The Endocrine System
the growth disorder characterized by the hyper-secretion of GH during childhood which causes accelerated bone growth resulting in a larger than usual stature is ____________
Gigantism- if hypersecretion of GH during childhood, before the epiphyseal plate close, (gigantism) results. Individuals with gigantism have accelerated bone growth. They can also suffer from swelling of soft tissues, peripheral nerve damage, and delayed onset of puberty. *gigantism
hormones that have their-lives extended by binding to plasma proteins are________ hormones and thyroid hormones. Epinephrine and ____ hormones have relatively short half-lives because they are quickly degraded, recycled, or excreted.
Half-life is the length of time it takes for one-half of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system. Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone have their half-lives extended by binding to plasma proteins. Their levels tend to be more constant. protein hormones and epinephrine have relatively short half-lives because they are quickly degraded, recycled, or excreted
Cushing's syndrome
a collection of health problems related to excess cortisol or corticosteroid levels in the blood as a result of hypersecretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland
Urinalysis
a test that involves a physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. Results that do not fall within normal limits indicate a condition or disease. In regard to endocrine disorders, a urinalysis may reveal inappropriate levels of certain chemicals in the urine.
gigantism
accelerated bone growth during childhood results in a larger than usual stature due to excessive endochondral growth.
grave's disease
an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyper-secretion of thyroid hormone in excessive growth of bones
toxic goiter
an enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormone.
when blood glucose levels fall below normal, the pancreas respond by releasing_________ which travels through the blood to target liver cells causing them to convert stored glycogen back to glucose for release back into the blood.
glucagon
gigantism
hyper-secretion of growth hormone (GH) during childhood.
acromegaly
hyper-secretion of growth hormone (GH) in adulthood
pituitary dwarfism
hypo-secretion of growth hormone (GH) during childhood.
a neuron stimulating a gland
in the nervous system chapter, you studied how neurons can synapse with a gland, a muscle, or the dendrite of another neuron. An example of neural stimulation of a gland occurs when sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine in times of pain, fear, ad/ or stress.
the secretion of hormones is usually regulated by ____ feedback mechanisms.
most hormones are secreted at a constant rate. They are secreted when there is a need, and their secretion is usually regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms. The secretion of a hormone can be initiated in three ways: * a neuron stimulating a gland.
the parathyroid hormone (PTH)_______ blood calcium levels.
parathyroids PTH (parathyroid hormone) 1. osteoclasts 1. stimulates bone reabsorption to increase blood calcium levels 2. kidneys 2. stimulates reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys to maintain blood calcium levels. 3. small intestine 3. stimulates calcium absorption.
which statements describe plasma proteins
* plasma proteins bind hormones that can easily pass though the cell membrane. * plasma proteins are made by the liver an bind hormones in the blood. - plasma proteins bind hormones that cannot cross the cell membrane. * plasma proteins form a reversible bond with the hormone
what are the characteristics of Type 1 diabetes mellitus:
* treatment requires insulin injections to maintain normal blood glucose levels. * pancreatic cells are attacked by the body's immune system.
high levels of ___________ in the blood, along with low levels of _____________, is a sign of Addison's disease.
ACTH; cortisol
Magnetic resonance imaging
An imaging technique used to visualize internal structures. This test provides great contrast between various soft tissues in the body. In regard to disorders of the endocrine system, MRI can be used to detect a tumor or changes in soft tissue.
Hyper-secretion of GH in adulthood causes
acromegaly
ACTH (adrenocortloctropic hormone)
adrenal cortex stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid and growth of the adrenal cortex
hashimoto's disease
an autoimmune disorder characterized by hypersecretion o thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
endemic goiter
an enlargement of the thyroi gland from a deficiency of iodine in the diet.
endemic goiter
an enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from an iodine deficiency
computed tomography
an imaging technique used to visualize internal structures. the scan produces images in "slices" of areas throughout the body. in regard to disorders of the endocrine system, Ct can be used to determine whether a tumor is present.
the hypothalamus secretes hormones that release or inhibit the production and release of hormones from the _______ pituitary gland
anterior
the hypothalamus secretes hormones that release or inhibit the production and releases from the __________ pituitary gland..
anterior
the hypothalamus regulates the activities of the _____ pituitary gland by __________.
anterior; secreting hormones that inhibit or stimulate production of hormones.
secretions of a hormone by cells of the same tissue type targeted by that hormone describes
autocrine
Addison's Disease
degeneration of the adrenal cortex, which results in the inability to produce adequate amounts of glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoid hormones, and androgens.
X-ray
electromagnetic radiation that sends photons through the body, allowing the visualization of dense structures such as bone. In regard to disorders of the endocrine system, x-rays can be used to determine changes in bone growth.
Acromegaly
epiphyseal plates have closed preventing further elongation of long bones, but all of the bones become more massive through appositional bone growth in adulthood.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) oxytocin
kidneys 1. uterus 2. lactating breasts 1. stimulates uterine contractions 2. stimulates release of milk
during puberty, the _________ gland's production of melatonin is reduced.
pineal
the effects of epinephrine include:
raises metabolic rate; increases heart and respiration rates; increases blood glucose levels (complements sympathetic nervous system)
what are the characteristics of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
* cells produce insulin but the cells lose the ability to respond to it * it is the common type of diabetes mellitus
hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through the blood to get to the target tissue are __________ hormones.
* paracrine- refers to hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through the blood to get to the target tissue. An example of this can be seen with endocrine cells in the stomach, which cause neighboring cells to produce hydrochloric acid.
chemicals that cause a response outside the body, in another individual are called
* pheromone-- refers to chemicals that cause a response outside the body, in another individual. In developing fragrances, the perfume industry studies possible pheromones that may attract the opposite sex.
the hormone made by the heart that targets the kidney to regulate urine production is___________
ANH other tissues--- the heart produces atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), a hormone that targets the kidney to regulate urine production. The uterus makes prostaglandins, hormones that cause the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract during childbirth. Even endocrine cells
decreased secretion of cortisol caused by Addison's disease, stimulates the hypothalamus to produce....______________
CRH
a hormones stimulating a gland
an example of this can be seen when the hormones released by the hypothalamus stimulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. For example, GnRH from the hypothalamus results in the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
a substance stimulating a gland
an example of this can be seen with the pancreas, which monitors blood glucose levels. Glucose is not a hormone, but if glucose levels are high, the pancreas responds to that stimulation by secreting insulin.
the hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla which functions to increase metabolic rate, increase heart and respiration rates, and increase blood glucose levels is ____________.
epinephrine
hyper-secretion of thyroid hormone, the presence of a toxic goiter, and exophhalmos are all symptoms of __________.
grave's disease
GH(growth hormone)
liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose tissue stimulates widespread tissue growth
aldosterone is a ____________ that causes the kidneys to promote sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion.
mineralocorticoid
if there is hypo-secretion of GH during childhood, _______ ___________ results.
pituitary dwarfism
protein in the blood that bind to a hormones to "time-release" its effects are __________ proteins.
plasma
which class of hormone must bind receptors on the cell membrane because thees hormones cannot enter the cell.
protein hormones
when a hormone binds receptors on the cell membrane, a chemical reaction in the membrane occurs. this reaction creates a ________ ___________ which carries the information to where it is needed in the cell to initiate hormone function.
second messenger
the hormone that lowers blood sugar by stimulating the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen is ________. Therefore its effect on most cells is the opposite that of glucagon.
*Insulin* - stimulates cells to take in glucose to lower blood glucose levels; tells liver to store glucose as glycogen *Glucagon* - stimulates glycogen conversion to glucose and then its secretion to raise blood glucose levels
disorders or condition related to the thyroid gland include:
*Myxedema * Goiters *Hashimoto's disease
the effects of epinephrine include:
*increased metabolic rate *increased heart and respiration rates *increased blood glucose
which of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
-Anterior Pituitary- Thyroid stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid
LH (luteinizing hormone)
1. ovaries 2. testes 1. stimulates ovulation 2. stimulates secretion of testosterone
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
1. ovaries. 2. Testes 1. stimulates secretion of estrogen 2. stimulates sperm production
place the following steps of thyroid hormone secretion in the order they would be used if there is a need to increase metabolism.
1. the hypothalamus releases TRH which targets the anterior pituitary. 2. 3.The thyroid is stimulated to release thyroid hormone, which travels to several target tissues. 4. 5. Thyroid hormone travels to the anterior pituitary to inhibit further secretion of TSH and to the hypothalamus to inhibit further secretion of TRH.
how can hormones be eliminated fro the body
Excretion: the kidneys can remove a hormone from the blood and excrete. it in urine, or the liver can remove a hormone from the blood and excrete it in bile. metabolism: Enzymes in the blood, liver, kidneys, or other target tissues can break down the hormone and excrete it or use it for cellular processes. For example, the breakdown of protein hormones results in amino acids that can be used for protein synthesis. active transports: A hormone such as epinephrine can be taken back up by a cell through active transport so that it can be recycled and released at another time conjugation-- the liver can bind water-soluble molecules to a hormones so that it will be excreted at a faster rate.
the fetal head pushing on the cervix causes the cervix to send nerve impulses to the brain. The hypothalamus in the brain responds by stimulating the posterior pituitary to release
Hormonal Regulation of Childbirth-- Dorthy is nine month's pregnant. In figure 9.15, you can see that Dorothy's pregnancy is at full term. The fetal head is pushing on the neck of the uterus (called the cervix), which causes the cervix to send nerve impulses to the brain. The hypothalamus in the brain responds by stimulating the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin. Oxytocin goes to its target tissue, the uterus, and causes it to contract. The uterine contractions push on the fetus, causing more pressure on the cervix. The whole cycle keeps repeating itself until the baby is born.
An autoimmune disorder that results in the chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland resulting in the inability of the gland to function properly causing hyposecretion of thyroid hormone is ________ disease.
Hypothyroidism----- is characterized by a hyposecretion of thyroid hormone. there are two main causes of hypothyroidism, (hashimoto's disease) and hypothyroidism that results from the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Pineal gland
this gland is named pineal because it resembles a pine cone. It is located beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum in the brain. The complete function of the pineal gland is not known, although it may have a function in establishing sleep- wake cycles of daily biological rhythms. what is known is that the pineal gland reaches its maximum size betweenthe ages of 1 and 5 and usually shrinks to one-fourth that size by the end of puberty. The hormone melatonin produced by the pineal gland is believed to suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
in Addison's disease, the adrenal cortex degenerates. This results in an inability to produce which hormones?
this scenario looks at how the body deals with an enocrine gland that is not functioning properly. David has just been diagnosed with Addison's disease. Addison's disease is the result of adrenal cortex degeneration. His adrenal cortex no longer functions to produce hormones. What are the consequences of this disease for David? To determine the answer to this question, begin by reviewing the chart for the adrenal cortex. aldosterone cortisol
