The Growth of European Nation-States (1500s and 1600s)

John Locke

"Consent of the governed," English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism;" Considered one of the first of the British empiricists; important to social contract theory

Jean Baptiste Colbert

"The Father of French Mercantilism," revitalized trade as Louis's finance minister by abolishing internal tariffs and creating a free trading zone in most of France; hoped to make France self-sufficient by creating a fleet to compete with England and the Dutch

Commercial Revolution

(1500-1700) a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism; beginning with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe

Henry II

(r. 1547- 1559) Successor of Francis I; actively persecuted the Huguenots; pursued his father's policies in matter of arts, wars and religion

Ivan the Terrible

(r. 1547- 1584) Autocratic expansionist of Russia who limited the power of the nobles (boyars), expanded the realm, and solidified the position of czar; the Time of Troubles ensued following his death

Mary Tudor

(r. 1553- 1558) Henry VIII's daughter with Catharine of Aragon; married to Phillip II; "Bloody Mary" because she burned hundreds of Protestants for being against her reinstitution of Catholicism in England

Elizabeth I

(r. 1558-1603) Daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn; last and strongest of the Tudor monarch; repealed Mary's pro-Catholic legislation; reinstated the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity

James I

(r. 1603- 1625) Took the throne when Elizabeth died; believer in divine right; failed to understand the importance of Parliament

Charles I

(r. 1625- 1649) Also a believer in divine right; failed to understand the importance of Parliament; Parliament made him sign the Petition of Right when he wanted fund$

Charles II

(r. 1661-1685) Proclaimed king when Cromwell died; absolutist and with pro-Catholic tendencies

William and Mary

(r. 1688-1704) Invited to rule when James II was forced to flee; accepted the Declaration of Rights when they ascended

Peter the Great

(r. 1696- 1725) Expanded the power of the state and the czars in Russia establishing a powerful standing army, a civil service, and an educational system; built St. Petersburg

Frederick William

(r. 1713-1740) Solidified autocratic rule over Brandenburg, Prussia, and Rhine territories with a strong army and efficient bureaucracy; weakened power of the Junkers and suppressed the peasants

Henry VIII

(r.1509-1547) An extravagant and passionate man with a temper and ambition; was famously married six times and played a critical role in the English Reformation, turning his country into a Protestant nation

Francis I

(r.1515-1547) a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France; a patron of the arts, he initiated the French Renaissance; rival of HREmp Charles V and battled unsuccessfully to weaken the Hapsburgs

Developments that aided exploration

-Magnetic compass -Astrolabe -Cannons mounted on ships -The Caravel, Galleon, and Carrack ships

Petition of Right

1628; Parliament alone can levy taxes; no martial law during peace times; soldiers may not be quartered in private homes; imprisonment requires a specific charge

Divine right of theory of rule

A political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy; asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God

War of the Roses

A series of dynastic wars for the throne of England; fought between supporters of the houses of Lancaster and York; final victory went to a Lancastrian claimant, Henry Tudor, who defeated the last Yorkist king, Richard III

Edict of Toleration

An edict of limited toleration issued by Catherine de' Medici (the regent for the young Charles IX of France) that ended insistent persecution of non-Catholics (mostly Huguenots)

Cardinal Richelieu

Appointed as prime minister by Louis XIII; centralized the gov't by encouraging commerce, strengthening the military, and using the intendant system, in which bourgeois officials answered only to the king and supervised provinces while weakening the nobility

Suleiman the Magnificent

Attacked Austria and was beaten back in 30 Years' War; presided over the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power

Ferdinand Magellan

Circumnavigated det globe for Spain

First, Second, and Third Estates

Clergy; nobility; middle classes and everyone else

Cortes and Pizarro

Conquered the American empires of the Aztecs and Incas

Long Parliament

Demanded that Charles I impeach his top advisors and allow Parliament to meet every three years

Christopher Columbus

Discovered the Western Hemisphere and laid the foundation for the Europeans' oppression and exploitation of the native people :)

Hohenzollern

Dynastic house of electors, kings, and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania

Sir Francis Drake

English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era; carried out the second circumnavigation of the world

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of valuable goods from each continent

Dutch East India Company, British East India Company

First joint-stock companies ! :)

Henry VII

First of the Tudor monarchs; established a very strong central government; raised revenue from the prosperous middle class by regulating internal commerce and trade

The Thirty-Nine Articles

Followed Protestant doctrine; was very vague and accommodated everyone except the Puritans (English Calvinists)

Concordat of Bologna

Francis I granted the Pope the right to collect annates in return for the power to nominate high officials in the French church

Duke of Sully

Henry VI's finance minister who reformed the tax collection system to make it more equitable and efficient; stimulated trade and industry; fostered prosperity

Henry VI

Henry of Navarre fr (r. 1589- 1610) a Huguenot who converted to Catholicism before ascending to the French throne. He issued the Edict of Nantes

Dias, de Gama and Cabral

Lead expeditions on the coast of Africa and established trading posts in India; spurred by missionary zeal, personal gain, national pride, and curiosity

War of Spanish Succession

Louis XIV threatened to upset the Balance of Power by claiming the Spanish throne for his grandson; The Grand Alliance fought to prevent this

Mazarin

Louis XIV's regent's (his mother) prime minister; protected the throne during the War of the Fronde

Whigs

Middle class, Puritan; favored Parliament and religious toleration

Catherine de Medici

Mother of and regent for Charles IX

Mercantilism

New economic system where the mother country trades with the colonies, but the colonies can't trade elsewhere

Tories

Nobles, gentry, Anglicans; conservatives who supported the monarchy over Parliament

Rump Parliament

Parliament purged of Presbyterians; voted to behead Charles I for treason

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese leader of exploration in the South Atlantic

Edict of Nantes

Religious tolerance that guaranteed civil and religious freedom to the Huguenot minority

Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day

Renewed the brutal civil war when Catholic mobs slaughtered Huguenot leaders who had gathered in Paris to celebrate a royal wedding

Treaty of Utrecht

Restored balance of power by allowing Philip V (Louis's grandbaby) to remain of the Spanish throne as long as France and Spain were ruled separately

Oliver Cromwell

Ruled when Charles I was beheaded; puritan leader of Parliament who led his New Model Army of Puritans against the Cavaliers; designated Lord Protector of England until he died

War of the Fronde

Series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, during the minority of Louis XIV; was in part an attempt to check the growing power of royal government; its failure prepared the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV's personal reign; The Fronde was a reaction to the policies begun under the Cardinal de Richelieu, who weakened the influence of the nobility and reduced the powers of Parliament

The Stuart Kings

The Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of England, Ireland, and Great Britain; James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II

Louis XIV

The Sun King (r. 1643- 1715) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon; began his personal rule of France after the death of his chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin; adherent of the concept of the divine right of kings; continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital; compelled many members of the nobility to live in the Palace of Versailles; became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

The Glorious Revolution

The culmination of an evolutionary process over centuries which increased the power of Parliament over the monarchy

The Stuart Restoration

The return of the House of Stuart to the English throne; when Parliament declared that Charles I's son, Charles II, was King of England from the moment his father was killed in 1649. Charles II returned from exile and assumed the throne restoring the House of Stuart as the ruling family of England

Absolution

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)