The Heart
Resting heart rate should be around how many beats per minute in an adult ___
75
The ___ node is a secondary pacemaker of the heart
AV
The ___ node is the elctical connection between the atria and ventricles
AV
The lub of the heart sounds is due to closing of the ___ valves
AV
___ is a disruption of the conduction between the atria and the ventricles
AV block
The ___, ___, and ___ rapidly spread depolarization through the thick ventricular myocardium
AV bundle, bundle branch, purkinje fibers
___ are the chambers that receive blood from the venous system
Atrias
The frank-starling law of the heart refers to an increase stoke volume with an increase in the ___ preload
EDV
The measurement of electrical activity of the heart is ___
EKG
The __ wave represents atrial depolarization
P
The component of the electro cardiogram (EKG) that represents the time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation is
P-R interval
The ___ represents conduction between the SA node and the ventricles
PR
The ___ node is the primary pacemaker of the heart
SA
Five locations of specialized myocardium include the ___,___,___,___, and ___
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, puckinjie fibers
Depression of the ___ segment may indicate ischemic heart disease
ST
The ___ wave represents ventricular repolarization
T
Which wave of an ECG occurs when the ventricles are re-polarizing ___
T wave
___ are bundles of muscle in the ventricles to increase the force of contraction without making the ventricular wall enormously thick
Trabeculae carneae
___ are the chambers that pump blood to the arterial system
Ventricles
A relatively long ___ in cardiac muscle prevents tetanic contractions from occurring
absolut refractory period
The pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood is called
afterload
___ is a procedure to unblock fatty plaques and enlarge the coronary arteries
angioplasty
Which cardiac vein generally empties directly into the right atrium and not through the coronary sinus
anterior cardiac vein
Which vessel supplies blood to the muscle of the left and right ventricle
anterior interventricular artery
The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the ___
aorta
The ___ valve prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle
aortic
An ___ is an abnormal heart rhythem
arrhythmia
Unlike the systemic circulation, the pulmonary __ are blue and the pulmonary ___ are red
arteries, veins
The vessels that transport blood away from the heart are called ___
artery
The upper chambers of the heart are the ___, the lower chambers are the ___
atria, ventricles
Which term refers to the part of the cardiac cycle when atria are relaxed ___
atrial diastole
The thinner walled chambers near the base of the heart are the right and left ___
atrium
__ is a slower resting heart rate than normal
brady cardia
The coupling agent between excitation and contraction is the release of ___ ions
calcium
A measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minutes is the ___
cardiac output
The structures that prevent the mitral and tricuspid valves from swinging into the atria during ventricular contraction are the ___
chordae tendineae
Heart sounds heard with the stethoscope are produced by ___
closing of heart valves
The ___ circulation provides blood flow to the heart muscle
coronary
Blood is supplied to the heart by the right and left ___
coronary arteries
___ is a procedure to use veins to bypass blockage sites on the coronary arteries
coronary by-pass surgery
Most cardiac veins drain into a sac-like structure on the posterior surface of the heart called the ___
coronary sinus
An increase in vagus nerve parasympathetic stimulation to the heart will ___ heart rate
decrease
The lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation is the ___ pressure
diastolic
The __ is the inner heart surface and is composed of simple squamous epithelium
endocardium
The fibrous ___ mechanically and electrically separates the atria from the ventricles
endoskeleton
The ___ is another name for the viceral pericardium
epicardium
The visceral pericardium is also known as the ___
epicardium
Which layer of the heart is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
epicardium
__ is a random and uncoordinated activation of the heart
fibrillation
The ___ is the remnant of the hole between the right and left atria
fossa ovalis
___ refers to the property of cardiac muscle depolarizing and contracting as a unit
functional syncytium
The __ cardiac vein runs with the anterior interventricular artery
great
Both the ___ and the ___ contribute to the amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute
heart rate,stroke volume
The cardiovascular system consists of a pump called the ___ and tubes called ___
heart, blood vessels
___ refers to the increase in the contraction due to thesympathetic nervous system
increase contractillty
Ventricular filling becomes more active with an ___ heart rate
increased
The right atrium recevies blood from the ____,___,and ___
inf. vena cava, sup vena cava, coronary sinus
The large vessel(s) that empty into the right atrium of the heart are the ___
inferior and superior venae cava
___ are special structures in cardiac muscle that contain anchoring desmosomes and gap junctions
intercalated discs
The muscular partition between the right and left ventricle is the ___
interventricular septum
What internal partition longitudinally separates the two ventricles
interventricular septum
Ventricular pressure rises rapidly during ___ contraction of the cardiac cycle
isovolumetric
Which of the following chambers of the heart receives blood from the lungs
left atrium
Which chamber has the thickest muscle ___
left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood out the aorta ___
left ventricle
The ___ coronary artery subdivieds into a circumflex artery and a ___ interventricular artery
left, anterior
The ___ ventricle is much thicker than the ___ ventricle
left, right
Where in the brain is the cardiovascular center located ___
medulla oblongata
The ___ cardiac vein runs with the posterior interventricular artery
middle
The ___ valve prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium
mitral
Which heart valve prevents blood flow from the left ventricle back into the left atrium
mitral valve
A ___ refers to an abnormal heart sound from abnormal blood flow in the heart
murmur
Both the SA node and the AV node exhibit diastolic depolarizion, a spontaneous depolarization referred toas a ___ potential
pace maker
Contraction of the ___ muscle helps keep the atrioventicular valves closed
papillary
The ___ nervous systme decreases heart rate
parasympathetic
The ___ allows the atria to be more ditensible with thinner walls while still capable of increasing pressure during a contraction
pectinate
Serous fluid is secreted in the ___ cavity by the parietal and visceral pericardium
pericardial
The fibrous ___ is a connective tissue membrane surrounding the heart
pericardium
The ___ circulation transports blood to the lungs for oxygenation and CO2 removal
pulmonary
The ___ valve prevents blood flow from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle
pulmonary
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs through the ___ veins
pulmonary
Which of the following vessels carries deoxygenated blood ___
pulmonary artery
The circuit that carries blood to the lungs and back is known as the ___
pulmonary circuit
The valve that guards the opening of the pulmonary trunk is known as ___
pulmonary semilunar valve
The ___ valve is the name of the right semilunar valve and the __ valve is the name of the left semilunar valve
pulmonary, aortic
The right ventricle pumps blood out to the lungs through the ___ trunk which divides into a right and left ___ artery
pulmonary, pulmonary
The difference between the highest and lowest pressure is the ___ pressure
pulse
The ___ coronary artery subdivides into a marginal artery and a ___ interventricular artery
right, posterior
The dub of the heart sounds is due to closing of the __ valves
semilunar
The usual pacemaker of the heart results from activity of special cardiac cells located in the
sinoatrial (SA) node
The cells that initiate the stimulus for contraction of the heart muscle are located in the ___
sinoatrial node
The requirement for neuromuscular junctions in __ muscle and the autorhythmicity of ___ muscle are a difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle
skeletal, cardaic
___ muscle can exhibit tetanic contractions but ___ muscle cannot exhibit tetanic contractions because of a long refractory period
skeletal, cardiac
The___ cardiac vein runs with the marginal artery
small
The presence of alternate dark and light stripes called ___ and the sliding filament mechanism of contraction are similarities between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
striations
Contractile myocardium contains stripes called __ and gap junctions found in dark staining stuctures called ___
striations, intercalated disc
The amount of blood pushed out of the ventricle with each contraction is called ___
stroke volume
___ refers to the percentage of ventricular blood ejected during each contraction
stroke volume
The ___ nervous system increases heart rate
sympathetic
The ___ circulation transports blood to provide O2 and nutrients to the tissues
systemic
The highest pressure during ventricular contgraction is the ___ pressure
systolic
___ is a faster resting heart rate than normal
tachy cardia
A decreased stroke volume occurs with an increase in the ___ or afterload
total peripheral resistance
The ___ valve prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium
tricuspid
The valve between the chambers on the right side of the heart is the ___ valve
tricuspid
The ___ valve is the name of the right AV valve and the ___ valve is the name of the left AV valve
tricuspid, mitral
The vessels that transport blood to the heart are called ___
veins
___ refers to the amount of blood returning to the heart from capacitance vessels
venous return
The pulmonary circulation occurs between the right ___ and the left ___
ventricle, atrium
The systemic circulation occurs between the left ___ and the right ___
ventricle, atrium
The right ___ pumps blood to the lungs and the left ___ pumps blood to the tissues
ventricle, ventricle
The QRS complex represents ___
ventricular depolarization
