The classical civilization (Mediterranean)

When did Greeks take over the peninsula?

1700 B.C.

How long did the RomanEmpire maintain its power?

200 years then got overturned in 476 C.E.

When did the Roman aristocrats drive out the Monarchy?

509 B.C

When did Rome began and what type a government did they have?

800 B.C and a Monarchy (Kings and Queens)

By 550 B.C Cyrus the Great established...

A massive Persian Empire across the northern Middle East and into the northwestern India

What government did Rome have after the Monarchs?

A republic

What Greek educated conqueror toppled Persian?

Alexander The Great

Sparta was a strong military aristocracy dominating a slave population.

Athens was a diverse commercial state

When did Sparta and Athens cooperate, along with other states,to defeat the Persian Empire?

Between 500 and 449 B.C

When did the rapid rise of civilization increase in Greece occur?

Between 800 and 600 B.C

Who established the basic structure of the Roman Empire?

Caesar's grandnephew, Augustus Caesar

What are major ideas of Euclid?

Developed many mathematical theories. Known as the Father of Geometry.

What empire adopted Christianity in an attempt to unite the Roman Empire in 313 C.E.?

Emperor Constantine

What are major ideas of Socrates?

Encouraged his pupils to question conventional wisdom, on the grounds that the chief human duty was "the improvement of the soul." He thought he was undermining political loyalty. Socratic principle of rational inquiry by means of skeptical questioning became a recurrent strand in Classical Greek thinking and in its heritage to later societies.

What steps led to the development of the Roman Empire?

First Rome developed a Monarchy around 800 B.C. Roman aristocrats succeeded in driving out the monarchy in 509 B.C. They developed a more elaborate political institutions for their city state. Roman Republic. The Romans established a strong military and caused 3 Punic Wars from 246 to 146 B.C. They won the war by spreading salt around the Carthage to prevent agriculture from surviving there and proceeded to seize the entire western Mediterranean along with Greece and Egypt. The politics grew increasingly unstable. Civil wars between two generals led to a victory by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C. Which ended the traditional institutions of the Roman state. His grandnephew called Augustus Caesar established the basic structures of the Roman Empire. 200 years went by bringing peace and prosperity to the entire Mediterranean world. Then in 476 B.C. Invading people of the North finally overturned the government and the invasion of nomadic people from the north marked the end of the Classical period of the Mediterranean civilization.

When did the Punic Wars occur?

From 264 B.C to 146 B.C

What features contributed to the decline of Rome?

Invading people of the North. The decline manifest itself in terms of both economic deterioration and population loss: trade levels and birth rates both fell. Government became less effective. The Roman armies depended on non-Roman recruits. Invasion of nomadic groups from the North marked the end of the Classical period of the Mediterranean civilization.

What did the Persians advance?

Iron technology

Why were the laws so important to the Romans?

It hold their vast territories together. Designed to balance the defense of private property with the protection of poor citizens. To restrain the upper classes from arbitrary action and to subject them as well as ordinary people to some common legal principles. Solved matters of judgement earlier reserved for fathers of families or landlords. It promotes common sense fairness.

Why is the Hellenistic period significant?

It is the merge of Greek art and culture with other Middle Eastern forms. Also during this time, trade flourished and important scientific centers. The Hellenistic period saw the consolidation of Greek civilization even after the decline of the peninsula as well as some important new cultural developments.

What were the limitations of the Greco-Roman religion, and how did this lead to the development of separate ethical philosophies.

It's lack of spiritual passions which failed to satisfy many ordinary workers and peasants.

What General ended the traditional institutions of the roman state in 45 B.C.

Julius Ceaser

What were important political legacies of the Mediterranean civilization?

Localism and fervent political interests, including a sense of intense loyalty to the state; a diversity of political systems together with the preference for aristocratic rule; the importance of law and the development of an unusual elaborate and uniform set of legal principles-these were the chief political legacies of the Classical Mediterranean world.

What were the 3 main classical civilizations?

Mediterranean, Indian and Chinese

Who was the most famous Greek Political figure?

Pericles

What are major ideas of Plato?

Plato accentuated the positive somewhat more strongly by suggesting that human reason could approach and understanding of the three perfect forms-the absolutely True, Good, Beautiful-which he believed characterized nature.

Describe the basic form of the political during the Roman Republic.

Reliance on the principle of aristocracy. Roman citizens could gather in periodic assemblies to elect various magistrates. Important legislative body was the Senate, composed of mainly aristocrats. Two consuls shared primarily executive power but in times of crisis the Senate could chose a Dictator to hold emergency authority until the crisis had passed. The ideal of public service like eloquent public speaking and arguments to identify the general good, came closest to realization.

In what ways were the Greek and Roman civilizations different from each other.

Roman mastered engineering, Greek specialized in scientific thought. Rome created a mighty empire, whereas the Greek had city states. Greek influence was always stronger than Roman in the Eastern Mediterranean, whereas Western Europe Roman influenced predominating in language and law.

What were the 2 leading city states in Greece?

Sparta and Athens

What island of Egyptian influence was able to develop a taste for monumental structure?

The Island of Crete

The classical civilization sprang from...

The Mediterranean Sea from 800 B.C. Until the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E

What were the major intellectual achievements of Rome?

The Roman had a great engineering achievement such as the great roads and aqueducts that carried water to cities large and small.

In what ways were the literacy and artistic achievements of the Greeks different from the Romans?

The Roman literary contribution was less impressive as the Greek, but it was substantial enough both to provide important examples of how poetry should be written. In the visual arts, Greek artists also excelled in ceramic work, whereas Roman painters produced more realistic decorations for homes of the wealthy.

Describe the basic features of the Greco-Roman religion.

The characteristic Greco-Roman religion was a much more primitive affair, derived from a belief in the spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of gods and goddesses who were seen as regulating human life. The doing of the gods made for good story telling; Thus the religion early engendered an important literary tradition. The gods were also to illustrate human passions and foibles, thus serving as symbols of a serious inquiry into human nature.

In what ways were the hierarchies different among the classical civilization.

The groups at the top of the hierarchy judged that they had to control lower groups carefully to ensure their own prosperity. The groups at the top reflected different value system.u

What caused the transition from the Republic to Empire?

The instability of the Roman Republic and the overwhelmed expansion of Rome which led to Civil Wars won by Julius Caesar. His grandnephew Augustus Caesar established the basic structure of the Roman Empire.

What were the effects of social inequalities?

The lower people didn't agree on some things and sometimes needed military force to clear legal statements that defined rights according to station. Major slave rebellion and peasant uprising were formed and in many times the classical social structure gave them some leeway.

Why did all Classical civilizations developed clear social hierarchies?

The majority people had to do the dirty work no one wanted to do but had to be done. The groups at the top of the social hierarchy judged that they had to control lower groups to ensure their own prosperity.

What ended the Classical Era of the Mediterranean civilization?

The nomadic people from the North. They could no longer defend themselves.

Why was the city-state the best political unit for Greece?

The peninsula was so divided by by mountains that a unified government would have been difficult to establish.

What factors cause the political decline of Greece?

The war between Sparta and Greece depleting both sides

Explain the types of agriculture practiced in the Mediterranean affected the political and economic structures.

There were 3 types of embellishments, each more ornate than the next. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The architecture showed a since of power but were a part of daily urban life and the pursuit of pleasure.

How was the system changed during the Empire?

They thought it was a meaningless forum for debates. The empire developed organizational capacities on a far larger scale than the city states. Only on rare occasions the Romans take over distant areas completely. The army had lots of power. They developed carefully crafted laws, The Twelve tables. The laws were common since fairness.

What purpose did the Greco-Roman religion serve?

To describe the way of human life. Why do some things happen the way they do?

What features served to unite the Greek world?

Trade and common cultural forms, including a rich written language with letters derived from the Phoenician alphabet. Also regular celebrations such as the athletic competition of the Olympic Games.

What religion did Persia invent?

Zoroastrianism