 demonstrators, African American and white, gathered near the Lincoln Memorial. They heard speeches and sang songs. Dr. King then delivered a powerful speech calling for freedom and equality for all Americans.

Eisenhower vs Kennedy

Eisenhower sympathized with the civil rights movement but he did not want a court ruling to overturn segregation because he was scared to divide the nation in the midst of the Cold War. He believed segregation and racism would end gradually as values changed. He ordered navy shipyards and veterans' hospitals to desegregate. Eisenhower was the first president since Reconstruction to send troops into the South to protect the rights of African Americans (Little Rock Nine). He believed in protecting voting rights and sent the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to Congress. JFK's campaign was based on his promise to support civil rights. He brought around 40 African Americans into high-level government positions and appointed Thurgood Marshall to a federal judgeship on the Second Circuit Appeals Court in New York. He created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (CEEO). He and his brother Robert worked so that by late 1962, segregation in interstate bus travel had virtually ended.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Established by Dr. King, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth of Birmingham, Alabama, and other African American ministers and civil rights activists in 1957. The SCLC set out to eliminate segregation and to encourage African Americans to register to vote. Dr. King served as the SCLC's first president. The organization challenged segregation at voting booths and in public transportation, housing, and accommodations.

Emmett Till

Fourteen-year-old __________ _____was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi, on August 24, 1955, when he was accused of whistling at Carolyn Bryant, a white woman who was a cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, Bryant's husband Roy and his half brother J.W. Milam kidnapped __________ _____, beat him and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. __________ _____'s murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging Civil Rights Movement.

When you vote,

Government officially represents your interests

Kerner Commission

Headed by Governor Otto Kerner of Illinois, the 11-member commission was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in July 1967 to uncover the causes of urban riots and recommend solutions.

The March On Washington: Involvement/Outcome

Highly publicized confrontations between nonviolent protesters, including schoolchildren, on the one hand, and police with clubs, fire hoses, and police dogs, on the other, gained northern sympathy.

Brown v Board Of Education

In 1954 the Supreme Court decided to combine several cases and issue a general ruling on segregation in schools. One of the cases involved a young African American girl named Linda Brown, who was denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas, because of her race. She was told to attend an all-black school across town. With the help of the NAACP, her parents sued the Topeka school board. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

Southern Manifesto

In 1956 a group of 101 Southern members of Congress signed the "________________ _______________" It denounced the Supreme Court's ruling of Brown v Board of Education as "a clear abuse of judicial power" and pledged to use "all lawful means" to reverse the decision. Not until 1969 did the Supreme Court order all school systems to desegregate "at once" and operate integrated schools "now and hereafter."

Urban Problems

In 1965 approximately 70 percent of African Americans lived in large cities. Even if African Americans had been allowed to move into white neighborhoods, many were stuck in low-paying jobs with little chance of advancement. In 1960 only 15 percent of African Americans held professional, managerial, or clerical jobs, compared to 44 percent of whites. The average income of African American families was only 55 percent of that of the average income for white families. Almost half of African Americans lived in poverty, with an unemployment rate typically twice that of whites.

Importance of Crisis in Little Rock

In a key event of the American Civil Rights Movement, nine black students enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957, testing a landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Martin Luther King Jr.

In his role as SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) president, Martin Luther King Jr. traveled across the country and around the world, giving lectures on nonviolent protest and civil rights as well as meeting with religious figures, activists and political leaders.King had also become a target for white supremacists 'I have a dream"

Why Challenging Segregation Matters?

In the early 1960s, the struggle for civil rights intensified. African American citizens and white supporters created organizations that directed protests, targeted inequalities, and attracted the attention of the mass media and the government.

New Civil Rights Legislation/Protective Voting

In the same year that the Little Rock crisis began, Congress passed the first civil rights law since Reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was intended to protect the right of African Americans to vote. Eisenhower believed firmly in the right to vote, and he viewed it as his responsibility to protect voting rights.

In result of King's death/ Civil Rights Act of 1968

In the wake of Dr. King's death, Congress did pass the Civil Rights Act of 1968. This law, sometimes known as the Fair Housing Act of 1968, outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin when selling, renting, or financing housing. In many communities across the nation, racism had led to an informal segregation. People would simply refuse to sell their homes or rent property to people based on their race. Sometime banks would not approve loans because of racist attitudes or assumptions that affected the thinking of the loan officers. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 put an end to these practices.

James Meredith

James Meredith is a civil rights activist who became the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi in 1962. He was initially accepted, but his admission was later withdrawn when the registrar discovered his race. Since all public educational institutions had been ordered to desegregate by this time (following 1954's Brown v. Board of Education ruling), Meredith filed a suit alleging discrimination. Although the state courts ruled against him, the case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in his favor.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Jo Ann Robinson, head of a local group called the Women's Political Council, called on African Americans to boycott Montgomery's buses on the day Rosa Parks appeared in court. Peaceful protest where African Americans refused to ride buses and walked. Very successful Several African American leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to run the boycott and to negotiate with city leaders. They elected MLK to lead them. The 1955-56 Montgomery Bus Boycott, a protest against segregated public facilities in Alabama, lasted for 381 days.

Civil Rights Act Passed

Kennedy tried and failed to win passage of civil rights legislation. After his assassination in November 1963, Lyndon Johnson—former leader of the Senate Democrats—became president. He had helped pass the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960, but had done so by weakening their provisions and by compromising with other Southern senators.

Medgar Evers

NAACP first field secretary that focused his efforts on voter registration and boycotts. He was murdered by a white segregationist in Mississippi. He was seen as a martyr and his death increased support for legislation that would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Kennedy announced new bill after his death).

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -they called for federal anti-lynching laws and coordinated a series of challenges to state-sponsored segregation in public schools, an effort that led to the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared the doctrine of "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional

CORE (The Congress for Racial Equality)

National Organization with affiliated local groups, committed to the goals of erasing the color line through methods of direct nonviolent actions

Rosa Parks

On December 1, 1955, _______ _______ left her job as a seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama, and boarded a bus to go home. In 1955, buses in Montgomery reserved seats in the front for whites and seats in the rear for African Americans. Seats in the middle were available to African Americans only if there were few whites on the bus. _______ _______ took a seat just behind the white section, and soon all of the seats on the bus were filled. When the driver noticed a white man standing, he told _______ _______ and three other African Americans in her row to get up so the white man could sit down. When _______ _______ did not move, the driver called the police.

Children's March

On May 2, heroic young people marched in groups from churches to downtown businesses. Many were attacked by police, and many were arrested. On September 15, 1963, the Ku Klux Klan bombed Birmingham's Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four young girls. News reports of these attacks on children led to greater support for the civil rights movement.

Racism

Prejudice or discrimination against someone because of his or her race

John F. Kennedy's Role in the Civil Rights Movement

Running for presidency in 1960, promised to support the Civil Rights Movement. Kennedy brought approximately 40 African Americans into high-level government positions. Kennedy also created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (CEEO). He allowed the Justice Department, run by his brother Robert, to actively support the civil rights movement. The department tried to help African Americans register to vote by filing lawsuits across the South.Robert Kennedy ordered the Justice Department to take legal action against Southern cities that maintained segregated bus terminals. By late 1962, segregation in interstate bus travel had virtually ended. Assassinated Later.

Jim Crow (laws)

Segregation and disenfranchisement laws that represented a formal, codified system of racial apartheid that dominated the American South for three quarters of a century beginning in the 1890s. The laws affected almost every aspect of daily life, mandating segregation of schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. "Whites Only" and "Colored" signs were constant reminders of the enforced racial order.

De Facto Segregation

Segregation by custom and tradition

Massive Resistance

Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia called on Southerners to adopt "_______________ _________________" against the ruling. Across the South, hundreds of thousands of white Americans joined citizens' councils to pressure their local governments and school boards into defying the Supreme Court. Many states adopted pupil assignment laws, which established elaborate requirements other than race that schools could use to prevent African Americans from attending white schools. Supreme Court ordered school districts to proceed "with all deliberate speed" to end school segregation. The wording was vague enough that many districts were able to keep their schools segregated for many more years.

Lyndon Johnson

Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964: made segregation illegal in most places of public accommodation and gave citizens of all races/nationalities equal access to public facilities. Banned discrimination based on religion, gender, race, and national origin Established the EEOC as a permanent federal agency. He was angry with the segregation/violence shown during the Selma march so he proposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Crisis in Little Rock

The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States.

The Watts Riot

The Watts riots, sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion, took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965. On August 11, 1965, an African-American motorist was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving. A minor roadside argument broke out, and then escalated into a fight.

What Did the Civil Rights Act do?

The law made segregation illegal in most places of public accommodation, and it gave citizens of all races and nationalities equal access to public facilities. The law gave the U.S. attorney general more power to bring lawsuits to force school desegregation and required private employers to end discrimination in the workplace. It also established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as a permanent federal agency. The law also went further than simply banning discrimination based on race. It also banned discrimination based on religion, gender, and national origin. For religious minorities, for immigrants, and for women, the act represented a dramatic step forward in expanding their political rights and economic opportunities as well.

Black Power

The mobilization of the political and economic power of African Americans, especially to compel respect for their rights and to improve their condition

What happened at Sit-In's?

The people in sit ins sat down and refused to leave. Those conducting sit-ins were heckled, punched, kicked, beaten with clubs, and burned with cigarettes, hot coffee, and acid. Most did not fight back.

Selma March (Montgomery)

This Selma to Montgomery march was the culmination of a stage of the African-American freedom struggle. Soon afterward, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which greatly increased the number of southern blacks able to register to vote. But it was also the last major racial protest of the 1960s to receive substantial white support.

Civil Rights Movement

Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s broke the pattern of public facilities' being segregated by "race" in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans since the Reconstruction period (1865-77).

SNCC "Snick"

Urged on by former NAACP official and SCLC executive director Ella Baker, students established the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Founded on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh, NC 1960. - Ignited by "Direct Action" (Students) - Sit-ins challenged segregation - Coordinated with CORE - Used Media

De jure segregation

segregation enforced by law

Freedom Riders

teams of African American and white volunteers who boarded several southbound interstate buses Despite interstate bus service segregation being outlawed, much of the southern bus terminals were segregated, like in Alabama. Governor/attorney general John Patterson banned the NAACP from being active in Alabama. The bus riders were met with rocks, baseball bats, chains, lead pipes and even a firebomb in states like Alabama. The violence made national news, shocking many Americans and drawing the federal government's attention to the plight of African Americans in the South.

Thurgood Marshall

the NAACP's chief counsel and director of its Legal Defense and Educational Fund was this African American attorney